Common Bile Duct Obstruction by Free Floating Tumor

Tumors usually spread by local invasion or by vascular or lymphatic metastases. We report six patients in whom tumor cells were shed into the common bile duct with resulting obstruction. The three men and three women had jaundice and upper abdominal discomfort. Jaundice was intermittent in four patients. Preoperative total serum bilirubin ranged from 2.5 to 16.1 mg/dl; alkaline phosphatase ranged from 221 to 605 IU/1. Ultrsasound showed a dilated gallbladder [GB] in five patients with dilated intrahepatic ducts in three and stones in only one. ERCP showed a single filling defect in two of three patients and multiple defects in one. PTC showed multiple defects in one patient. At operation a thick gelatinous tissue fragment or clot was seen in the common bile duct of each patient. Frozen section identified tumor tissue in all. The source was GB carcinoma [2], GB adenomyoma [1], hepatic metastases of colon cancer [2] and common bile duct cancer [1]. Treatment consisted of pancreaticoduodenectomy [2], including one for GB cancer, left hepatic lobectomy [1], choledochoduodenostomy [1], common duct exploration with T-tube insertion and cholecystectomy [1]. One patient with metastatic colon cancer and another with gallbladder cancer died within one year of operation. The other four are alive from 2 to 4 years later. Conclusion: Benign or malignant tumors within the hepatobiliary tree can shed tissue into the common bile duct which can cause biliary obstruction. Any tissue fragment found in the common bile duct should be evaluated by frozen section. Recognition of this mode of tumor spread is needed for appropriate therapy of the underlying benign or malignant tumor.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术前超声内镜检查胆总管必要性的探讨

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）术前超声内镜（endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS）检查胆总管的临床价值。方法 对25例术前经腹超声检查诊断胆囊结石,胆总管内径〉0.7 cm可疑胆总管梗阻的患者进行EUS检查,并与手术结果或内镜十二指肠乳头切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST）取石结果进行比较。结果 EUS对于胆总管病变诊断的敏感性、准确性和阴性预测值[100%（17/17）、92%（23/25）、100%（6/6）]均优于经腹超声[35%（6/17）、56%（14/25）、42%（8/19）]（P=0.000,0.008,0.020）。结论EUS对胆总管病变诊断优于经腹超声检查,可作为术前常规检查,特别是当胆总管内径〉1.0 cm时,EUS应作为术前必检项目。     

肝移植围手术期腹腔与胸腔感染病原学分析

目的探究肝移植术后腹、胸腔感染常见病原菌分布及耐药情况。 方法回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院肝胆外科2011年1月至2017年12月343例行同种异体原位肝移植术受者临床资料,分析围手术期腹腔和胸腔感染情况、常见病原菌及耐药情况。腹、胸腔感染常见病原菌分布比较采用卡方检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果343例肝移植受者中,围手术期48例单独发生腹腔感染,61例单独发生胸腔感染,10例同时发生腹、胸腔感染,15例因感染导致死亡。发生腹腔感染的受者腹腔引流液共培养出106株病原菌,屎肠球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和溶血葡萄球菌为最常见的病原菌,分别占19.8%(21/106)、15.1%(16/106)和11.3%(12/106)。发生胸腔感染的受者胸腔引流液共培养出99株病原菌,鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为最常见的病原菌,分别占26.3%(26/99)、18.2%(18/99)和17.2%(17/99)。腹、胸腔感染常见病原菌(鲍曼不动杆菌、屎肠球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌)感染分布差距均有统计学意义(χ²＝3.92、135.62、162.14、11.09和6.81,P均<0.05)。药敏试验结果示鲍曼不动杆菌对青霉素类、喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类抗生素均已耐药(>90%),仅对替加环素较为敏感(27%);铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类和替加环素耐药率最低(11%);肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星和替加环素耐药率最低(6%);革兰阳性球菌(屎肠球菌和溶血葡萄球菌)对替考拉宁、万古霉素和替加环素最为敏感;真菌对氟康唑最敏感。 结论肝移植术后围手术期腹、胸腔感染发生率均较高,且病原学分布各有特点,术后应积极反复进行相关病原学检查,并根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗生素。     

Use of mitral valve repair: analysis of contemporary United States experience reported to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Cardiac Database

