湛江市2006-2007年麻疹与风疹监测结果分析

目的 分析湛江市麻疹疑似病例的血清学实验室诊断符合率和风疹检测结果,完善麻疹监测网络实验室检测工作,为进一步提高麻疹、风疹的病例诊断提供依据.方法 应用ELISA法检测全市送检的血清样本中麻疹和风疹IgM抗体,对检测结果和病例资料进行分析.结果 实验室检测麻疹疑似病例血清样本747份,检出麻疹IgM抗体阳性502例,实验室诊断符合率为67.20%;在麻疹IgM抗体阴性血清样本中榆测风疹IgM抗体245份,阳性48例,阳性检出率为19.59%.麻疹发病高峰时间主要集中在3-7月,占病例总数的78.29%,风疹发病时间主要在4月和12月;麻疹发病年龄以0～9岁居多,占病例总数的73.31%,风疹发病年龄集中在15～24岁;麻疹、风疹病例的户籍分布均以本市户口为主,占病例总数的99%以上;麻疹男女比例为1.55:1,风疹男女比例为1.09:1;无免疫接种史或接种史不详的麻疹病例占95.02%,风疹病例占97.92%.结论 近两年,我市麻疹疫情上升较快,说明我市目前还没有形成足够保护易感人群的免疫屏障,全市计划免疫工作有待进一步加强;同时也应加强对风疹的控制.     

2013年合肥市庐阳区麻疹疑似病例血清学分析

目的了解2013年合肥市庐阳区麻疹血清流行病学特征。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),对330例麻疹疑似病例的血清标本,进行麻疹IgM和风疹IgM抗体检测。结果麻疹IgM抗体阳性率为28.18%,风疹为8.18%。麻疹IgM阳性病例中≥18岁组最多(占45.16%),风疹IgM阳性病例主要集中在≥12岁组(占96.30%)。麻疹发病时间主要集中在1-6月,风疹主要集中在1-5月。93例麻疹病例中,有明确免疫史占18.28%,无免疫史占46.24%,不详占35.48%。结论应加强麻疹疫苗的常规免疫工作,提高免疫接种质量,重视人群的免疫水平监测。     

山西省569例发热出疹性疾病血清流行病学分析

目的:了解山西省发热出疹性疾病(RFIs)血清流行病学特点。方法:用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)捕捉法,检测麻疹、风疹IgM抗体。结果:569例RFIs患者中麻疹IgM阳性258例,阳性率为45.34%;风疹IgM阳性140例,阳性检出率为24.60%。2003年检出率明显高于2001、2002年。RFIs发病以春季为主,麻疹4、5月份最多,占麻疹总病例的55.88%;风疹病例以4～6月份为高峰,占全年风疹总病例的79.8%。麻疹IgM阳性年龄<1岁组和≥20岁组逐年增加;风疹IgM阳性病例主要集中在7～19岁,占风疹IgM阳性病例的77.14%。有麻疹疫苗接种史的58例,占22.48%无免疫史的95例,占36.82%;免疫史不详者105例,占40.70%。结论:扩大麻疹疫苗接种年龄,加大强化免疫的力度加强实验室监测,是控制麻疹的重要措施。     

2006年合肥市麻疹疑似病例血清学监测分析

[目的]了解合肥市麻疹的血清流行病学特征,探讨麻疹与风疹之间的血清学鉴别诊断.[方法]采月酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)捕获法对331例RFIs的血清标本进行麻疹IgM和风疹IgM抗体检测.[结果]麻疹IgM抗体阳性率为45.62%,风疹IgM抗体阳性率为13.60%.在出疹后4～14 d采集的血清标本其麻疹IgM和风疹IgM抗体阳性检出率最高.麻疹IgM阳性病例≥20岁组阳性数最高(33.11%);风疹IgM阳性病例主要集中在13～19岁自(64.44%).有麻疹疫苗接种史的31例,占20.53%;无免疫史的40例,占26.49%;免疫史不详者80例,占52.98%[结论]血清学诊断是科学鉴别RFIs的重要手段.采血与检出率密切相关;麻疹患者与风疹患者有一定的年龄差距但未经实验室诊断极易发生误诊;应加强实验室监测,提高麻疹实验室检测的及时性、准确性和敏感性.     

深圳市发热出疹性疾病血清流行病学分析

为了解发热出疹性疾病(RFIs)血清流行病学特征,对深圳市1998～1999年发热出疹性病例同时检测麻疹、风疹IgM抗体,进行流行病学分析.共检测RFIs 328例,麻疹IgM抗体阳性率为54.88%,风疹IgM抗体阳性率为9.45%.RFIs病例中麻疹和风疹发病高峰季节为春、夏季.麻疹发病以少年儿童为主,而风疹主要发病对象则出现两个非连续年龄高峰期,分别为儿童高峰期和青少年高峰期.180例麻疹IgM抗体阳性病例中,免疫史不详和无免疫史占83.89%.结果显示,RFIs病例中以麻疹、风疹为主,其分布也与麻疹、风疹流行特征相似.有必要将RFIs病例血清学监测列入计划免疫常规监测.     

