同种原位肝移植术的胆管重建及其术后并发症的防治

目的探讨同种原位肝移植(OLT)的胆管重建方式及其术后并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析1999年2月至2003年1月间103例终末期肝病患者施行OLT胆管重建及术后并发症的防治情况。103例患者中,75例采用经典式原位肝移植伴体外静脉转流、17例采用经典式原位肝移植不伴转流、11例采用背驮式原位肝移植。胆道重建过程中有94例行胆管端端吻合,9例行胆肠吻合。胆管端端吻合的患者中,62例带T管引流,32例不带T管,但11例经受者胆囊管置入小橡胶管引流。术后胆管并发症的诊断主要依据临床表现、B型超声波、磁共振胰胆管成像或逆行胰胆管造影检查。所有患者均随访1年以上。结果103例OLT患者术后胆管并发症发生率为7.8%(8/103)。62例带T管引流的患者中,6例(9.6%)发生胆管并发症,其中4例术后发生胆漏,2例拔除T管后发生局限性腹膜炎;32例不带T管引流的患者中,1例(3.1%)发生胆管狭窄。9例胆肠吻合中,1例(11.1%)术后发生胆漏。7例胆漏患者,2例经再次手术引流,其余继续保持引流胆漏自愈。不带T管引流的患者中的胆管狭窄为吻合口狭窄,经内镜取出异物、球囊扩张与安放内支架后治愈。1例患者因胆漏导致肝动脉吻合口假性动脉瘤及腹腔大出血,经介入法明确诊断并行栓塞治疗后治愈。患者中无胆管并发症而引起的死亡。结论胆管吻合口的胆漏与狭窄是OLT术后最常见的胆管并发症。良好的胆管血供与胆管吻合技术是防止胆管并发症发生的关键。及时的内镜检查与放射学技术是诊断和治疗胆管并发症的有效手段。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防与处理

回顾性研究20例原位肝移植的临床资料，并结合相关文献探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生原因及防治措施。20 例患者中术后发生胆道并发症3例(15%) 。1例为术后1周内T管致胆管梗阻；1 例为术后3个月拔除T 管后胆漏，均经及时介入、置管引流而愈；1例为术后4个月弥漫性肝内外胆管狭窄经再次肝移植治愈。提示胆道并发症与留置T管、吻合等技术因素有关，而再灌注损伤、缺血性损伤是引起肝移植术后远期胆道并发症的重要原因。改进手术技术，缩短供肝缺血时间和确保供肝胆管系统的血供可减少胆道并发症的发生。     

肝移植术中不留置T型管指征的探讨

目的 探讨肝移植术中不留置T型管,以降低与T管相关胆道并发症的发生率.方法 对2004年1月至2006年10月的肝移植患者进行前瞻性临床研究.在此期间内符合指征未留置T管的患者102例,观察本组患者胆道并发症的发生率.结果 本组患者均随访6个月以上.胆道并发症的发生率是4.9%(5/102),其中3例为肝内胆管多发性狭窄,均行再次肝移植;2例为肝总管非吻合口狭窄,经ERCP行球囊扩张并放置胆道内支撑管3个月后治愈.结论 对符合指征的肝移植患者术中不留置T管是安全的,可避免T管相关并发症,降低胆道总体并发症的发生率.     

肝移植胆道重建的手术技巧

目的探讨原位肝移植手术中胆道重建的手术技巧。方法回顾性分析132例原位肝移植患者的临床资料,总结胆道重建的手术技巧。结果132例患者的手术成功率为93.94%,术后出现胆道并发症者12例(9.85%),其中胆管狭窄6例,胆泥淤积或结石3例,肝断面胆漏者2例(劈离式肝移植患者),T管拔除后胆瘘1例。除1例胆道狭窄者行再次肝移植,因发生严重感染导致肝功能衰竭死亡外,其余患者获得满意的效果。结论胆道并发症是肝移植术后的常见并发症,而良好的胆道重建技术是预防肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要保证。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院2002年6月至2005年9月诊治的173例原位肝移植患者的临床资料。结果 术后出现胆道并发症14例（8．1％），其中胆管狭窄6例．胆管狭窄合并胆漏1例，胆泥淤积或结石3例，肝断面胆漏2例（劈离式肝移植患者），T管拔除后胆漏1例，Oddi括约肌功能失常1例。除1例胆道狭窄再次行肝移植，因发生严重感染导致肝功能衰竭死亡外．其余患者经介入治疗均获得满意的效果。结论 介入治疗是诊断和治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的首选方法。     

