NeuroD1基因A45T多态性与自身抗体阴性的酮症倾向糖尿病的关系

目的探讨NeuroD1基因A45T多态性与胰岛自身抗体阴性的酮症倾向糖尿病（KPD）的关系。方法应用PCR-测序法对296例GAI-Ab和IA-2Ab阴性酮症倾向糖尿病患者（KPD组）和399例非糖尿病对照者（NC组）检测了NeuroD1基因外显子2的A45T基因型,对等位基因和基因型频率进行分析。结果自身抗体阴性的KPD患者NeuroD1基因A45T的AA基因型频率和A等位基因频率与NC组比较差异均无显著性。对患者进行年龄和性别分层后仍未发现NeuroD1基因A45T基因型和等位基因频率与对照组有差别。结论在本组汉族人中,NeuroD1基因的Ala45Thr多态性与自身抗体阴性KPD无相关性。     

α-纤维蛋白原基因Thr312Ala多态性与脑血栓形成的关联性研究

目的探讨 α-纤维蛋白原基因Thr312Ala多态性及其与脑血栓形成之间是否存在关联性。方法 153例脑血栓形成患者(脑梗死组)和年龄、性别相匹配的158例内科住院患者及健康体检者(对照组),采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片断长度多态性检测Thr312Ala多态性,用Stadtmanl改良法和磁珠法测定其血浆胆固醇及纤维蛋白原(FIB)的水平,并分析基因多态性、血浆胆固醇水平、FIB水平和脑血栓形成之间的关联性。结果 1等位基因和1/1基因型在脑梗死组中的分布水平明显低于对照组;1等位基因与脑梗死有显著的负相关;2等位基因与脑梗死有显著的正相关;脑梗死组的胆固醇和FIB水平均显著高于对照组。Ihr312Ala基因型分层,1/1型和1/2型的脑梗死患者血浆胆固醇水平显著高于对照组;2/2型脑梗死患者血浆FIB水平显著高于对照组。结论α-纤维蛋白原基因Thr312Ala多态位点的1等位基因可能对抑制脑梗死的形成起到积极作用,这种作用可能通过影响血浆FIB水平的途径来实现的。2等位基因关联于脑血栓形成。     

神经分化因子-1基因与糖尿病

神经分化因子-1(NeuroD1/Beta2)基因在胰腺组织发育过程的网络调节中起着重要的作用,近年发现NeuroD1/Beta2基因突变与青幼年发病型成人糖尿病(MODY)有关。NeuroD1/Beta2是MODY6的致病基因,另据研究发现NeuroD1/Beta2基因Ala45Thr多态可能和1型糖尿病的发生相关联。本文对NeuroD1/Beta2基因突变在各种族MODY人群中筛查的研究现状及各研究组对NeuroD1/Beta2基因Ala45Thr多态和1型糖尿病发生关系的研究结果作一综述。     

神经分化因子-1基因与糖尿病

神经分化因子-1(NeuroD1／Beta2)基因在胰腺组织发育过程的网络调节中起着重要的作用，近年发现NeuroD1／Baa2基因突变与青幼年发病型成人糖尿病(MODY)有关。NeuroD1／Bern2是MODY6的致病基因，另据研究发现NeuroD1／Baa2基因Ala45Thr多态可能和1型糖尿病的发生相关联。本文对NeuroD1／Beta2基因突变在各种族MODY人群中筛查的研究现状及各研究组对NeuroD1／Beta2基因Ala45Thr多态和1型糖尿病发生关系的研究结果作一综述。     

神经源分化因子基因多态性与中国湖北地区老年2型糖尿病的关系

神经源分化因子(NeuroD)被认为是糖尿病的候选基因之一.尽管国外有一些关于NeuroD/BETA2基因与糖尿病关系的报道,但各研究结果不尽相同.自2001年以来,我们以中国湖北地区汉族人群为研究对象,检测NeuroD/BETA2基因Ala45Thr多态性与老年2型糖尿病的关系.     

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ2基因Pro12Ala多态性与2型糖尿病相关性的Meta分析

目的 探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ2(PPARγ2)基因Pro12Ala多态性与T2DM的相关性.方法 采用RevMan 5.0软件对纳入的文献资料进行统计学分析,通过对森林图和漏斗图的分析判断PPARγ2基因Pro12Ala多态性与T2DM的相关性.结果 本研究共纳入22篇文献,包括T2DM患者5108例,正常对照者4453名,其中我国汉族T2DM患者2832例,正常对照者2087名,非我国汉族T2DM患者2276例,正常对照者2366名.经Meta分析发现,在非我国汉族人群中等位基因Ala基因在T2DM和正常对照人群合并OR值为0.75(95％CI:0.62～0.90,P＜0.05);我国汉族人群Ala基因在T2DM和正常对照人群合并OR值为0.90(95％CI:0.73～1.11,P＞0.05).结论 PPARγ2基因Pro12Ala多态性与非我国汉族T2DM人群存在相关性,但未发现与我国汉族人群T2DM存在相关性.     

