经皮内镜胃造瘘和小肠造瘘术的临床应用

目的 探讨经皮内镜胃造瘘术(PEG)和经皮内镜小肠造瘘术(PEJ)的临床应用价值。方法 1996—06／2002—08 PEG和PEJ共治疗24例病人，其中13例行PEG胃肠营养；11例行PEG胃肠减压加PEJ小肠内营养。结果 21例共行PEG、PEG加PEJ28例次，其中PEG17例次(4例行造瘘管置换)、PEG加PEJ11例次，手术成功率100％。2／28例次出现造瘘管周围皮下感染。所有患者造瘘管置入后营养迅速恢复，停止静脉补液。24例病人随访1～48个月无严重并发症发生。结论PEG和PEJ是作为胃肠减压和肠内营养替代鼻饲的一种新的治疗方法，具有安全、有效、降低医疗费用和并发症少等优点。     

自然腔道内镜外科经胃路径两种造瘘术的对比实验研究

目的 对比研究自然腔道内镜外科（NOTES）中PEG胃造瘘术及针刀胃造瘘术在操作过程、并发症及瘘口愈合方面的差异.方法 实验犬随机分为4组,每组4只,每只犬胃前壁分别行内镜下PEG胃造瘘及针刀胃造瘘（两瘘口相距2 cm）,瘘口长1.5 cm,内镜进入腹腔进行探查,后均以3个内镜夹闭合瘘口;记录操作耗时、术中并发症;第一组实验犬在操作完成后即刻进行剖腹探查并取胃在体外进行胃抗压测试（0 d组）;其他3组实验犬分别在术后第3天（3 d组）、7天（7 d组）及14天（14 d组）处死,进行腹腔探查,观察瘘口愈合、腹腔内粘连情况,并进行瘘口抗压测试.结果 实验动物均完成了两种胃造瘘术,虽然PEG胃造瘘术在操作耗时方面长于针刀胃造瘘术[（8.4±2.2）min比（5.3±1.5）min,P＜0.05],但其术中出血的并发症明显减少（6.2%比37.5%,P＜0.01）;在瘘口抗压测试方面,0 d组、3 d组及7 d组PEG胃造瘘口和针刀胃造瘘口的平均突破阈值分别为（12.3±2.3）mm Hg比（11.4±2.6）mm Hg（P＞0.05）、（32.4±6.7）mm Hg比（23.7±7.7）mm Hg（P＜0.05）和（76.8±9.6）mm Hg比（52.4±8.8）mm Hg（P＜0.05）;14 d组实验动物两种方法胃造瘘口受压均超过160 mm Hg而末发生瘘口破裂.大体病理观察显示,相同时间点PEG方法所形成的瘘口具有更好的愈合表现;所有存活动物无腹腔内出血、周围脏器损伤或感染表现.结论 与针刀胃造瘘术相比,PEG胃造瘘术虽操作耗时略有延长,但其具有更好的安全性和术后瘘口愈合更快的明显优势.     

鼻胃镜在经皮胃造瘘中的应用价值及护理观察

目的探讨经口鼻胃镜在咽喉、食管狭窄以及鼻咽癌放疗后患者经皮胃造瘘（PEG）中的应用价值。方法因咽喉、食管狭窄普通胃镜无法通过不能引导完成PEG的患者48例,应用经口鼻胃镜进行PULL法经皮胃造瘘,观察其效果及并发症。结果 48例患者均通过鼻胃镜引导完成了PEG,24例鼻胃镜可直接通过直接引导完成,14例鼻胃镜在导丝引导下通过狭窄部位;10例患者借助5ml注射器外套做为牙垫通过;胃造瘘后有1例出现PEG管堵塞,经疏通后恢复正常输注,7例患者发生造瘘管周围组织感染,均无出血、穿孔等严重性并发症发生。所有患者在PEG后营养状况改善,生存质量提高。结论用鼻胃镜引导完成咽喉、食管狭窄患者的PEG无需扩张,减少了扩张时引发并发症的风险,以及鼻咽癌放疗后患者张口困难以至于无法放入正常口垫,减少使用开口器时引起的不适。较用普通胃镜简便、安全,患者耐受性好,值得推广。     

