发热中心设备隔离与信息共享的实现

在SARS疫情的早期阶段,各医院都成立了发热中心,收治发热患者。由于对引起SARS的冠状病毒认识不足,造成医护人员感染。根据最新的研究成果,引起SARS的冠状病毒在体外存活时间长,传播途径广泛,目前尚未研制出预防疫苗,因此发热中心的严格隔离成为阻断冠状病毒传播、预防院内感染的重要手段。1仪器设备的调配与隔离医院立发热中心之初,就制定了严格的隔离措施,成立了专门的医疗小组进驻发热中心。同时对发热中心所需的检查、诊断和治疗设备进行了独立配备,防止病毒的外传。在仪器的配备上,遵循发热中心自成一体的原则,分别调入移动式X光…     

四川省疾控机构现状调查

传染性非典型肺炎 (SARS)的流行暴露出了我国疾病预防控制机构应对SARS样传染病能力的不足 ,造成这种现象的原因是多方面的。为了解四川省各级疾控机构在应对SARS样传染病能力方面的主要差距和亟待解决的问题 ,对四川省所有的市、州和县 (区 )级疾控机构人员、经费、房屋和仪器设备等方面的调查。1　调查方法和步骤1 1　根据卫生部对各级疾控机构的相关能力要求和相关文件资料及四川省 2 0 0 2年有关调查工作的方法和结果制定调查表格。人员情况调查采用收集各级疾控机构花名册的方式进行。1 2　召集对各级疾控机构较为了解的 ,有丰富…     

疾病监测及早期预警信息的收集应用及管理

根据SARS等疾病监测及预警的信息收集、利用及管理工作的现状,分析存在的问题,在现有疫情网络直报系统的基础上,运用预警理论,利用现代化仪器设备、计算机信息管理及地理信息技术等高科技手段,多部门协作,实现人口、地区、疾病等基础信息标准化共享,建立“疫情监测预警应急处理信息系统”,探索高效的疫情信息收集、利用及管理途径。     

循证医学在SARS治疗方法评估中的应用

作者综述了SARS治疗的现状 ,分析了SARS疾病及其防治特点 ,即SARS治疗未经RCT研究、SARS患者治愈后出现生命质量下降、SARS有反复暴发蔓延可能性、有些治疗方法有效性尚需探讨。为此 ,提出将循证医学方法应用于SARS治疗方案的筛选 ,并进行系统的评价和规范 ,有利于制定治疗SARS方案和高效使用有限卫生资源。     

不同人群血清对人SARS冠状病毒和动物SARS样冠状病毒反应性的比较

目的 探讨不同人群血清中人SARS冠状病毒抗体和动物SARS样冠状病毒抗体所表达的意义及其之间关系。方法 应用人SARS冠状病毒和动物SARS样冠状病毒抗原片进行间接免疫荧光(IFA)定性和半定量试验,检测23份一般人群、25份动物市场从业人员和74份SARS病人的SARS冠状病毒IgG抗体阳性(ELISA法检测)血清样本,并进行比较分析。结果 23份一般人群、25份动物市场从业人员和74份SARS病人的血清样本的IFA阳性率分别为73．91％、68．00％和100．00％,在IFA阳性人群中其血清样本既能对人SARS冠状病毒也能对动物SARS样冠状病毒产生反应的分别占100．00％(17／17)、64．71％(11／17)和94．59％(70／74);70．59％(12／17)一般人群和76．47％(13／17)动物从业人员其血清中的动物SARS样冠状病毒抗体水平高于人SARS冠状病毒;而SARS病人血清中的人SARS冠状病毒与动物SARS样冠状病毒抗体水平以两者相同和前者高于后者为多,分别占56．76％(42／74)和33．78％(25／74)。结论 不同人群血清中的人SARS冠状病毒抗体和动物SARS样冠状病毒抗体两者之间均存在着一定的交叉反应现象,从血清学上提示了人SARS冠状病毒与动物SARS样冠状病毒之间存在着很高的同源性;人SARS冠状病毒抗体和动物SARS样冠状病毒抗体两者各自表达的意义是有所不同的,通过间接免疫荧光半定量试验可有助于区别感染者所染病毒的倾向性。     

铁路运输系统防治传染性非典型肺炎的基本对策

[目的]探讨铁路系统参与传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)防治体系的工作,以便更有效地控制SARS通过铁路交通工具传播扩散。[方法]总结福建铁路2003年防治SARS的做法、成绩及经验．形成统一有效的防治SARS管理体系。[结论]铁路系统应建立健全防治SARS的管理网络,做好车站、列车重点部位的防治工作,纳入防治SARS体系。     