ATP结合盒转运体A1基因R219K多态性与中国人缺血性卒中风险:汇总分析

目的 探讨ATP结合盒转运体A1(ATP-binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)基因R219K多态性与中国人缺血性卒中的相关性.方法 采用全面的文献检索收集2013年5月以前发表的中国人ABCA1基因R219K多态性与缺血性卒中相关性的病例对照研究.采用Stata 11.0软件包进行汇总分析.采用优势比(odds ratio,OR)及其95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI)评价基因多态性与缺血性卒中的关联强度.结果 共10项研究符合条件纳入分析,包括病例组1 619例,对照组1 907例,入选文献无明显偏倚.汇总分析显示,RK+KK基因型携带者缺血性卒中风险较RR基因型携带者显著性降低8％(OR0.92,95％ CI 0.88～0.96;P =0.000);KK基因型携带者的缺血性卒中风险较RR基因型携带者显著性降低36％(OR 0.64,95％ CI 0.44～0.94;P=0.02);RK基因型携带者的缺血性卒中风险较RR基因型携带者显著性降低19％(OR0.81,95％ CI 0.69～0.95;P=0.009);K等位基因携带者的缺血性卒中风险较R等位基因携带者显著性降低17％(OR 0.83,95％ CI 0.69～0.99;P=0.036).结论 ABCA1基因R219K多态性与中国人缺血性卒中易感性相关,K等位基因可能是中国人缺血性卒中的遗传保护性因素.     

CCL5基因rs2280788多态性与肺结核易感性关系的meta分析

目的 探讨CCL5基因rs2280788多态性与肺结核病易感性关系.方法 计算机检索数据库,收集有关CCL5基因rs2280788多态性与肺结核病易感性关系病例对照研究,提取纳入文献的相关数据进行meta分析,以病例组与对照组CCL5基因rs2280788位点各种基因模型的比值比(OR)为效应指标,漏斗图检测发表偏倚.结果 共6篇研究符合纳入标准,累计病例数1364例,对照组1581例.meta分析表明CCL5基因rs2280788多态性与肺结核病易感性无明显关联性.纯合子比较模型(GG vs CC):OR=1.28,95％ CI:0.47～3.47,P=0.62;杂合子比较模型(CG vs CC):OR =1.19,95％CI:0.82～1.72,P=0.36;显性遗传模型(CG+GG vs CC):OR =1.27,95％CI:0.81～1.99,P=0.29;隐性遗传模型(GG vs CC+GC):OR =1.21,95％CI:0.49～2.98,P=0.68.结论 CCL5基因rs2280788多态性与肺结核病易感性无明显关联性.     

1型糖尿病病人神经源分化因子NeuroD/BETA2基因多态性研究

1型糖尿病是遗传易感个体通过自身免疫反应引起胰岛β细胞破坏的疾病。胰岛β细胞的结构和功能的异常是1型糖尿病发生的重要因素之一。神经源分化因子NeuroD／BE-TA2是胰岛形成和胰岛素基因转录的重要调节物，其基因位于人类染色体2q32，邻近于1型糖尿病易感位点区域(IDDM7)，成为1型糖尿病新的候选基因之一。NeuroD／BETA2基因多态性与1型糖尿病的关系，国外学者报道不一。本研究以中国湖北地区汉族人群为对象，研究NeuroD／BE-TA2基因第45位密码子变异(Ala45Thr)与1型糖尿病遗传易感性的关系。     

糖尿病视网膜病变与血管紧张素转换酶基因缺失多态性的系统评价

采用meta分析系统评价中国汉族人血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因缺失(DD)多态性与2型糖尿病视网膜病变的关系.共纳入16篇符合条件的文献,共计2型糖尿病视网膜病变组1 014例,对照组1 135例.结果 显示OR为1.69(95%CI1.19～2.40),合并统计值Z=2.91(P=0.004).汉族人群ACE基因该多态性与糖尿病视网膜病变有关联,糖尿病视网膜病变组DD基因型增多.     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

Use of fab fragments of digoxin-specific antibodies in the therapy of massive digoxin poisoning

A case of massive digoxin ingestion with multiple arrhythmias, consisting of high grade A-V block and ventricular ectopy not responsive to lidocaine, is described. The arrhythmias ceased following administration of digoxin-specific Fab fragments. The patient improved and was transferred to the psychiatric unit.     

Comparison of intravenous and oral routes of theophylline loading in acute asthma

In a prospective, randomized clinical trial, 19 patients with an acute exacerbation of asthma were given a loading dose of aminophylline by the IV (n = 10) or oral route (n = 9) of administration following treatment with epinephrine. Plasma concentrations of theophylline were measured prior to giving the loading dose, and one, two, three, and 24 to 48 hours later. Therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated by analyzing spirometric measurements prior to giving the loading dose, and one, three, and 24 to 48 hours later. Side effects also were recorded. In the IV group, the mean peak plasma theophylline concentration was 15.1 micrograms/mL one hour after loading, and in the oral group the mean peak serum theophylline concentration was 14.2 micrograms/mL three hours after loading. There was no correlation between theophylline concentrations and normalized change in spirometric values. There was no significant difference in spirometric values between the IV and oral groups. Nausea was slightly more common in the IV group. We conclude that there is no therapeutic advantage to giving a loading dose of aminophylline by the IV route rather than orally in patients with mild-to-moderate exacerbation of asthma initially treated with epinephrine.     