超细胃镜下Introducer法经皮内镜胃造瘘术1例临床分析

目的探讨超细胃镜引导下Introducer法经皮内镜胃造瘘术(PEG)的临床应用价值。方法 2011年8月11日采用超细胃镜引导下Introducer法PEG治疗1例食管癌患者。结果手术成功,术后无造瘘管周围皮下感染、出血、瘘管滑脱及堵塞等并发症,患者营养迅速恢复,减少静脉补液。结论 Introducer法PEG是肠内营养的一种新的治疗方法,安全、有效、降低医疗费用、并发症少。     

Introducer法经皮内镜胃造瘘术10例报告

目的探讨经皮内镜下胃造瘘术（PEG）的临床应用价值。方法采用Introducer法PEG治疗10例食管癌患者。结果手术成功,术后无造瘘管周围皮下感染、出血、瘘管滑脱及堵塞等并发症,患者营养迅速恢复,减少静脉补液。结论 PEG是肠内营养的一种新的治疗方法,安全、有效、降低医疗费用、并发症少。     

计算机断层扫描引导下胃造瘘术与内镜胃造瘘术成功率和安全性对比研究

目的对比分析计算机断层扫描(CT)-经皮放射学引导胃造瘘术(PRG)与经皮内镜胃造瘘术(PEG)的技术成功率和安全性。方法收集2017年1月至2022年1月于郑州大学第一附属医院因无法经口进食行胃造瘘术的76例患者的资料, 其中采用PEG(PEG组)和CT-PRG(CT-PRG组)各38例。比较PEG组与CT-PRG组患者的手术相关情况和并发症发生情况。手术相关情况包括技术成功率、手术时间、术后体重指数和住院时间;并发症包括轻微并发症(瘘口周围感染、肉芽组织增生、渗漏、气腹、造瘘管堵塞、导管脱落、持续疼痛)和严重并发症(出血、腹膜炎、结肠穿孔、30 d内死亡)。统计学方法采用独立样本t检验、卡方检验和Fisher确切概率法。结果 CT-PRG组的技术成功率高于PEG组[100.0%(38/38)比78.9%(30/38)], 手术时间短于PEG组[(17.16±8.52) min比(29.33±16.22) min], 差异均有统计学意义(χ2=1.19, t=2.36;P=0.038、0.011)。PEG组与CT-PRG组患者的术后体重指数[(16.29±3.56) kg/m2比(1...     

经皮内镜下胃造瘘临床分析

目的探讨经皮内镜下胃造瘘术(PEG)的临床应用经验。方法将2007年1月至2014年12月经北京博爱医院消化科住院行PEG治疗的84例患者纳入本研究,对病历资料、胃镜报告、麻醉记录进行回顾性分析,对人口学资料、诊断、血常规、白蛋白、肌酐、国际标准化比率、并发症等进行比较分析,率的比较用χ~2检验。结果采用牵拉式置管法(Pull法)PEG共84例,成功率100%。PEG的常见基础疾病为脑中风、颅脑外伤、缺血缺氧性脑病、头颈部及食管肿瘤。PEG的原因有吞咽困难、反复肺炎发作。并发症的发生率:消化道出血10.71%,腹腔内出血2.38%,造瘘口周围感染率8.33%,气腹5.95%,造瘘口肉芽组织生长过长3.57%,胃潴留2.38%;术后30 d内死亡7.14%,颅脑疾患组及口咽食道肿瘤组的死亡率、出血、感染、气腹并发症的发生率无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论本组PEG病例主要为颅脑疾患、口咽食道肿瘤患者,行PEG的原因为吞咽困难或反复发作的肺炎,PEG主要并发症有出血、感染、气腹。     

内镜下经皮胃造瘘对老年患者生活质量的影响

目的:评价内镜下经皮胃造瘘(PEG)在老年患者的应用、安全性及对生活质量的影响.方法:对32例PEG老年患者进行回顾性分析,采用同组对照的方法比较PEG与鼻胃管饲对患者的影响.结果:32例老年患者均在局麻下成功进行了PEG,仅1例发生造瘘口周围皮肤感染,抗生素治疗后短期内恢复.PEG较鼻胃管饲患者更易于接受,导管不易堵塞,能降低吸入性肺炎及反流性食管炎(15.6% vs 46.8%,P＜0.05)的发生率,提高生活质量.结论:PEG是一种安全有效的治疗方法,较鼻胃管饲能明显降低吸入性肺炎、反流性食管炎的发生率.     