再次肝移植的胆道重建及其术后并发症的防治:附99例临床分析

目的探讨再次肝移植（ROLT）的胆道重建方式及其术后并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析1999年11月至2005年11月间99例再次肝移植病人胆道重建及术后并发症的防治情况。99例病人胆道重建过程中有88例行胆管端端吻合，全部放置T管引流；11例行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合，5例放置外支撑管引流、5例内支撑管引流、1例未放置支撑管。术后胆道并发症的诊断主要依据临床表现、B超、T管造影、胆道镜、ERCP、MRCP等检查。结果99例再次肝移植病人围手术期（术后2个月）平均死亡率20．1％；存活1年病人胆道并发症的发生率为11．1％（5／45），其中2例为术后早期胆漏，1例为拔除T管后胆漏，经非手术治疗治愈；1例为术后6个月吻合口狭窄，经内镜球囊扩张、安放内支架处理后治愈；1例为胆肠吻合口漏，经吻合口周围放置的冲洗套管冲洗、引流1个月后治愈。结论再次肝移植胆道重建的关键是良好的受体胆道血供、胆道吻合确切、无张力。术后积极控制胆道感染、选择恰当的介入方法是诊断和治疗胆道并发症的有效手段。     

肝内胆管变异在肝移植胆道重建中的处理

目的 探讨肝移植胆道重建时肝内胆管变异的处理.方法 总结2005年1月～2006年9月肝移植工作中遇到的7例肝内胆管变异病例胆道重建的经验、教训.结果 7例供肝均是术后经T管胆道造影时发现有不同类型的肝内胆管变异.病例1由于术中遗漏了右前肝管,术后出现严重胆汁漏,开腹行外引流,二期胆肠吻合;病例2右肝管汇入胆囊管,T管上臂影响右肝管排空,介入技术处理;病例3、7术中及时发现肝管遗漏,及时纠正才避免胆汁漏的发生;病例4～6虽有胆管变异,但无相关并发症的发生.所有病例术后3个月顺利拔除T管.结论 熟悉肝内胆管解剖变异的类型,术中仔细分辨肝门组织结构,及时发现肝内胆管变异,正确处理可避免由于肝内胆管变异造成的技术相关性胆道并发症.     

原位肝移植术后胆管并发症的护理

原位肝移植术后胆管并发症的发生率为7%～30%[1],是导致肝移植失败的主要原因之一。及时发现并正确处理肝移植术后胆管并发症至关重要。我院1993年6月至1999年7月,共施行31例原位肝移植术,其中4例合并胆管并发症,护理如下。1　临床资料4例中,男2例,女2例,年龄18～51岁。肝硬化2例,多囊肝、多囊肾1例,肝巨大血管瘤1例。4例均无急性排斥反应、肝动脉血栓形成,其中1例合并巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染。1例术后10dT型管脱出导致胆瘘,重置T型管引流、抗炎治疗后痊愈。其余3例移植术后黄疸消退,胆红素均已降至正常。但1例术后4个月出现胆管节段性狭窄,…     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗

目的探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2002年6月至2005年9月诊治的173例原位肝移植患者的临床资料。结果术后出现胆道并发症14例(8.1%),其中胆管狭窄6例,胆管狭窄合并胆漏1例,胆泥淤积或结石3例,肝断面胆漏2例(劈离式肝移植患者),T管拔除后胆漏1例,Oddi括约肌功能失常1例。除1例胆道狭窄再次行肝移植,因发生严重感染导致肝功能衰竭死亡外,其余患者经介入治疗均获得满意的效果。结论介入治疗是诊断和治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的首选方法。     

