高频超声联合TSH检测对甲状腺囊实性结节良恶性的诊断价值

目的分析高频超声联合血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)检测对甲状腺囊实性结节良恶性的诊断价值。方法选取符合甲状腺囊实性结节诊断标准的247例患者纳入实验。以甲状腺手术病理活检或细针穿刺抽吸病理活检的结果为"金标准";高频超声从甲状腺实质回声、结节回声边界、形态、纵横比、结节与甲状腺被膜的关系、结节内是否钙化及钙化类型、声晕、结节血流分布特征等方面对患者进行评估;并通过检测血清TSH水平,分析高频超声联合TSH检测对甲状腺囊实性结节良恶性的诊断价值。结果经过病理检查确诊的良性甲状腺囊实性结节159例,恶性甲状腺囊实性结节88例;高频超声检查对甲状腺囊实性结节良恶性的诊断灵敏度为76.10%、特异性65.91%、良性预测值80.13%及恶性预测值60.42%,与病理活检检测比较Kappa值=0.429,一致性一般;高频超声联合血清TSH表达水平检测对甲状腺囊实性结节良恶性的诊断灵敏度为90.57%、特异性89.77%、良性预测值94.12%及恶性预测值84.04%,与病理活检检测比较Kappa值=0.791,一致性较好;相较于高频超声检测,高频超声联合血清TSH表达水平检测对于甲状腺囊实性结节良恶性的诊断灵敏度、特异性、良性预测值及恶性预测值比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论高频超声联合血清TSH表达水平检测对于甲状腺囊实性结节良恶性的诊断价值高于仅使用高频超声检测。提示针对甲状腺囊实性结节良恶性的术前评估,高频超声联合血清TSH表达水平检测具有更高的诊断价值。     

B超引导下细针穿刺对触诊阴性甲状腺结节的诊断价值

本研究对75例触诊阴性的甲状腺结节行B超检查及B超引导下的细针穿刺活检.结果 显示B超特征有助于区分触诊阴性的甲状腺结节的良恶性,B超引导下的细针穿刺细胞学检查对其有较高的诊断价值.     

细针穿刺细胞学与甲状腺结节鉴别诊断

甲状腺结节是常见的甲状腺疾病,正确区分其良、恶性为治疗关键.细针穿刺细胞学检查在甲状腺结节的鉴别诊断中发挥了重要作用,在其基础上,应用分子诊断、多基因检测及基凶芯片等现代技术可进一步提高诊断的准确率,对于明确诊断、减少治疗费用、指导外科治疗具有极大作用.现丰要就细针穿刺细胞学用于甲状腺结节的鉴别诊断作相关阐述.     

甲状腺结节与甲状腺癌的鉴别和最新诊疗方案——中国甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南解读

甲状腺结节是一种临床常见病,近年来我国检出率明显增高,甲状腺癌的发病率也呈现增高的趋势。经B超检查发现的甲状腺结节患病率为20％76％,其中甲状腺癌的患病率约为5％～15％。鉴别甲状腺结节的良恶性和评估对周围组织的损害是诊断的重点。收集完整病史有助于甲状腺结节发生甲状腺癌的危险评估。高分辨率超声检查是评估甲状腺结节的首选方法。穿刺活检是评估甲状腺结节良恶性准确性（83％）、特异性（92％）最高的检查。手术治疗、术后^131I治疗和促甲状腺激素（TSH）抑制治疗是甲状腺癌的治疗方法。甲状腺结节和甲状腺癌应视具体情况安排不同时间间隔的随访。与中青年人群相比老年人群甲状腺结节的患病率增高,甲状腺癌的发生率低,治疗原则相同。     