检测麻疹IgM抗体对诊断麻疹的意义和麻疹IgM阳性病例的临床表现

分析了 1993～ 1998年 45 6例采集血标本的麻疹确诊病例和 83例采集双份血标本的麻疹确诊病例的麻疹IgM抗体阳性率。发病后 4～ 2 1天阳性率分别为 92 86%和 95 0 6% ,而发病后 1～ 3天和 2 2～ 42天的麻疹IgM阳性率显著较低。病例的同一份血清检测麻疹和风疹两种IgM抗体 ,说明麻疹阳性和风疹阳性互不干扰 ,各具特异性。分析 2 70份麻疹IgM阳性的病例临床表现 ,不同年龄组和有无免疫史的表现有极显著差别。检测麻疹IgM抗体具有高度特异性、敏感性和早期诊断的意义     

2009～2012年广州市白云区疑似麻疹、风疹病例血清学检测分析

目的分析广州市白云区疑似麻疹、风疹病例血清学检测情况,为防治麻疹、风疹提供科学依据。方法采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)对广州市白云区2009～2012年麻疹、风疹疑似病例血清标本进行IgM抗体检测,对检测结果进行统计分析。结果 4年共检测血液标本745份,麻疹IgM抗体阳性246份,总阳性率为33.02%,风疹IgM抗体阳性90份,总阳性率为12.08%,各年度麻疹、风疹阳性率差异有统计学意义。麻疹、风疹病例性别分布差异无统计学意义。麻疹主要分布在7岁以下年龄组,占总数的77.24%;风疹主要分布在15～39岁年龄组占总数的74.44%,麻疹、风疹不同年龄组抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义。麻疹、风疹发病时间都有明显的季节性,以春夏季高发。麻疹6～7月为发病高峰;风疹发病时间主要分布在3～8月份,占全年的96.67%。结论 2012年麻疹IgM抗体阳性率明显回升应引起重视,麻疹发病以儿童为主,风疹以青年居多。加强流动人口免疫规划管理是今后工作的重点,应进一步开展查漏补种和强化免疫工作,提高易感人群免疫水平。     

江西省1999年风疹流行情况的实验室分析

为了解江西省风疹流行情况 ,对 9个地区出疹性病例进行了调查 ,并随机采集急性期血清 2 31份进行风疹和麻疹IgM抗体检测。结果表明 :2 31份血清中 ,麻疹IgM抗体阳性 39份 ,分属 10次流行 ;131份血清中 ,风疹IgM抗体阳性 92份 ,分属 13次流行。采血时间与风疹IgM抗体检出率密切相关 ,以出疹后 5～ 14天检出率最高 (85 71% )。流行人群中以学龄儿童为主 ,其中 11～ 15岁风疹IgM抗体阳性率最高 (81 40 % ) ,其次为 7～ 10岁 (6 4 79% )。所有血清标本均以疑似麻疹病例报告送检 ,均无风疹疫苗免疫史 ;其中从两个县的送检血清标本中还发现风疹和麻疹同时在不同乡、镇中流行的现象。以上结果提示 :江西省风疹流行情况有时严重 ,人群抗体水平低 ,且与麻疹混淆 ,误诊情况普遍。因此 ,加强风疹疫苗接种和风疹IgM抗体检测工作刻不容缓     

昌平区2006年麻疹和风疹疑似病例血清学检测结果分析

目的:了解昌平区麻疹、风疹疑似病例的血清学实验室诊断符合率和血清流行病学特征,为进一步提高麻疹、风疹的病例诊断提供依据。方法:应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清标本中麻疹或风疹IgM抗体。结果:2006年共检测麻疹疑似病例血清175例,检出麻疹IgM抗体阳性55例,实验室诊断符合率为31.4%,在其余麻疹IgM抗体阴性的120例病例中检出风疹IgM抗体阳性34例,检出率为28.3%。检测风疹疑似病例血清172例,检出风疹IgM抗体阳性75例,实验室诊断符合率为43.6%,在其余风疹IgM抗体阴性的97例病例中检出麻疹IgM抗体阳性3例,检出率为3.1%。麻疹、风疹疑似病例与实验室诊断病例的发病时间均集中在3~6月份;年龄均以20~24岁组最多;外地户籍和无疫苗接种史或接种史不详的麻疹和风疹病例占80%以上。结论:我区麻疹疑似病例实验室诊断阳性符合率为31.4%,低于国内相关报道[1]。风疹实验室诊断阳性符合率为43.6%,与国内相关报道相同[2],存在误诊漏诊现象;外地户籍和无疫苗接种史或接种史不详的麻疹和风疹病例占80%以上。     

2009—2010年天津滨海新区(塘沽)发热伴出疹性疾病监测分析

目的探讨天津市塘沽地区发热伴出疹症性疾病(RFIs)病原谱构成。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对2009年9月—2010年5月塘沽传染病医院就诊的发热伴出疹性疾病患者急性期血清标本进行麻疹、风疹和水痘IgM抗体检测,咽拭标本采用RT-PCR方法分离病毒。结果 243份血清标本中麻疹IgM抗体阳性检出率为51.44%,风疹IgM抗体阳性检出率为5.76%,水痘IgM阳性检出率为4.12%,三者全部阴性者占38.27%。236份咽试标本中麻疹病毒核糖核酸(RNA)阳性62份,风疹病毒RNA阳性27份。塘沽地区RFIs病例主要为20岁以上成人发病,占总病例的87.65%。麻疹IgM抗体阳性病例中,无免疫史和不详者占92.80%,风疹和水痘IgM抗体阳性病例均无免疫史。结论目前,塘沽地区发热出疹性疾病以麻疹为主,发病以大年龄组人群为主,同时具有一定的风疹和水痘病例,积极推行疫苗接种是控制麻疹、风疹和水痘发病的主要策略。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.