用网络办公系统实现对检验仪器设备的动态管理

目的:加强检验仪器设备的管理。方法:利用科室现有的实验室信息系统网络资源,采用通用型网络办公系统OfficeIM软件,建立仪器设备管理专栏,下设仪器设备管理制度、仪器设备相关表格、仪器设备启用记录、仪器设备停用记录、仪器设备维修记录、仪器设备恢复使用记录、仪器设备档案目录表、仪器设备使用说明书等栏目管理相应文件并实时更新,开放共享。结果:该系统实现了对全科所有重要检验仪器设备的网络化动态管理结论:提升了科室的管理水平,提高了科室人员的工作效率,为仪器设备的管理提供了一种全新的模式和有效的途径     

101例严重急性呼吸综合征患者粪便中SARS冠状病毒RNA的检测

目的　研究严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)患者粪便中排出SARS冠状病毒 (SARS CoV)RNA的情况。方法　采用荧光定量聚合酶链反应法 (FQ PCR)检测 10 1例病程为 10～ 5 5d的SARS患者、2 7例非SARS患者和 4 0 0名健康体检人群粪便中SARS CoVRNA。结果　 10 1例SARS患者的粪便标本中 5 8例 (5 7 4 % )SARS CoVRNA阳性 ;2 7例非SARS患者和 4 0 0名健康体检人群的粪便标本均为阴性。SARS患者发病后 10～ 19、2 0～ 2 9、30～ 39和 4 0～ 5 5d ,粪便中SARS CoVRNA阳性率分别为 10 0 % (8/ 8)、6 7 7% (2 1/ 31)、4 7 4 % (2 7/ 5 7)和 4 0 0 % (2 / 5 )。粪便中SARS CoVRNA载量对数值分别为 6 0 6± 2 0 5、4 5 1± 1 2 3、3 82± 1 4 4和 3 5 7± 1 2 5。结论　SARS患者急性期粪便中SARS CoVRNA阳性率和载量对数值最高 ,且随病程延长而下降     

SARS病原学及实验诊断研究进展

2002年11月我国广东省首次报告非典型肺炎以来 ,非典型肺炎在全球迅速蔓延。世界卫生组织 (WHO)称之为严重急性呼吸道综合症 (SARS) ,于4月16日宣布引起SARS流行的病原体为一种新的冠状病毒 ,并将其命名为SARS冠状病毒。1SARS病原学研究在SARS流行早期 ,为寻找引起SARS的病原 ,我国科学家进行了不懈的努力 ,先后排除了炭疽、鼠疫、禽流感、流感、军团菌、呼吸道合胞病毒、肺炎支原体等病原。随后有实验室提出SARS病原体为衣原体 ,接着又有实验室提出SARS是由副粘病毒引起的 ,但作为SARS病原体 ,都没有得到更多的实验数据支…     

SARS医院感染的预防和控制措施的探讨

目的探讨严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)的预防和控制措施. 方法在科学认识SARS,并进行相关知识培训的基础上,建立和落实正确的SARS医院感染预防措施和制度. 结果科学的医院感染预防措施,可有效地控制SARS传染源、切断传播途径、保护高危人群. 结论在SARS流行期间正确制定和落实医院感染预防措施和制度,可防止和减少SARS医院感染的发生.     

Comparing spatio-temporal distribution of the most common human parasitic infections in Iran over two periods 2007 to 2012 and 2013 to 2018: A systematic quantitative literature review

This study analyses the spatio-temporal trend of the prevalence of the four most prevalent parasitic diseases in Iran over two periods, 2007 to 2012 and 2013 to 2018, indicating high-risk and low-risk areas. Out of 19 126 articles, we selected 220 articles for data extraction and calculated the pooled prevalence for cutaneous leishmaniasis, human toxoplasmosis, giardiasis and blastocystosis for all 31 provinces in the country. Anselin local Moran's I was used to identify clusters and outliers in the prevalence rates. The mean prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients was found 35.12 per 100 000 in 2007 to 2012 but fell to 19.12 per 100 000 in the 2013 to 2018 period. The mean prevalence of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis was 2.36% and 32.5%, respectively, in 2007 to 2012, which changed to 2.28% and 31.14% in 2013 to 2018. The total prevalence of giardiasis declined from 9.8% in 2007 to 2012 to 4.8% in 2013 to 2018, while the mean prevalence of blastocystosis declined from 8.9% in 2007 to 2012 to 6.76% in the 2013 to 2018 period. There was only one high-high cluster in 2007 to 2012 and that was due to giardiasis, while there were two in 2013 to 2018, one for blastocystosis and one for chronic toxoplasmosis. The total prevalence of blastocystosis, giardiasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran has continually declined since 2007. In contrast, the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant Iranian women has not been changed. Iran's Midwest has more parasitic infections compared to the Mideast, which may be explained by the existence of vast deserts and consequently dry and hot climate in the latter part of the country.     