胃造瘘术与食管支架植入术对危重症气管食管瘘患者的疗效评估

目的评估内镜下食管覆膜自膨式金属支架植入术与经皮内镜下胃造瘘术（PEG）在气管食管瘘治疗中的应用价值。方法19例良性气管食管瘘患者,9例行PEG留置造瘘管、10例行内镜下食管覆膜自膨式金属支架植入术,2个月后经内镜将金属支架取出,以吞咽一咳嗽征检测气管食管瘘是否完全愈合。结果两组患者肺部感染的治愈率与治疗失败率方面差异无显著性,但PEG留置胃造瘘管组患者气管食管瘘黏膜的愈合率显著高于行内镜下食管覆膜自膨式金属支架植入术患者（P〈0．05）。结论经PEG留置胃造瘘管对于治疗气管食管瘘显著优于行内镜下食管自膨式覆膜金属支架植入术。     

超声内镜引导下经皮内镜胃造瘘术的临床应用

内镜辅助下经皮胃造瘘术（percutaneousendoscopicgastrostomy,PEG）已广泛应用于需长期鼻饲患者的胃造瘘胃营养管或空肠营养管置入。尽管如此,在实际操作中仍有部分患者因腹壁过厚、胃腔体表投影无法显现或位置变异等原因导致PEG失败。此外,PEG所致的胃一结肠瘘、实质性脏器损伤等并发症,也时有报道。为进一步提高PEG成功率,减少并发症,我们将传统PEG操作技术改进为超声内镜引导下胃造瘘术（EUS—PEG）,克服了上述困难,取得了满意的效果．     

Placement of PEG tubes through previously placed self-expanding esophageal metal stents

BACKGROUND: Self-expanding metal stents are frequently used to palliate patients with malignant dysphagia and close tracheoesophageal fistulae. Despite proper stent positioning and deployment, in a subset of patients there is no improvement in dysphagia, closure of tracheoesophageal fistulae, or resolution of anorexia. Such patients may require a PEG tube. It has been suggested that PEG placement through a preexisting esophageal stent is problematic because of the risks of gastrostomy tube impaction within the stent and resultant stent migration. METHODS: Case records were retrospectively reviewed of 9 consecutive patients with indwelling esophageal self-expanding metal stents undergoing attempted PEG. OBSERVATIONS: PEG tube placement was successful in all patients. In 1 patient, the stent migrated distally into the stomach during PEG placement. This was managed endoscopically without further complication. CONCLUSIONS: PEG placement in patients with previously placed esophageal self-expanding metal stents is a relatively safe and feasible procedure, although stent migration may occur.     

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in the dementia patient: helpful or hindering?

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a common technique performed worldwide. Recently, the use of PEG in the dementia patient with dysphagia for nutrition support has been called into question. Some reviews have reported no improvement in survival with PEG tubes in this population. Higaki and colleagues now present a large review of PEG tube placement in patients with dementia, which demonstrates a similar survival rate in patients without dementia receiving PEG tubes. The question of the utility of PEG tube placement for nutrition support in the dementia population requires an organized, prospective analysis to concretely answer the question.     

Marked pneumoperitoneum 3 weeks after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

In November 2001, a 29-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of dysphagia due to an apallic state caused by cerebral anoxia. Nutritional support was maintained by nasogastric tube feeding for approximately 3 months. For improvement of the body state maintenance and quality of life, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) was performed. Three weeks after the PEG, the patient had a wound infection and abdominal distension appeared. Marked pneumoperitoneum was confirmed by radiological examination. No signs or symptoms of peritoneal inflammation developed. A gastrografin study showing that the PEG tube was in the stomach appropriately was checked, and it was noted to be firmly in place without extravasation of contrast. After suspension of the tube feeding and tube opening to decrease intragastric pressure, intravenous hyperalimentation was performed. The pneumoperitoneum resolved within 7 days. Forty days after the PEG, tube feeding was resumed successfully. No recurrence of pneumoperitoneum developed and the patient has remained stable until the present time. The etiology of this finding probably occurs by insufficient fixation of the PEG, causing leakage of air through the gastric wall which enters the free peritoneal space. We recommend that the external binder should be kept 1 cm away from the abdominal skin after the gastrostomy fistula has formed and matured, and periodic rotation of the tube to verify that the internal bumper is free and sufficiently fixed to the gastric wall. In the case of abdominal distension after PEG placement, a X-ray examination and computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast medium would be helpful to ascertain pneumoperitoneum.     

