液相色谱-质谱/质谱法测定尿中11种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物

目的建立同时测定尿中11种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的液相色谱-质谱/质谱的方法。方法尿样中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物经葡萄糖苷酸酶水解后,采用瓦里安NEXUS固相萃取柱富集,甲醇/乙腈(1∶1,V/V)洗脱后,经Waters XTerraphenyl分离,在负电离模式下用串联质谱仪定性定量分析。结果 11种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的方法检出限为0.13～2.27ng/ml,两个水平的加标回收率在67%～108%,相对标准偏差均小于12%。结论该方法测定尿中11种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物方法准确可靠,灵敏度高。     

电喷雾液相色谱串联质谱法测定人尿中10种邻苯二甲酸单酯

目的建立同时测定人尿中10种邻苯二甲酸单酯的电喷雾高效液相色谱串联质谱法。方法尿样经β-葡萄糖醛酸酶水解,全自动固相萃取仪净化后,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱电喷雾电离,多反应监测模式检测,同位素内标法定量。结果本方法在0μg/L~100μg/L时具有良好线性关系,相关系数均≥0.995,检出限在0.003μg/L~0.11μg/L,回收率为77.6%~122.5%,精密度为1.40%~9.27%。结论本方法灵敏度好,准确度高,适用于实际尿样中多种邻苯二甲酸单酯的测定。     

改进的UPLC-MS/MS法测定尿中12种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物

目的 为实现尿液样本中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)代谢物的批量测定,对已有方法的固相萃取过程进行优化改进,建立尿中12种PAEs代谢物的超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法.方法 尿样(2 mL)经β-葡萄糖醛酸酶水解、强阴离子固相萃取柱富集、净化、2％甲酸甲醇溶液洗脱后,省略氮吹浓缩程序,将洗脱液直接稀...     

高效液相色谱法测定工人尿中三硝基甲苯及五种代谢物(二)——分析方法的建立及应用

本文建立了高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定工人尿中TNT及五种代谢物的方法。TNT、4-A、2-A、2,6-DA和2,4-DA的平均回收率66.6～95.0％,变异系数在2.1～10.6％之间,最小检测限为3.0～8.1μg/L尿。本方法已用于35个接触TNT工人尿样的分析。     

QuEChERS净化超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定鸡蛋中13种喹诺酮类抗生素

目的 建立鸡蛋中13种喹诺酮类抗生素的QuEChERS净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱快速测定方法。方法 样品经乙腈提取离心后,QuEChERS净化,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定。结果 13种喹诺酮类抗生素在测定范围内相关系数均＞0.993,加标回收率为68.1% ~ 104.8%,精密度为7.3% ~ 12.8%,检出限均为1.0 μg/kg,定量限为3.0 μg/kg。结论 该方法简便、灵敏、准确,适用于鸡蛋中喹诺酮类抗生素快速检测。     

脐带血清中五种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢产物的固相萃取高效液相色谱-质谱测定法

目的 建立脐带血清中的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)代谢产物的高效液相色谱-质谱测定方法.方法 采用β-葡萄糖酸酐酶水解脐带血清中结合型邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物,酶解后的溶液采用固相萃取法富集净化,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对脐带血清中5种邻苯二甲酸单酯代谢产物[邻苯二甲酸单甲酯(MMP)、邻苯二甲酸单乙酯(MEP)、邻苯二甲酸单丁酯(MBP)、邻苯二甲酸单丁苄酯(MBzP)、邻苯二甲酸-单-乙基己基酯(MEHP)]进行测定,流动相为乙腈(0.1％乙酸)与水(0.1％乙酸)梯度洗脱,流量为0.3 ml/min.结果 在0.3～800μg/L的线性范围内,5种待测邻苯二甲酸单酯MMP、MEP、MBP、MBzP、MEHP的回归方程均呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均＞0.99,检出限为0.109～0.579μg/L,平均回收率在80.59％～85.75％之间,RSD在3.09％～3.91％之间.结论 该方法回收率较高,重现性较好,适用于脐带血清中5种邻苯二甲酸单酯的同时测定.     