北京25～64岁人群1984～1999年体重指数和超重率变化趋势的研究

目的：分析1984－1999年北京地区25－64岁人群平均体重指数（BMI）、超重率的变化趋势。方法：在北京地区心血管病监测人群中，分别进行了5次心血管病危险因素的横断面调查。结果：1984－1999年25－64岁人群平均BMI由23．3增加到24．0，超重率由27．5％增加到35．9％。男性人群超重率由23．5％增加到43．4％。男性各年龄组及城乡地区的超重率均呈增加趋势。女性人群在城乡地区的超重率呈不同变化趋势，城市女性超重率由36．0％下降到23．3％，农村女性超重率由28．4％增加到46．0％。城市人群的超重率由29．1％增加到31．8％，农村人群的超重率由22．1％增加到49．6％。研究早期城市人群的平均BMI和超重率大于农村人群（P＜0．05），到研究后期农村人群的BMI和超重率赶上并超过城市人群（P＜0．05）。结论：城市男性和农村男女两性人群BMI和超重率均呈上升趋势，但农村人群的上升速度较快，且平均BMI和超重率目前已高于城市人群。     

Immunisation of migrants in EU/EEA countries: Policies and practices

In recent years various EU/EEA countries have experienced an influx of migrants from low and middle-income countries. In 2018, the “Vaccine European New Integrated Collaboration Effort (VENICE)” survey group conducted a survey among 30 EU/EEA countries to investigate immunisation policies and practices targeting irregular migrants, refugees and asylum seekers (later called “migrants” in this report). Twenty-nine countries participated in the survey. Twenty-eight countries reported having national policies targeting children/adolescent and adult migrants, however vaccinations offered to adult migrants are limited to specific conditions in seven countries. All the vaccinations included in the National Immunisation Programme (NIP) are offered to children/adolescents in 27/28 countries and to adults in 13/28 countries. In the 15 countries offering only certain vaccinations to adults, priority is given to diphtheria-tetanus, measles-mumps-rubella and polio vaccinations. Information about the vaccines given to child/adolescent migrants is recorded in 22 countries and to adult migrants in 19 countries with a large variation in recording methods found across countries. Individual and aggregated data are reportedly not shared with other centres/institutions in 13 and 15 countries, respectively. Twenty countries reported not collecting data on vaccination uptake among migrants; only three countries have these data at the national level. Procedures to guarantee migrants’ access to vaccinations at the community level are available in 13 countries. In conclusion, although diversified, strategies for migrant vaccination are in place in all countries except for one, and the strategies are generally in line with international recommendations. Efforts are needed to strengthen partnerships and implement initiatives across countries of origin, transit and destination to develop and better share documentation in order to guarantee a completion of vaccination series and to avoid unnecessary re-vaccination. Development of migrant-friendly strategies to facilitate migrants' access to vaccination and collection of vaccination uptake data among migrants is needed to meet existing gaps.     

2007～2008年江苏省淡色库蚊和家蝇的抗性研究

目的了解江苏省蚊蝇对常用杀虫剂的抗药性情况,指导蚊蝇防治的科学用药。方法蚊虫抗药性检测采用幼虫浸渍法,家蝇采用点滴法。结果南京市家蝇对敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和残杀威的抗药性均相对较高,而淮安市均为最低;4种杀虫剂中,残杀威抗性均为最高,其次为敌敌畏,溴氰菊酯抗性均为最低。淡色库蚊对高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和仲丁威的抗性在淮安市均为最高,对双硫磷抗性在苏州市为最高;4种杀虫剂中,仲丁威抗性均为最高,溴氰菊酯除在淮安高于双硫磷外,抗性均为最低。结论在蚊蝇防治时应避免使用抗性较高的残杀威、仲丁威和敌敌畏,优先考虑使用溴氰菊酯等拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂。     

氟接触者肌电生理活动及骨胳X线表现分析

目的　探讨氟对机体肌电生理活动的影响。方法　采用对照研究的方法 ,分析两者间的关联。结果　发现氟接触者较非氟接触者症状、体征明显增多。且以四肢关节痛、末梢感觉异常为主 (P <0 0 1) ;骨胳X线表现以骨密度增高、骨周改变、膜反应为主 ,且显著高于非氟接触者 (P <0 0 1) ;肌电图神经传导速度减慢 ,上、下肢体感觉诱发电位潜伏期延长 (P <0 0 1)。结论　认为职业性氟接触者除骨胳X线的异常表现外 ,神经肌电生理活动亦发生改变     