A Retrospective Review of Swallow Dysfunction in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

In the acute-care setting, it is difficult for clinicians to determine which patients with severe traumatic brain injury will have long-term oropharyngeal dysphagia (>6 weeks) and which patients will begin oral nutrition quickly. Patients frequently remain in the acute-care setting while physicians determine whether to place a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube. To improve the acute-care clinician’s ability to predict long-term oropharyngeal dysphagia and subsequent need for PEG tube placement in patients with severe traumatic brain injury [Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤8), a novel prediction model was created utilizing clinical information and acute-care swallowing evaluation findings. Five years of retrospective data were obtained from trauma patients at a Level 1 trauma hospital. Of the 375 patients who survived their hospitalization with a GCS ≤8, a total of 269 patients received Ranchos Los Amigos (RLA) scores. Of those patients who were scored for RLA, 219 patients underwent swallowing evaluation. Ninety-six of the 219 patients were discharged from the hospital with a feeding tube, and 123 patients were discharged without one. Logistic regression models examined the association between clinical and patient characteristics and whether a patient with severe traumatic brain injury exhibited long-term oropharyngeal dysphagia. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that increased age, low RLA score, tracheostomy tube placement, and aphonia observed on the initial swallowing evaluation significantly increased the odds of being discharged from the acute-care hospital with a feeding tube. The resultant model could be used clinically to guide decision making and to counsel patients and families.     

Gastroesophageal reflux in patients fed by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG): detection by a simple scintigraphic method

Objectives: Gastroesophageal scintigraphy has been described as a sensitive and accurate way to detect and quantitate gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Our objectives here were to evaluate the usefulness of a modified scintigraphic technique in the detection of GER and lung aspiration in patients fed by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), and to assess the incidence of GER after insertion of PEG. Further, we sought to examine whether or not the underlying cause of dysphagia plays any significant part in the causation of GER.
Methods: Twenty-two patients, 13 with neurological dysphagia and nine with mechanical dysphagia, were studied. Each patient received 25 MBq of Tc-^99m-tin colloid in orange juice followed by 300 ml of normal saline through the PEG tube. Dynamic and static images were taken immediately and at 4 h over esophagus, stomach, and lungs.
Results: Twelve patients (10 with neurological dysphagia) had GER and one had aspiration into the lungs. In all but one patient GER occurred in the immediate postprandial period.
Conclusions: Scintigraphy is useful in assessing GER in PEG-fed patients. We also note that GER is a major problem in patients with PEG, especially in those with neurological dysphagia.     

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) for Enteral Nutrition in Patients with Stroke

Background: The use of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) for enteral nutrition in patients admitted for stroke is difficult, varying and needs specific consideration. There is therefore need for more data on this patient group. We examined the indications, survival, tube removal and time with PEG in stroke patients and in other patients with PEG with the aim of providing guidance for the management of enteral nutrition via PEG in stroke patients. Methods: Retrospective assessment of data from all stroke patients and patients with other diseases (control group) who had received PEG for enteral nutrition during a period of 8.5 years. Results: Eighty-three stroke patients with dysphagia received PEG after unsuccessful use of nasogastric tubes or long-term tube feeding. Early mortality rate was 19% in the stroke group, 26% in the older group (>74 years) and 12% in the younger group (60-74 years). The PEG tubes were later removed due to swallowing recovery in 20% of the older group and in 31% of the younger group. At 90 days, 50%-60% still needed PEG. The stroke patients were older compared to the control group ( n &#114 = &#114 115); 30-day mortality was similar but more patients recovered the ability to swallow. Conclusions: Stroke patients are older than other patients who receive PEG; 27% have swallowing recovery and more than 75% have long-term need for PEG. Nasogastric tubes often fail, and the need for early PEG placement (within 2 weeks) must be assessed in appropriate patients. The patient's prognosis, the objective of nutritional treatment, duration of dysphagia, age and comorbidity should all be taken into consideration.     