成人右半肝活体肝移植胆道重建探讨

目的探讨成人右半肝活体肝移植胆道重建的技术问题.方法回顾性分析我院2007年4月至2009年5月完成的21例成人右半肝活体肝移植资料.供肝右肝管与受者肝总管单个吻合10例;供肝两支胆管开口分别与受者两支胆管吻合5例;供肝胆管整形成一个开口与受者胆管吻合5例,其中采用T管支撑2例,Y型管支撑1例;右肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合1例.结果4例受者术后1个月内死亡,1例因术后急性肝坏死行再次肝移植.其余受者存活至今,1年存活率为77.65%.受者术后发生胆道并发症7例,其中胆漏5例,胆道狭窄2例,均经外科手术处理痊愈.胆管与胆管单个吻合口组、胆管整形成一个开口与受者胆管吻合组和两支胆管开口分别与受者胆管吻合组比较,胆道并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(x2=0.659,P=0.719).结论根据供受者胆管情况,可以灵活采用单根胆管吻合、胆管整形、分别吻合和肝管空肠吻合等不同重建方式.后壁连续、前壁间断以及显微外科技术的采用可能有助于降低胆道并发症的发生率.     

Randomized trial of choledochocholedochostomy with or without a T tube in orthotopic liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of biliary complications after liver transplantation in patients undergoing choledochocholedochostomy reconstruction with or without T tube in a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Several reports have suggested that biliary anastomosis without a T tube is a safe method of biliary reconstruction that could avoid complications related to the use of T tubes. No large prospective randomized trial has so far been published to compare the two techniques. METHODS: One hundred eighty recipients of orthotopic liver transplantation were randomly assigned to choledochocholedochostomy with (n = 90) or without (n = 90) a T tube in six French liver transplantation centers. All types of biliary complications were taken into account. RESULTS: The overall biliary complication rate was increased in the T-tube group, even though these complications did not lead to an increase in surgical or radiologic therapeutic procedures. The major significant complication was cholangitis in the T-tube group; this did not occur in the other group. The incidence of biliary fistula was 10% in the T-tube group and 2.2% in the group without a T tube. Other biliary complications were similar. The complication rate of cholangiography performed with the T tube was greater than with other types of biliary exploration. The graft and patient survival rates were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study is the first large prospective, randomized trial of biliary complications with or without a T tube. The authors found an increase in the biliary complication rate in the T-tube group, which was linked to minor complications. The T tube did not provide a safer access to the biliary tree compared with the others types of biliary explorations. The authors recommend the performance of choledochocholedochostomy without a T tube in liver transplantation.     

Preliminary study of choledochocholedochostomy without T tube in liver transplantation: a comparative study

INTRODUCTION: Biliary anastomosis during liver transplantation can be safely performed using an end-to-end choledochocholedochostomy, with or without a T tube. The objective of this study was to determine whether the insertion of a T tube was related to more postoperative complications. METHODS: Between April 1986 and September 2004, we performed a retrospective, longitudinal, and comparative study of 1012 liver transplantations, including 50 adult recipients with a T tube and a control group with a choledochocholedochostomy without a T tube. RESULTS: T tube insertion was associated with more postoperative complications and worse actuarial survival of both the recipient and graft, though these differences did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The duct-to-duct biliary anastomosis stented with a T tube tends to be associated with more postoperative complications. Based on this analysis, we recommend the performance of a nonstented anastomosis.     

Technique and results of biliary reconstruction using side-to-side choledochocholedochostomy in 300 orthotopic liver transplants.

OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated the complication rate and outcome of side-to-side common bile duct anastomosis after human orthotopic liver transplantation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Early and late biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation remain a serious problem, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Commonly performed techniques are the end-to-end choledochocholedochostomy and the choledochojejunostomy. Both techniques are known to coincide with a high incidence of leakage and stenosis of the bile duct anastomosis. The side-to-side bile duct anastomosis has been shown experimentally to be superior to the end-to-end anastomosis. The authors present the results of 316 human liver transplants, in which a side-to-side choledochocholedochostomy was performed. METHODS: Biliary tract complications of 370 transplants in 340 patients were evaluated. Three hundred patients received primary liver transplants with side-to-side anastomosis of donor and recipient common bile duct. Thirty-two patients with biliary tract pathology received a bilioenteric anastomosis, and in eight patients, side-to-side anastomosis was not performed for various reasons. Clinical and laboratory investigations were carried out at prospectively fixed time points. X-ray cholangiography was performed routinely in all patients on postoperative days (PODs) 5 and 42. In patients with suspected papillary stenosis, endoscopic retrograde cholangioscopy and papillotomy were performed. RESULTS: One biliary leakage (0.3%) was observed within the early postoperative period (PODs 0 through 30) after liver transplantation. No stenosis of the common bile duct anastomosis was observed during this time. Late biliary stenosis occurred in two patients (0.6%). T tube-related complications were observed in 4 of 300 primary transplants (1.3%). Complications unrelated to the surgical technique, including papillary stenosis (5.7%) and ischemic-type biliary lesion (3.0%), which must be considered more serious in nature than complications of the anastomosis or T tube-related complications, were observed. Papillary stenosis led to frequent endoscopic interventions and retransplantations in 1.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Side-to-side common bile duct anastomosis represents a safe technique of bile duct reconstruction and leads to a low technical complication rate after human orthotopic liver transplantation. Ischemic-type biliary lesion evoked by preservation injury, arterial ischemia, cholestasis, and cholangitis may represent a new entity of biliary complication, which markedly increases the morbidity after human liver transplantation. Therefore, this complication should be the subject of further research.     

Bile duct reconstruction in liver transplantation

Complications of the biliary anatomosis are common after liver transplantation. Even with improved techniques the frequency of biliary complications is approximately ten percent. Main reason for this high morbidity rate is the unfavourable blood supply to the biliary tract. A variant of reconstructions has been described and recommended. The end-to-end-choledochocholedochostomy over a T tube turned out to be the preferred technique in most centers. In cases of different diameter of donor and recipient biliary tract, the side-to-side-choledochocholedochostomy provides a relayable alternative method. When the length of the bile duct doesn't allow direct anastomosis, the gallbladder-conduit may help to overcome this problem. The choledochojejunostomy with Roux-en-Y loop has become a frequently used biliary anastomosis, especially when the recipients bile duct is absent or otherwise destroyed. - Our own experience with fourteen liver transplantations shows biliary tract complications in three cases: a leakage and a stenosis of the anastomosis after choledochocholedochostomy were successfully transformed to a hepaticojejunostomy. In the third case, intrahepatic biliary stenosis were treated by percutaneous transhepatic dilatation.     

The experience of biliary tract complications after liver transplantation

AIM: To report the morbidity and mortality of patients who undergo liver transplantation with or without T-tube implantation after choledochocholedochostomy as well as to discuss management of biliary complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 104 liver transplantations from August 2001 to February 2006, including 51 patients who underwent choledochocholedochostomy with a T-tube (group A) and 53, without a T-tube (group B). We compared the clinical characteristics, operative methods, biliary complications, morbidity, mortality, and management of complications. RESULTS: Between the two groups, there were no significant differences in clinical characteristics, including sex, age, and indication for liver transplantation (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, alcoholic liver cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma), Child-Pugh classification, Model for End-stage Liver Disease score, and operative macroscopic/microscopic findings. Additionally, there was no significant difference in biliary complications. Among these 104 patients, 14 (13.5%) developed biliary complications: seven anastomotic strictures, two intrahepatic duct strictures, two anastomotic stricture combined intrahepatic duct stricture, one bile leakage, one bile leakage combined with anastomotic stricture, and one external biliary compression. Nine patients with anastomotic stricture underwent endoscopy with a stent, which was successful only in two patients. The other six patients underwent choledochojejunostomy with excellent results. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed choledochocholedochostomy with or without a T-tube after liver transplantation did not influence the biliary complications. The biliary complications of anastomotic stricture after liver transplantation can be managed by endoscopy with a stent. If endoscopy fails, surgical intervention should be considered immediately.     