El proyecto Ineq-Cities de investigación en desigualdades urbanas en salud: diseminación y transferencia de conocimiento en España

The Ineq-Cities project analyzed inequalities in mortality in small areas and described interventions to reduce inequalities in health in 16 European cities. This field note describes the dissemination of the project in Spain. In accordance with the recommendations of the project, the objective was to translate relevant results to key stakeholders – mainly technical staff, municipal officers and local social agents – and to provide an introduction to urban inequalities in health and strategies to address them. Twenty-four workshops were given, attended by more than 350 professionals from 92 municipalities. Knowledge dissemination consisted of the publication of a short book on inequalities in health and the approach to this problem in cities and three articles in nonspecialized media, a proposal for a municipal motion, and knowledge dissemination activities in social networks. Users rated these activities highly and stressed the need to systematize these products. This process may have contributed to the inclusion of health inequalities in the political agenda and to the training of officers to correct them.     

Making poverty a practice issue

Trends in poverty and changes in service provision are combining to make the promotion of health in poverty a particular challenge to health and welfare practitioners. The evidence suggests that practitioner groups have failed to respond adequately to this challenge. Factors concerned with professional perceptions of poverty, the nature of qualifying and post-qualifying education and the difficulties associated with taking research into practice all appear, in some way, to contribute to practitioners’ failure to incorporate a poverty perspective in their work. A team training approach appears to offer one way forward in the practice-setting. Using a team training approach, the‘Health Promotion in Poverty Project’ has sought to enable the lessons learnt from the broad base of poverty theory and research to be used by practitioners to build responsive and integrated support strategies for low-income families with dependent children.     

There's an alien in my playcorner: Computers and the early childhood teacher

This paper examines computers in relation to early childhood teachers, the children they teach and the curriculum. The author points out that there is no doubt that young children are able to use and learn from computers; but as to why children should use computers in preference to more traditional means she finds no answers in the current literature. Increased government intervention in education has resulted in major changes in schools curricula. The examples Britain and parts of Australia are cited. Concomitant with these changes comes state promotion of computers in to schools. Yet whether technology is adapted to education, or vice versa, has not yet been addressed. The position of teachers relative to this innovation is reviewed and the complexity of how a teacher acquires the necessary competence to use computers effectively in class is enunciated. The article looks finally to the future and calls on governments, policy makers and the computer industry to fund research into the use of computers in the early years.     

Guidance for the collection of case report form variables to assess safety in clinical trials of vaccines in pregnancy

Vaccination in pregnancy is an effective strategy to prevent serious infections in mothers and their infants. Safety of this strategy is of principal importance to all stakeholders. As the number of studies assessing safety of vaccines in pregnancy increases, the need to ensure consistent collection and reporting of critical data to allow comparisons and data pooling becomes more important. The Global Alignment of Immunization Safety Assessment in Pregnancy (GAIA) project aims to improve data collection and create a shared understanding of maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes in order to progress the global agenda for vaccination in pregnancy.The guidance in this document has been developed to harmonize the data collected in case report forms used for safety monitoring in clinical trials of vaccination in pregnant women. Data to be collected is prioritized to allow applicability in diverse research settings, including low and middle-income countries. Standardized data will enable the research community to have a common base upon which to conduct meta-analyses, strengthening the applicability of outcomes to different settings.     

基于GM（1,1）模型的广东省儿科医生数量缺口预测

目的 预测2021—2025年广东省儿科医生的缺口数量,为构建规模适宜的儿科医生队伍提供决策依据。方法 采用年均增长率描述广东省2012—2020年儿科医生的实际数、需求数和缺口数;运用GM（1,1）模型分别预测2021—2025年广东省儿科医生的实际数和需求数,求得同期儿科医生供需比及缺口数。结果 广东省儿科医生日均负担诊疗人次从2012年的20.84人降至2019年的20.16人,但2012—2020年全省儿科医生日均工作负荷均高于同期全省医生和全国儿科医生;2012—2020年广东儿科医生实际数、需求数和缺口数的年均增长率分别为6.63％、5.29％、1.39％,儿科医生供需比均小于1;预测结果显示,2021—2025年广东省儿科医生实际数继续保持较快增长,但儿科医生供需比仍然小于1,儿科医生缺口数逐年扩大。结论 广东省儿科医生工作负担重强度高,儿科医生供给未能满足实际需求;建议加快儿科医生全方位多层次人才培养,进一步细化儿童医疗服务支持政策以稳定儿科医生队伍;落实健康中国行动,提高儿童青少年身体素质。