Outcomes of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy in Children

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a relatively safe and minimally invasive surgical method for providing enteral access in children. In pediatrics, the indications for PEG placement frequently include malnutrition or failure to thrive, as well as oropharyngeal dysphagia, especially in children with neurological impairment (NI). The risk for postoperative complications is low. However, among children with NI, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may necessitate fundoplication prior to gastrostomy tube placement. Preoperative pH probe testing has not been shown to be an effective screening tool prior to PEG placement among patients with GERD. Laparoscopic gastrostomy tube insertion was introduced in pediatric patients in an attempt to decrease complications associated with PEG. Although outcomes were reported to be similar to or better than PEG alone, future comparative studies are needed to better define the optimal patient demographic for this technique.     

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) for enteral nutrition in patients with stroke

BACKGROUND: The use of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) for enteral nutrition in patients admitted for stroke is difficult, varying and needs specific consideration. There is therefore need for more data on this patient group. We examined the indications, survival, tube removal and time with PEG in stroke patients and in other patients with PEG with the aim of providing guidance for the management of enteral nutrition via PEG in stroke patients. METHODS: Retrospective assessment of data from all stroke patients and patients with other diseases (control group) who had received PEG for enteral nutrition during a period of 8.5 years. RESULTS: Eighty-three stroke patients with dysphagia received PEG after unsuccessful use of nasogastric tubes or long-term tube feeding. Early mortality rate was 19% in the stroke group, 26% in the older group (>74 years) and 12% in the younger group (60-74 years). The PEG tubes were later removed due to swallowing recovery in 20% of the older group and in 31% of the younger group. At 90 days, 50%-60% still needed PEG. The stroke patients were older compared to the control group (n = 115); 30-day mortality was similar but more patients recovered the ability to swallow. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke patients are older than other patients who receive PEG; 27% have swallowing recovery and more than 75% have long-term need for PEG. Nasogastric tubes often fail, and the need for early PEG placement (within 2 weeks) must be assessed in appropriate patients. The patient's prognosis, the objective of nutritional treatment, duration of dysphagia, age and comorbidity should all be taken into consideration.     

Severe Dysphagia Secondary to Posterior C1–C3 Instrumentation in a Patient with Atlantoaxial Traumatic Injury: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

There are only a few reports of dysphagia cases in patients who underwent surgery for posterior cervical fusion, but none provides an explanation for the occurrence of dysphagia. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case report showing evidence of severe neurogenic dysphagia, possibly secondary to vagal nerve praxia, in a patient who underwent posterior fusion. A 61-year-old man presented with severe neck pain after he sustained a fall. Imaging studies in the emergency department showed a C2 fracture associated with anterior subluxation of C2 on C3. Given the instability of the injury, a C1–C3 posterior cervical fusion was performed. The surgery was uneventful. The patient’s postoperative course was complicated by severe dysphagia. Fluoroscopic and endoscopic assessments of the patient’s pharynx and larynx showed significantly decreased epiglottic inversion, hypokinesis of his pharyngeal wall, and decreased hyolaryngeal elevation. There was also mild vocal cord paresis bilaterally, with incomplete approximation of the glottis. He demonstrated intra- and post-deglutitive aspiration. The patient coughed (both immediate and delayed) in response to the aspiration but was not able to clear aspirated material completely from the airway. The patient had a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placed to provide him with nutrition. He was then discharged home. On postoperative follow-up visit 1 month later, the patient’s swallowing function improved and he could tolerate pureed consistencies and thin liquids with tube feed supplement. The patient could swallow without coughing. Possible causes of dysphagia in this case include traumatized airways from anesthesia, mechanical compromise of the upper gastrointestinal tract, and neurogenic dysphagia. After excluding the other possibilities, we concluded that our patient was suffering from neurogenic dysphagia associated with vagal nerve dysfunction.