超声在甲状腺结节处理中的价值:123例甲状腺结节患者超声声像图分析

目的 评估超声在鉴别甲状腺良、恶性结节及制定结节处理方案中的作用.方法对123例甲状腺结节患者的146个结节行甲状腺超声及细针抽吸活检(FNAB),细胞学检查结果为恶性或可疑恶性者接受手术治疗,对超声、FNAB及手术病理进行对比分析.结果在146个结节中,43个结节由组织学诊断为恶性,102个结节主要由临床及细胞学诊断为良性.1个结节细胞学诊断为可疑恶性但失访.甲状腺结节低回声、边界不清、形态不规则、微钙化以及结节内部血流丰富等超声特征多见于恶性结节(P＜0.05).性别、年龄以及甲状腺结节数目、大小在良、恶结节中无明显差别.单独利用各项超声恶性征象筛选行FNAB的恶性甲状腺结节,准确性不足,漏诊恶性率大于25%,在具备上述超声恶性征象中任意一项或两项以上的结节中行FNAB,能够显著减少行FNAB例数,漏诊恶性率小于10%.结论联合各种超声特点,能够初步筛选行FNAB的高危甲状腺癌患者,减少实施FNAB例数,提高成本/效益比.     

超声造影及声辐射力脉冲弹性成像技术在甲状腺结节诊断中的应用研究进展

甲状腺结节是内分泌常见的疾病之一。超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)能提供甲状腺结节内部的微血管灌注信息,声辐射力脉冲弹性成像(acoustic radiation force impulse-imaging,ARFI)技术能反映组织内部的软硬度,两者对甲状腺良恶性结节鉴别诊断有一定价值。该文对近年来CEUS及ARFI技术在诊断甲状腺结节良恶性方面的研究进展作一综述。     

高频超声及弹性成像对甲状腺结节性质鉴别诊断的logistic回归分析

目的采用二分类logistic回归分析,筛选对甲状腺结节良恶性有显著鉴别作用的超声指标并建立回归模型。方法应用高频超声对357例甲状腺结节进行检查(良性245例,恶性112例),观察其二维灰阶、彩色多普勒超声表现及弹性成像特点。以超声引导下甲状腺结节术后病理及穿刺活检的病理结果作为诊断标准,将结节的良恶性作为因变量,以超声表现作为自变量,采用二分类logistic回归分析筛选出对甲状腺结节良恶性有显著鉴别作用的超声指标并建立回归模型。结果经二分类logistic回归分析筛选进入回归模型且回归系数有统计学意义的有4个自变量:结节后方回声、结节内部回声、结节内钙化、弹性成像比值。回归模型诊断甲状腺结节性质的特异性93.88%,敏感性81.25%,准确率89.91%。ROC曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)=0.946。结论采用二分类logistic回归分析能够筛选出对甲状腺结节良恶性鉴别有显著作用的超声表现,且回归模型对甲状腺结节的良恶性能做出准确的判断。     

积极推进我国甲状腺结节和肿瘤诊治的规范化

简要介绍了甲状腺结节和甲状腺癌的发病情况及临床评估和处理的当前观点.分析了我国目前存在的问题并提出了解决途径.甲状腺细针穿刺活检开展不够,缺乏专门甲状腺细胞病理医生及相关学科之间缺乏交流是导致我国甲状腺结节和肿瘤诊治工作滞后的主要原因.     

二维超声联合超声造影诊断甲状腺结节120例分析

甲状腺结节是临床上的常见病、多发病,大多数结节属于良性,但随着甲状腺检查技术的进步,甲状腺癌的发病率逐渐升高,使得甲状腺癌成为最常见的内分泌恶性肿瘤,鉴别甲状腺结节的良恶性对治疗方案的选择具有重要意义。目前超声检查是各项检查方法中最准确和最敏感的影像学手段,常规超声对甲状腺结节的良恶性鉴别价值发挥着重要作用,TI-RADS系统是在二维超声的基础上建立起来的标准化工具［2-3］,可评估甲状腺结节的风险。本研究初步探讨甲状腺结节TI-RADS分类联合超声造影对甲状腺结节鉴别诊断的意义。     

儿童甲状腺结节的诊断与治疗

甲状腺结节较少发生于儿童和青少年,但其恶性风险更高,故鉴别其良、恶性非常重要.目前推荐使用的诊断方法主要有甲状腺超声、甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学检查等.儿童甲状腺良性结节的治疗相比成人更为保守,然而对于恶性结节,甲状腺全切术为首选.术后宜密切随访,并正规实施后续治疗.对甲状腺癌术后的患者,需要定期复查放射性碘全身扫描(WBS)、甲状腺球蛋白测定等.左旋甲状腺素的临床效果尚存争议.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.