HPLC法测定补肾强身片中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的建立补肾强身片中淫羊藿苷的含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定。色谱柱：Kromasil C18柱,流动相：乙腈-水（28：72）,流速：1．0ml·min^-1,检测波长：270nm。结果淫羊藿苷在0．11216～1．1216μg之间线性关系良好,r=0．9999;平均加样回收率为98．6％,（n=6,RSD=0．61％）。结论试验表明,该方法操作简单,分离效果好,重复性好,可以用于补肾强身片的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定补肾强身片中淫羊藿苷含量

目的：建立淫羊藿苷在补肾强身片中含量的检测方法。方法：应用HPLC法进行测定。结果：淫羊藿苷在0.1992～1.992μg线性关系较好,r=0.9997,平均回收率为100.20%。结论：HPLC法操作简单、重复性好、回收率高,可用于补肾强身片中淫羊藿苷含量的监测。     

RP-HPLC法测定补肾强身片中淫羊藿苷的含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定补肾强身片中淫羊藿苷的含量 ,以C18化学键合硅胶柱分离淫藿苷 ,以乙腈 -水 -醋酸(2 5∶75∶1)为流动相 ,UV检测波长 2 70nm进行测定。淫羊藿苷峰与其它组分峰的分离度为 6 0 ,理论塔板数以淫羊藿苷计算为 12 5 0 0 ;方法的平均回收率为 97 6 % ,RSD为 0 5 % (n =5 ) ,淫羊藿苷进样量与吸收面积分值呈良好的线性关系。线性范围 0 2 5～ 2 5 μg。本法测定补肾强身片中淫羊藿苷的含量 ,结果准确 ,重复性好     

RP-HPLC法测定补肾强身片中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的建立补肾强身片中淫羊藿苷的含量测定方法。方法采用RP-HPLC法。色谱柱为SHMADZUVP-ODS C18,流动相为乙腈-水-磷酸（28∶72∶1）,流速为1.0mL·min^-1,检测波长为270nm。结果淫羊藿苷进样量在0.16032~1.6032μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9999,平均加样回收率为99.64%,RSD=0.87%。结论本法简便快捷,结果准确,重复性好,可以用于补肾强身片的质量控制。     

不同采收季节的淫羊藿中朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷的含量比较

目的比较3个贵州主流产淫羊藿药材在不同采收季节中朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷的含量。方法用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定粗毛淫羊藿、巫山淫羊藿、黔岭淫羊藿中朝藿定c和淫羊藿苷的含量。采用EliteSinoChromODS—AP柱（250mm×4．6mm,5．0Ixm）,流动相为乙腈（A）一水（B）梯度洗脱（0—22rain,27％_29％A;22～23rain,29％_÷100％A;23～34rain,100％A;34～36rain,loO％一27％A;36～50min,27％A）。结果朝藿定c和淫羊藿苷进样量分别在13．22～396．6Ixg（r=0．9999）和3．026～151．3斗g范围内与峰面积均呈良好线性关系（r=0．9999）,平均回收率均在98．0％一105．O％范围内;粗毛淫羊藿中朝藿定c和淫羊藿苷的含量分别为0．516％～2．973％,0．096％～0．216％;黔岭淫羊藿中朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷的含量分别为0．071％～0．185％,0．081％～0．164％;巫山淫羊藿含朝藿定c和淫羊藿苷中朝藿定c和淫羊藿苷的含量分别为1．015％～4．219％,0．080％～0．190％。结论巫山淫羊藿中朝藿定c和淫羊藿苷的含量最高,其次为粗毛淫羊藿、黔岭淫羊藿,说明不同产地、不同品种的淫羊藿药材中朝藿定c和淫羊藿苷的含量差异较大．     

高效液相色谱法测定安神补脑片中淫羊藿苷含量简

目的建立测定安神补脑片中淫羊藿苷含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用KromasilC18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-水（35：65）,流速为0．7mL／min,检测波长为270nm,柱温为30℃。结果淫羊藿苷质量浓度在5．03～50．3μg／mL范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系（r=0．9998）,平均回收率为98．97％,RSD=1．44％（n=6）。结论该方法灵敏、简便、准确,重现性好,线性关系良好,可作为测定安神补脑片中淫羊藿苷含量的方法。     

HPLC法测定补肾健骨片中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的：建立补肾健骨片中淫羊藿苷的含量测定方法。方法：采用Agilent technologies XDB-C18柱；以乙腈-水（30：70）为流动相；检测波长：270nm；流速：1．0ml·min^-1。结果：淫羊藿苷在2．02～10．10μg·ml^-1范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9999），平均回收率为97．86％，RSD为1．23％（n=9）。结论：本法灵敏简便、快速、准确、重复性好，可用于补肾健骨片的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定老年咳喘片中淫羊藿苷含量

目的建立测定老年咳喘片中淫羊藿苷含量的高效液相色谱（HPLC）法。方法色谱柱为HC—C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-水（25：75）,检测波长为270nm。结果淫羊藿苷进样量的线性范围是0．0144～0．8640μg,方法的平均回收率为98．69％,RSD=0．67％（n=6）,5批样品中淫羊藿苷含量在0．435～0．462mg／g之间。结论HPLC法快速、准确,可用于该制剂中淫羊藿苷的含量测定。     

HPLC测定益肾丸中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的：研究益肾丸中淫羊藿苷的含量。方法：采用高效液相色谱法对益肾丸中有效成份淫羊藿苷的含量进行测定。结果：淫羊藿苷的含量在0．15-0．7μg范围内呈良好的线形关系（r=0．9999），RSD（％）为1．49（n=6）。结论：本法灵敏、准确、重现性好，可作为测定益肾丸中淫羊藿苷的含量测定方法。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定益肾康骨片中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的建立益肾康骨片中淫羊藿苷的含量测定方法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法，Shim-pack HPLC column色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），以甲醇-1．5％冰醋酸溶液（60：40）为流动相，流速1．0mL·min^-1，检测波长270nm，柱温30℃测定。结果淫羊藿苷在0．1344～1.344μg范围内线性关系良好，（r=0．9997）；平均回收率为98．76％，RSD=1．69％（n=5），精密度良好（RSD=0．87％）。结论该法操作简便、快速，适用于益肾康骨片中淫羊藿苷的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.