经右颈内静脉紧急床边临时心脏起搏

目的 了解经右颈内静脉紧急床边临时心脏起搏的可行性和效果.方法17例缓慢心律失常的危重患者,穿刺右颈内静脉,送入起搏电极,根据体表心电图判断起搏电极是否在右心室内.结果16例起搏成功,1例因阈值过高而改在X光透视下安置成功.从穿刺至起搏成功约需时3～5min,手术时间10min左右,电极插入深度25～30cm,临时起搏保留时间3～11天.4例急性心肌梗塞患者在溶栓后,穿刺点有出血;2例出现间歇性起搏,调整后恢复正常起搏.无严重并发症.结论 经右颈内静脉紧急床边临时心脏起搏是治疗缓慢性心律失常的一种可靠有效方法.     

床旁临时起搏在急性心梗抢救中的应用

目的观察急诊床旁心脏临时起搏治疗急性心肌梗死伴缓慢心律失常的疗效。方法对21例急性心肌梗死伴缓慢心律失常的患者使用漂浮电极导管进急诊床旁心脏临时起搏,观察该心脏起搏方法的实用性及成功率。结果应用漂浮电极导管急诊床旁心脏临时起搏治疗21例患者全部成功,未出现严重并发症。结论床旁心脏临时起搏操作方法简单,安全,有效,并发症少,可以用于急性心肌梗死伴缓慢心律失常患者的治疗。     

应用球囊漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏的临床观察

目的　对经应用漂浮电极导管行床旁心脏临时起搏的病例进行总结分析 ,探讨床旁心脏临时起搏的方法学和可行性。方法　对 5 13例因多种心律失常需要临时起搏的患者应用球囊漂浮电极导管进行心脏临时起搏 ,通过分析起搏心电图图形特点和测量导管深度 ,并对需要植入永久起搏器的12 6例患者的X线胸片进行研究 ,判定该起搏方法的可行性和成功率 ,分析起搏失败的原因。结果　床旁心脏临时起搏适用于各年龄组人群 ,起搏部位主要为右心室心尖部和流出道两种。经左锁骨下静脉入路植入者 ,两种起搏点的导管深度分别为 (37 5 3± 3 5 2 )cm和 (34 2 1± 3 15 )cm ,右心室流出道起搏感知不良的发生率较心尖部高 (P <0 0 1) ,两组间起搏阈值差异无显著性。通过起搏心电图图形和导管深度指导下应用漂浮电极导管即刻起搏成功率高达 99 6 1% ,并发症发生率小于 1%。结论　体表心电图和导管深度指导下应用顶端球囊漂浮电极导管进行心脏临时起搏是一项安全有效、可行的起搏方法 ,只要操作方法正确 ,几乎可取代X线指导下的临时起搏 ,值得临床推广。     

非漂浮电极经锁骨下静脉紧急床边心脏起搏

为１４例严重缓慢性心律失常患者,施行了非漂浮电极经左锁骨下静脉紧急床边心脏起搏。用边起搏边搏送电极导管、心电监护起搏心电图判断有无起搏及电极导管位置方法。结果：１４例起搏操作均成功,推送电极一次成功１２例、２次２例,从穿刺开始到右心室起搏时间平均７２Ｓ,电极导管插入深度平均３２ｃｍ,持续起搏时间为１～１９４ｈ,无并发症出现。     

心脏临时起搏支持严重心率缓慢患者的血液净化

目的观察心脏临时起搏对严重心率缓慢患者血液净化的作用。方法7例因各种病因引起的急慢性肾功能衰竭患者伴严重心率缓慢时,经右颈内静脉、左锁骨下静脉途径穿刺置管行气囊电极床边紧急心脏临时起搏,支持血液净化。结果7例中5例行右颈内静脉置管,2例行左锁骨下静脉置管,起搏均成功,效果肯定,起搏时间2～16天,支持血液净化共32次,其中连续性静脉血液滤过(CVVH)2次,8例次行血液透析滤过(HDF),22例次行常规血透(HD),未发现心脏穿孔、气胸、血胸,1例发生导管感染。1例扩张型心肌病患者因低血压心力衰竭不能控制自动出院,其余6例均抢救成功。结论球囊电极床边心脏临时起搏,操作简便快捷,安全有效,可以提高严重心动过缓合并有肾功能不全的重危患者的抢救成功率。     