BACKGROUND: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Cardiac Database data indicate that the performance of mitral repair has increased significantly (1990 to 23.2%, 1999 to 32.0%, p < 0.0001). We examined contemporary (1999 to 2000) usage of mitral repair in the United States. METHODS: We analyzed National Cardiac Database data to determine the operative approach for a diagnosis of mitral regurgitation. RESULTS: A total of 21,741 isolated and combined mitral valve procedures were identified. The overall frequency of repair was 37.7% (8206). For procedures isolated to the mitral valve, the frequency of repair was 35.7% (3027/8486) whereas repair was more common with concomitant CABG (42.9% [3088/7193], p < 0.0001). The proportion of patients having repair decreased with age (41.2% [386/936] in 20 to 39 years, 36.1% [3513/9746] in > 70 years, p = 0.0016). Repair was more common in males (43.5% [4720/10860]) than females (32.0% [3472/10842], p < 0.0001). Repair was less common as NYHA Class increased (Class I, 47.8% [949/1984] vs Class IV, 33.2% [1803/5427]) and for emergent operative status (21.2% [156/736] vs 38.5% [8000/20773] for elective/urgent, both p < 0.0001). The number of prior operations did not affect the use of repair. Simple annuloplasty was performed in the majority of reported repairs (62.8% [3837/6115]), more so with associated CABG as compared to isolated repair (70.2% [2167/3088] vs 55.2% [1670/3027]; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Mitral repair was performed in over one-third of the patients reported in 1999 to 2000 and has increased since the National Cardiac Database inception. Repair usage differed based on sex, age, gravity of illness, and associated procedures. This provides a base line from which to expand the application of repair.     

Bilateral synchronous leiomyomas of the testicular tunica albuginea. A case report and review of the literature

Genitourinary leiomyomas are uncommon but may arise from any structure or organ containing smooth muscle [1]. The kidney capsule is the most common location for genitourinary leiomyomas [2]. We report a case of bilateral synchronous leiomyomas of the testicular tunica albuginea.     

Complications of otitis media requiring surgical intervention

BACKGROUND: Although the incidence of complications of otitis media that require surgical interventions has decreased substantially over the past few years, it is a prevailing condition for which clinicians should remain vigilant. METHODS: We conducted a 3-year review [June 1998 to June 2001] in our hospital of surgical records of patients with complications of otitis media that were treated surgically. RESULTS: There were 16 patients with complications of otitis media, of which nine [56%] were intracranial; brain abscess and lateral sinus thrombosis were the most common intracranial complications. Extracranial complications were present in 15 [94%] of the patients; mastoid abscess [40%] was the most common extracranial complication. Seven [44%] patients had two or more concomitant complications. All patients with intracranial complications recovered well with no neurological deficits after aggressive antibiotic therapy and initial surgical treatment by neurosurgeons. Modified radical mastoidectomy was the most common surgical otological procedure that was performed in these cases.CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive antibiotic therapy and combined management of cases by otologists and neurosurgeons are the key to reducing the morbidity and mortality of the serious complications of otitis media.     

Epidemiology,Aetiology, and Pathogenesis of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Significant advances in molecular medicine have made renal cell carcinoma (RCC) the prototype solid organ malignancy for targeted medical cancer treatment. Theseis new options have made it possible to prolong the life of patients with metastatic disease. However, we are far away from thoroughly understanding the molecular processes of RCC development let alone from being able to cure advanced renal cancer. RCC is the most common renal neoplasia and it remains a very aggressive and often fatal disease.There are several known histologic subtypes of this heterogeneous tumor entity with associated distinct molecular alterations and different clinical outcomes [1], [2], [3], [4]. The clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common and apparently most aggressive RCC subtype with the highest rates of local invasion, metastasis and mortality. It constitutes 70–80% of all renal cancers [1], [5]. It is estimated that more than 30% of patients with RCC have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis and 30% of organ-confined RCCs will develop metastatic disease after local treatment [6]. Thus, RCC remains a very major challenge.     

Low serum PSA levels of diabetes mellitus-caused end-stage renal disease patients

Sir, The prevalence of cancers increases in end-stage renal disease(ESRD) patients [1]. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a usefulserum marker for prostate cancer, one of the most common malignantneoplasmas; the levels are often elevated in ESRD [2], whichis     

直视下微创与切开进行单节段经椎间孔腰椎融合术的临床效果比较

[目的]观察直视下微创(minimally invasive,MIS)采用普通椎弓根螺钉完成单节段经椎间孔腰椎融合(transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF)的临床结果.[方法]2007～2009年期间26例患者直视下进行单节段腰椎MIS - TLIF手术,45例患者采用Open - TLIF进行单节段腰椎手术,均采用普通椎弓根螺钉内固定,比较两组临床效果.[结果]MIS组术中出血量、术后引流量、下地活动时间和平均住院日均明显低于Open组,术后5 d MIS组腰痛VAS评分优于Open组,而两组腿痛VAS、ODI评分和融合率无显著差异.[结论]直视下MIS与Open两组同样具有长期优良的临床治疗结果,但是MIS组的手术出血量、术后引流量、下地活动时间、术后住院时间和术后短期腰痛均优于Open组.     