Late biliary complications in pediatric liver transplantation

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to review the biliary complications occurring in late follow-up after liver transplantation in children. METHODS: The medical records of 135 children who received orthotopic liver transplantations (OLT) and had graft survival of more than 1 year were reviewed. Technical variants using a reduced-size graft were applied in 32 (23.7%). For biliary reconstruction, 15 patients had choledochocholedochostomy and 120 a Roux-en-Y loop. Biliary reoperation in the early post-OLT period was needed in 24 patients (17.7%). Routine checking of liver function and duplex Doppler ultrasonography (DDS) were performed during the follow-up period, which averaged 58 months. Late biliary complication was defined as that occurring after the first hospital discharge. RESULTS: Late biliary complications occurred in 18 children (13.3%); 16 showed symptoms or analytical disturbances in liver function tests. The Diagnoses included uncomplicated cholangitis (n = 6), anastomotic biliary stricture (n = 7), ischaemic damage of the biliary tree (n = 3) including one late (28 months) hepatic artery thrombosis leading to an intrahepatic biloma. and bile leak after T-tube removal (n = 2). The six children with uncomplicated cholangitis had no repeat episodes in follow-up despite persistent aerobilia. Six patients affected by anastomotic strictures were treated successfully with percutaneous dilatation and, if present, stone removal. Persisting dysfunction and cholangitis occurred in one case affected by ischaemic biliary disease. Biliary leaks after T tube removal settled spontaneously. Risk factors for late biliary complications were determined. There was no relation to the cold ischaemia time, type of graft or biliary reconstruction, or previous early post-OLT biliary reoperation. Aerobilia (affecting 21.5% of OLT patients) was related to cholangitis (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Anastomotic strictures, reflux of intestinal contents via the Roux-en-Y loop, and residual ischaemic damage led to late biliary complications in 12% of paediatric OLT patients. Evidence of biliary dilatation on DDS may be delayed in anastomotic strictures; in these cases the results of percutaneous treatment were excellent. Children with aerobilia have and increased risk of cholangitis.     

原位肝移植后胆道并发症的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊治。方法 回顾性分析40例原位肝移植的临床资料，总结术后胆道并发症的防治经验。结果 3例患者术后出现血胆红素和／或转氨酶持续性升高，经T管胆道造影术及核磁共振胆胰管成像证实存在胆道狭窄，其中2例为肝门部胆管与肝总管狭窄，1例为吻合口处胆管狭窄。经采用T管窦道球囊扩张术，3例的胆道狭窄得以改善，肝功能好转，其中1例经3次选择性球囊扩张，现健康存活已21月余；其中合并胆漏的1例，在B型超声波引导下穿刺置管负压引流后治愈；合并胆道胆泥淤积的1例及合并多重胆道感染的2例，均予以对症治疗。结论 手术技术不佳及胆管的血液供应不良是肝移植术后发生胆道并发症的重要因素；联合应用胆道造影术和核磁共振胆胰管成像能了解胆树全貌，有助于胆道狭窄、胆泥淤积与胆漏的诊断；及时采用放射介入技术处理胆道并发症可取得良好疗效。     

Biliary reconstruction in right lobe living-donor liver transplantation: Comparison of different techniques in 321 recipients