紧急床旁起搏抢救心脏骤停及严重缓慢性心律失常

目的　探讨紧急床旁起搏普通电极导管的操作技术及效果。方法　分析 10例因不同病因所致心脏骤停及严重缓慢性心律失常而行紧急心脏临时起搏患者的临床资料 ,按 seldinger法行股静脉穿刺 ,均采用 DAIG6F电极导管 ,在床旁无 X线透视指引下缓慢推送导管 ,将电极导管送入右心室。根据体表起搏心电图判断是否起搏成功。结果　 10例患者中 9例在右心室成功置入DAIG6F电极导管 ,起搏正常 ,1例虽起搏成功然 3 h后突发心脏破裂死亡 ;1例起搏治疗过晚未能成功而死亡。本组安置电极导管所需时间 5～ 15 min,留置电极导管时间 3～ 2 2 d,无心脏穿孔、心包填塞及感染等并发症。结论　普通电极紧急床旁起搏操作快捷 ,安全可行 ,对血流动力学不稳定者应为首选。     

应用两种电极导管紧急床旁心脏起搏的临床观察

目的比较在体表心电图指导下两种电极导管紧急床旁心脏起搏治疗心动过缓的效果,探讨床旁心脏临时起搏的方法学和可行性。方法75例严重心动过缓的患者中,50例使用带球囊漂浮电极经左锁骨下静脉穿刺,25例使用普通电极经左锁骨下静脉穿刺进行床边临时起搏,对两者的操作时间和效果分别加以回顾性分析,在一周内,38例在植入永久性起搏器时进行了导管位置的X线观察,其他存活患者也进行了导管位置的X线观察,比较两种起搏方式的成功率和安全性。结果球囊漂浮电极组,即刻起搏成功率为94%,起搏成功时间为(8.5±2.7)min,并发症发生率为2%,术后导管脱位率为6.3%;普通电极组,即刻起搏成功率为96%,起搏成功时间为(6.3±2.1)min,并发症发生率为8%,术后无导管脱位现象。结论体表心电图指导下应用两种电极导管进行心脏临时起搏是一项安全有效、可行的起搏方法,值得临床推广。     

心脏临时起搏支持严重心率缓慢患者的血液净化

目的观察心脏临时起搏对严重心率缓慢患者血液净化的作用。方法7例因各种病因引起的急慢性肾功能衰竭患者伴严重心率缓慢时，经右颈内静脉、左锁骨下静脉途径穿刺置管行气囊电极床边紧急心脏临时起搏，支持血液净化。结果7例中5例行右颈内静脉置管，2例行左锁骨下静脉置管，起搏均成功，效果肯定，起搏时间2～16天，支持血液净化共32次，其中连续性静脉血液滤过（CVVH）2次，8例次行血液透析滤过（HDF），22例次行常规血透（HD），未发现心脏穿孔、气胸、血胸，1例发生导管感染。1例扩张型心肌病患者因低血压心力衰竭不能控制自动出院，其余6例均抢救成功。结论球囊电极床边心脏临时起搏，操作简便快捷，安全有效，可以提高严重心动过缓合并有肾功能不全的重危患者的抢救成功率。     

普通电极床旁临时起搏78例治疗体会

目的 分析普通电极床旁临时心脏起搏对于心动过缓患者的应用效果及其安装过程中的注意事项及并发症处理.方法 78例缓慢型心律失常患者均在床旁非X线条件下,以改良的Seldinger法穿刺左锁骨下静脉或右锁骨下静脉或右颈内静脉,留置血管鞘.经鞘管送入6F普通起搏电极导管到达右心室,行床旁临时起搏.结果 78例患者完全置入成功,达到有效起搏.所有患者均无血、气胸,心肌穿孔,血栓形成,心包填塞,膈肌跳动等并发症.术后2例患者发生电极脱位,1例患者植入术中发生心室颤动并术后发热,1例患者死于非起搏因素,其他患者均安全度过危险期.结论 普通电极床旁临时心脏起搏在床旁操作,无需X线引导,普通电极即可达到有效起搏,患者痛苦小、创伤小、并发症发生率低,是抢救缓慢性心律失常患者的有效措施.     

床旁临时心脏起搏在急性心肌梗死抢救中的应用

目的评价床旁临时心脏起搏在急性心肌梗死抢救治疗中的应用价值。方法45例急性心肌梗死合并缓慢性心律失常患者，男性28例，女性17例，平均年龄48-81（62±13．5）岁，通过床旁置入临时心脏起搏抢救治疗。结果所有患者均成功置入临时心脏起搏，平均置入时间（3．5±1．2）min。起搏位点：38例为右室心尖部，5例为右室流出道起搏，2例为心房起搏。平均起搏时间（3．8±1．3）d，电极导管脱位4例。结论床旁临时心脏起搏置入是治疗急性心肌梗死合并缓慢性心律失常安全有效的方法。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.