Trends in Foot and Ankle Studies Published in High-Impact General Medical Journals: A Systematic Review

The foot and ankle surgery literature lacks an analysis of studies published in general medical journals. Studies published in general medical journals have high visibility and significant impact on decision making by medical practitioners and health care policy makers. Knowledge of the subject matter and methodologic characteristics of foot and ankle publications being read by general medical practitioners and the lay public is important to the practicing foot and ankle surgeon. A systematic review of foot and ankle studies published from 2000 to 2017 in 5 high-impact general medical journals was undertaken. Data extracted included study topic, study design, study demographics, and methodologic characteristics of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). There were 47 foot and ankle studies published in the selected medical journals examined during the study time period. Most common topics were diabetic foot ulcers (n = 25 [53.2%]), plantar fasciitis (n = 6 [12.8%]), and Achilles tendinopathy (n = 5 [10.6%]). The most common study types were reviews (n = 24 [51.1%]), RCTs (n = 12 [25.4%], and prospective studies (n = 6 [12.8%]). Of the published RCTs, the most common journal of publication was the Journal of the American Medical Association (n = 7 [58.3%]). The median number of citations for RCTs published before 2016 was 242.5. Of the small number of RCTs that compared operative with nonoperative treatment, the majority supported nonoperative management (n = 3 [75%]). Diabetic foot ulcers, plantar fasciitis, and Achilles tendinopathy are the most commonly published foot and ankle topics in general medical journals.     

Common variants of IL6, LEPR, and PBEF1 are associated with obesity in Indian children

The increasing prevalence of obesity in urban Indian children is indicative of an impending crisis of metabolic disorders. Although perturbations in the secretion of adipokines and inflammatory molecules in childhood obesity are well documented, the contribution of common variants of genes encoding them is not well investigated. We assessed the association of 125 common variants from 21 genes, encoding adipocytokines and inflammatory markers in 1,325 urban Indian children (862 normal weight [NW group] and 463 overweight/obese [OW/OB group]) and replicated top loci in 1,843 Indian children (1,399 NW children and 444 OW/OB children). Variants of four genes (PBEF1 [rs3801266] [P = 4.5 × 10(-4)], IL6 [rs2069845] [P = 8.7 × 10(-4)], LEPR [rs1137100] [P = 1.8 × 10(-3)], and IL6R [rs7514452] [P = 2.1 × 10(-3)]) were top signals in the discovery sample. Associations of rs2069845, rs1137100, and rs3801266 were replicated (P = 7.9 × 10(-4), 8.3 × 10(-3), and 0.036, respectively) and corroborated in meta-analysis (P = 2.3 × 10(-6), 3.9 × 10(-5), and 4.3 × 10(-4), respectively) that remained significant after multiple testing corrections. These variants also were associated with quantitative measures of adiposity (weight, BMI, and waist and hip circumferences). Allele dosage analysis of rs2069845, rs1137100, and rs3801266 revealed that children with five to six risk alleles had an approximately four times increased risk of obesity than children with less than two risk alleles (P = 1.2 × 10(-7)). In conclusion, our results demonstrate the association of the common variants of IL6, LEPR, and PBEF1 with obesity in Indian children.     

正常直径胆总管行腹腔镜下胆总管探查一期缝合的安全性及可行性

目的探讨正常直径胆总管行腹腔镜下胆总管探查一期缝合的安全性与可行性。方法回顾性分析盛京医院2014年1月1日至2019年11月30日收治的行腹腔镜下胆总管探查一期缝合的120例患者资料,其中男性44例,女性76例,平均年龄57.2(22.0~88.0)岁。根据胆总管直径大小将患者分为扩张组(>8 mm)和正常组(≤8 mm)。比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后腹腔引流管拔除时间与术后并发症的发生情况。结果扩张组纳入76例患者,其中男性25例,女性51例,中位年龄62.5岁;正常组纳入44例,其中男性19例,女性25例,中位年龄57.5岁。两组患者性别、年龄、白蛋白水平、总胆红素等基线资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者手术时间[正常组106.0(87.3,146.3)min比扩张组112.0(90.5,134.5)min]、术中出血量[正常组20(10,30)ml比扩张组20(10,20)ml]、术后住院时间[正常组7.0(5.3,9.0)d比扩张组7.0(5.0,7.0)d]、术后腹腔引流管拔除时间[正常组6(4,7)d比扩张组5(4,6)d]差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者术后胆漏、胆道狭窄、结石复发等并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在正常直径(≤8 mm)胆总管的患者中行腹腔镜下胆总管探查联合一期缝合术安全有效。     