Application of Granular Biocomposites Based on Homogenised Peat for Absorption of Oil Products

Among the various methods for collecting oil spills and oil products, including from the water surface, one of the most effective is the use of sorbents. In this work, three-component bio-based composite granular adsorbents were produced and studied for oil products’ pollution collection. A bio-based binder made of peat, devulcanised crumb rubber from used tyres, and part fly ash as cenospheres were used for absorbent production. The structure, surface morphology, porosity, mechanical properties, and sorption kinetics of the obtained samples were studied. Composite hydrophobicity and sorption capacity to oil products, such as diesel fuel (DF) and motor oil (MO), were determined. The obtained pellets are characterised by a sufficiently pronounced ability to absorb oil products such as DF. As the amount of CR in the granules increases, the diesel absorption capacity increases significantly. The case of 30-70-0 is almost three times higher than the granules from homogenised peat. The increase in q is due to two factors: the pronounced surface hydrophobicity of the samples (Θ = 152°) and a heterogeneous porous granule structure. The presence of the cenosphere in the biocomposite reduces its surface hydrophobicity while increasing the diesel absorption capacity. Relatively rapid realisation of the maximum saturation by the MO was noted. In common, the designed absorbent shows up to 0.7 g·g⁻¹ sorption capacity for MO and up to 1.55 g·g⁻¹ sorption capacity for diesel. A possible mechanism of DF absorption and the limiting stages of the process approximated for different kinetic models are discussed. The Weber–Morris diffusion model is used to primarily distinguish the limiting effect of the external and internal diffusion of the adsorbate on the absorption process.     

Role of microRNA in regulation of myeloma-related angiogenesis and survival

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disease caused by clonal proliferation of plasma cells that result in monoclonal gammopathy and severe end organ damage. Despite the uniform clinical signs, the disease is very diverse in terms of the nature and sequence of the underlying molecular events. Multiple cellular processes are involved in helping the malignant cells to remain viable and maintain proliferative properties in the hypoxic microenvironment of the bone marrow. Specifically, the process of angiogenesis, triggered by the interactions between the malignant MM cells and the stroma cells around them, was found to be critical for MM progression. In this review we highlight the current understanding about the epigenetic regulation of the proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells and its dependency on angiogenesis in the bone marrow that is carried out by different microRNAs.     

RNA-Seq在老年神经退行性疾病研究中的应用

阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病是老年人最常见的两种神经退行性疾病,但其发病机制及治疗是研究的热点。随着高通量测序技术的进步及成本的下降,RNA-Seq也成为神经退行性疾病机制研究及生物标志物发现的有力手段。RNA-Seq相对于microarray具有高灵敏度、高准确性、高重复性以及噪声低等优势,在阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病研究中有较为广泛的应用,包括检测差异表达基因,可变剪接、新长链非编码RNA预测分析和miRNAs调控等,但是容易受病理复杂性及样本等因素影响。目前阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病转录组研究相比于癌症等还不够深入,在临床诊断及治疗应用还面临较大挑战。但是随着新技术及新方法的发展,RNA-Seq将进一步推动神经退行性相关疾病的研究和临床转化。     

安徽巢湖市丝虫病控制、消除历程和监测报告

【摘要】 目的  回顾并总结巢湖市丝虫病的流行、控制,以及消除丝虫病的历程。 方法  统计分析1970~1989年在该市采取以消灭传染源、切断传播途径为主的防治策略,以及展开大规模防治的各个阶段。 结果  1989年,采用分层整群抽样调查方法调查,微丝蚴率下降至0.032%,以行政村为单位,微丝蚴率已控制在1.0%以下,达到卫生部规定的基本消灭丝虫病标准;1991年,经省级调查考核,认定全市已达到卫生部规定的基本消灭丝虫病标准。1996年,省级审评确认已达到卫生部颁布的消灭丝虫病标准。经过10年的监测和跟踪治疗,到2005年,全市丝虫病病原学监测未查见微丝蚴阳性者,解剖镜检人房内淡色库蚊1 348只,蚊体内均未查见人体幼丝虫。 结论  巢湖市达到了消除丝虫病的标准。     

A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation

The role of the external and internal anal sphincters in the mechanism of anal continence is presented. The external sphincter induces continence by 1) preventing internal sphincter relaxation, what I have called the “voluntary inhibition action,” and 2) mechanical compression of the rectal neck and anal canal proper. The mechanism of both actions is described. The internal sphincter plays a significant role not only in involuntary, but also in voluntary, continence. The importance of this role in the correction of anal incontinence is clarified. “Stress defecation,” a condition which follows internal sphincter damage, is discussed. A “single loop continence” theory is presented, based on the fact that each of the three loops of the external sphincter has its own innervation, attachment, and direction of muscle bundles; each loop thus acts as a separate sphincter. The clinical application of this theory is presented.