高效液相色谱法测定工人尿中三硝基甲苯及五种代谢物(二)分析方法的建立及应用

本文建立了高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定工人尿中TNT及五种代谢物的方法.TNT、4-A、2-A、2,6-DA和2,4-DA的平均回收率66.6～95.0%,变异系数在2.1～10.6%之间,最小检测限为3.0～8.1μg/L尿.本方法已用于35个接触TNT工人尿样的分析.     

尿中4种多环芳烃代谢产物的高效液相色谱-荧光检测方法研究

[目的]建立同时测定尿样中4种多环芳烃代谢产物的反相高效液相色谱-荧光检测方法。[方法]样品经酶解,用C18固相萃取柱净化、氮吹浓缩后,采用高效液相色谱柱分离、荧光检测器检测,以外标法定量。[结果]4种多环芳烃代谢产物标准曲线的线性良好;方法检出限为0.015～0.086μg/L;尿样低、中、高3个水平的平均加标回收率为75.23%～127.5%,相对标准偏差为4.43%～9.87%。用所建立的方法成功测定了正常人群20份尿样中的4种多环芳烃代谢产物。[结论]本方法具有准确、灵敏、重现性好的特点,适合于尿样中4种多环芳烃代谢产物的同时测定。     

某地区2岁幼儿的邻苯二甲酸酯暴露水平及其影响因素

[目的]研究幼儿邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)暴露水平及其影响因素. [方法]在2011年6月至2012年1月,选取江苏省某县参加“宮内环境化学物暴露对婴幼儿生长发育影响”队列的母亲于2009年6月至2010年1月期间所产344名2岁幼儿为研究对象,由其父母完成问卷调查和协助尿样采集,调查内容包括幼儿基本信息及其可能接触PAEs的行为和生活习惯.采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)检测幼儿尿中9种PAEs代谢物的含量,采用非参数检验和多重线性回归分析其影响因素. [结果]所有尿样均检测到以下9种PAEs代谢物,即邻苯二甲酸单甲酯(MMP)、邻苯二甲酸单乙酯(MEP)、邻苯二甲酸单丁酯(MBP)、邻苯二甲酸单异丁酯(MiBP)、邻苯二甲酸单(3-羧基丙基)酯(MCPP)、邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基己基)酯(MEHP)、邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基-5-羟己基)酯(MEHHP)、邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基-5-氧已基)酯(MEOHP)、邻苯二甲酸单(5-羰基-2-己戊基)酯(MECPP).它们的中位数分别为:15.73、13.99、39.30、29.23、2.90、2.88、11.93、8.70、50.10μg/L.其中,MMP、MEHHP和MECPP的检出率均为100.00％; MEHP检出率最低,为89.80％;其余5种代谢物检出率为96.80％～99.71％.非参数检验及多重线性回归结果显示,塑料奶瓶或塑料餐具的使用对幼儿尿中某些PAEs代谢物浓度的影响有统计学意义(P＜0.05). [结论]幼儿普遍暴露于PAEs,塑料奶瓶或塑料餐具的使用可能会增加幼儿某些PAEs的暴露水平.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定猪肉中93种兽药和违禁化合物

目的 建立猪肉中93种兽药和违禁化合物残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法。方法 样品用0.005 mol/L EDTA-乙腈-甲醇（3∶1, v/v,含1%乙酸）混合溶液提取后,冷冻除酯,再经壳聚糖净化,经稀释后,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定。结果 方法线性范围为0.05～200.00 μg/L,定量限为0.266～50.100 μg/kg,回收率为64.6% ～118.6%,日内和日间RSD分别为0.50%～15.90%和0.18%～19.20%。结论 本法简便快速、灵敏、准确,可用于猪肉中93种兽药和违禁成分的测定。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.