术前肝功能指标在急性结石性胆囊炎合并胆总管结石中的诊断价值

目的 探讨术前肝功能相关指标在急性结石性胆囊炎合并胆总管结石中的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析苏州大学附属第三医院2015 年3 月至2019 年4 月收治的急性结石性胆囊炎患者319 例,其中单纯急性结石性胆囊炎患者204 例,急性结石性胆囊炎合并胆总管结石患者115 例;采用秩和检验比较两组患者术前肝功能相关指标（TBIL、DBIL、ALT、AST、GGT、ALP、LDH、TBA）的差异,通过ROC曲线分析各指标的诊断敏感性、特异性及相应的诊断临界值,明确其对急性结石性胆囊炎合并胆总管结石的诊断价值。结果 单纯急性结石性胆囊炎患者与急性结石性胆囊炎合并胆总管结石患者TBIL [13.25（9.63,20.78）μmol/L vs 34.60（20.40,55.40）μmol/L]、DBIL [5.85（4.10,9.00）μmol/L vs 22.60（10.20,42.30）μmol/L]、ALT [25.00 （15.25,39.00）IU/L vs 211.00（93.00,374.00）IU/L]、AST [23.00（17.00,36.50）IU/L vs 141.00（52.00,276.00）IU/L]、GGT [40.50（22.00,91.00）IU/L vs 315.00（155.00,520.00）IU/L]、ALP [85.00（69.00,116.50）IU/L vs 168.00（119.00,248.00）IU/L]、LDH [202.00（169.00,234.75）IU/L vs 236.00（176.00,352.00）IU/L]、TBA [5.20（2.63,9.10）μmol/L vs 43.60（6.70,146.50）μmol/L]均具有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,TBIL、DBIL、ALT、AST、GGT、ALP、LDH、TBA特异性分别为69.6%、78.4%、87.3%、85.8%、81.4%、71.6%、82.8%、88.7%;敏感性分别为81.7%、80.0%、77.4%、77.4%、82.6%、82.6%、45.2%、65.2%;临界值分别为18.3 μmol/L、9.4 μmol/L、81.0 IU/L、50 IU/L、119 IU/L、106 IU/L、254 IU/L、18.9 μmol/L。结论 术前血清肝功能相关指标对急性结石性胆囊炎合并胆总管结石具有重要的诊断价值,当高于其相应的临界值及指标异常数目≥5个时诊断价值更大。     

The formation of kyphotic deformity in spinal tuberculosis

At present,spinal tuberculosis is still com-mon in many parts of the world and is one of the common causes of the formation of kyphotic deformity[1,2].The forma...     

Intestinal obstruction and pregnancy. Diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Apropos of 3 cases

The etiological diagnosis of obstruction is difficult during pregnancy. The authors report 3 cases of this rare association: obstruction due to adhesions [1], volvulus of the transverse colon on a common mesentery [1] and obstruction due to an appendix abscess [1]. Complementary investigations, obviously limited under these circumstances, were based on plain abdominal X-rays, repeated if necessary. The diagnosis must be made early and appropriate treatment given in order to ensure a good materno-fetal prognosis as was obtained in these 3 cases.     

The influence of dietary and environmental factors on prostate cancer risk

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy found in males and one of the most common causes of cancer death. The epidemiology implicates environmental and nutritional factors in the initiation and progression of the disease. Identification of these factors would allow chemoprevention strategies to be tested. Potent mutagenic and carcinogenic heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are produced in cooked meat, and following metabolic activation some of them are strongly associated with prostate carcinogenesis in rodents. Primary cell cultures of human prostate epithelial cells were obtained from patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate. Metabolic activation of the cooked food carcinogens 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo- [4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) was examined and resultant DNA damage (single strand breaks) measured using the Comet assay. Increased concentrations of carcinogen were associated with increased DNA damage and comet tail length compared to controls. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases (2000) 3, 256-258     

Strategies for the prevention of laparoscopic common bile duct injuries

Summary There have been many recent reports regarding the safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Common bile duct injury is considered the most significant complication. Regional tertiary centers are reporting a dramatic increase in the number of referrals for management of injuries to the common bile duct following laparoscopic cholecystectomy [22]. The high incidence of injuries has been attributed to problems inherent to the laparoscopic technique or to such secondary factors as inexperience, inadequate instruction, insufficient caution, or patient selection. In response to these numerous reports, the New York State Department of Health has recently implemented credentialing and privileging guidelines for laparoscopic surgery [11]. The purpose of this review is to assimilate the current literature on when and why common bile duct injuries occur in order to present possible strategies for their prevention.     

Combined use of plasmapheresis and antidigoxin antibodies in a patient with severe digoxin intoxication and acute renal failure.

Digitalis intoxication is a common and potentially life-threateningsituation [1]. In this condition, the administration of digoxin-specificantibodies (Fab) have proven to be effective in controllingserious complications [2]. However, in patients with severerenal impairment, the clearance of Fab–digoxin complexesis