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of biliary complications after right lobe living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in patients undergoing duct-to-duct choledochocholedochostomy or Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy reconstruction. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Biliary tract complications remain one of the most serious morbidities following liver transplantation. No large series has yet been carried out to compare the 2 techniques in LDLT. This study undertook a retrospective assessment of the relation between the method of biliary reconstruction used and the complications reported. METHODS: Between February 1998 and June 2004, 321 patients received right lobe LDLT. Biliary reconstruction was achieved with Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy in 121 patients, duct-to-duct choledochocholedochostomy in 192 patients, and combined Roux-en-Y and duct-to-duct choledochocholedochostomy in 8 patients. The number of graft bile duct and anastomosis, mode of anastomosis, use of stent tube, and management of biliary complications were analyzed. RESULTS: The overall incidence of biliary complications was 24.0%. Univariate analysis revealed that hepatic artery complications, cytomegalovirus infections, and blood type incompatibility were significant risk factors for biliary complications. The respective incidence of biliary leakage and stricture were 12.4% and 8.3% for Roux-en-Y, and 4.7% and 26.6% for duct-to-duct reconstruction. Duct-to-duct choledochocholedochostomy showed a significantly lower incidence of leakage and a higher incidence of stricture; however, 74.5% of the stricture was managed with endoscopic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The authors found an increase in the biliary stricture rate in the duct-to-duct choledochocholedochostomy group. Because of greater physiologic bilioenteric continuity, less incidence of leakage, and easy endoscopic access, duct-to-duct reconstruction represents a feasible technique in right lobe LDLT.     

Biliary reconstruction,its complications and management of biliary complications after adult liver transplantation: a systematic review of the incidence,risk factors and outcome

Biliary reconstruction remains common in postoperative complications after liver transplantation. A systematic search was conducted on the PubMed database and 61 studies of retrospective or prospective institutional data were eligible for this review. The study comprised a total of 14 359 liver transplantations. The overall incidence of biliary stricture was 13%; 12% among deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) patients and 19% among living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) recipients. The overall incidence of biliary leakage was 8.2%, 7.8% among DDLT patients and 9.5% among LDLT recipients. An endoscopic strategy is the first choice for biliary complications; 83% of patients with biliary stricture were treated by endoscopic modalities with a success rate of 57% and 38% of patients with leakage were indicated for endoscopic biliary drainage. T‐tube placement was not performed in 82% of duct‐to‐duct reconstruction. The incidence of biliary stricture was 10% with a T‐tube and 13% without a T‐tube and the incidence of leakage was 5% with a T‐tube and 6% without a T‐tube. A preceding bile leak and LDLT procedure are accepted risk factors for anastomotic stricture. Biliary complications remain common, which requires further investigation and the refinement of reconstruction techniques and management strategies.     

Choledochocholedochostomy, a relatively safe procedure in orthotopic liver transplantation

The biliary anastomosis has been considered the Achilles heel of liver transplantation, and especially the choledochocholedochostomy has been reported to be ill-fated. However, based on previous experimental experiences we decided to use the choledochocholedochostomy as the biliary anastomosis of preference in orthotopic liver transplantation. A choledochocholedochostomy has been performed in 29 of the 31 patients who have undergone transplantation since 1979. Five complications (17%) were diagnosed, of which one proved to be fatal. Two complications were related to the handling of the T-tube and required simple laparotomy to solve the intraperitoneal bile leakage. The other three complications were major: in one patient the choledochocholedochostomy was stenosed, requiring a conversion into a hepaticojejunostomy, while in two patients the donor common bile duct became necrotic. One of these patients underwent successful retransplantation, while the other died of sepsis. In both patients the hepatic artery anastomosis proved to be thrombosed, while in all patients without biliary complications the hepatic artery anastomosis was patent angiographically or at autopsy. The total incidence of sepsis was 26%, but in only four patients (13%) was sepsis related to the choledochocholedochostomy. The relationship between the necrosis of the donor bile duct and the patency of the hepatic artery anastomosis emphasizes an impeccable surgical technique. The low incidence of biliary complications in our 31 patients characterizes the choledochocholedochostomy as a relatively safe biliary procedure in clinical liver transplantation.