超声微泡造影应用于疾病诊疗的研究进展

<正>随着"超声分子影像学"概念在国内的首次提出,超声医学已成为分子影像学的研究热点。即经静脉注入带有特定配体的靶向超声对比剂,与要显像的靶组织特异性结合,使得微泡选择性地聚集并较长时间停留于靶组织或靶器官而产生分子水平     

191例儿童肘关节创伤X线诊断及预后评估

目的：回顾性研究儿童肘关节创伤X线诊断,方法：收集儿童肘关节创伤X线资料191例,其中骨骺损伤60例,髁上骨折112例,肘关节脱位12例,尺骨鹰嘴骨折并桡骨小头骨折2例,和桡骨小头脱位5例。结果：肘关节囊脂肪垫X线征阳性109例;53例骨骺分离合并有干骺端骨折;髁上骨折愈合复便发现肘内翻畸形24例,骨化性肌炎11例,结论：肘关节囊脂肪垫X线征阳性是肘关节骨折或脱位的一个重要间接征象,出现率达575;肘关节骨骺损伤中大多数合并有干骺端骨折（88．3％）;髁上骨折肘内翻发生率低,而骨化性肌炎较常见。     

输尿管囊肿的X线与超声诊断（附23例分析）

目的：探讨X线与超声对输尿管囊肿的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析了23例输尿管囊肿的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）及超声检查资料,其中男性1例,女性12例;年龄2个月－43岁,平均年龄20．6岁。23例均行静脉肾盂造影、B超检查,2例行膀胱造影,1例行彩色多普勒超声检查,1例CT检查。结果：全部病例均经手术病理证实。左侧9例,右侧7例,双侧7例。静脉肾盂造影显示膀胱内边界清晰的充盈缺损16例,5例呈“眼镜蛇头”征,诊断正确率为91．3％（21／23）。B超显示囊肿呈类圆形无回声暗区23例,形态可随排尿而改变,诊断正确率为100％（23／23）。结论：静脉肾盂造影结合超声检查诊断输尿管囊肿可靠性高,二者相互弥补,可对此病作出正确诊断。     

X-ray diagnosis of immunologically induced lung diseases in children and adolescents

After coverage of pathophysiological mechanisms, radiological symptoms and differential diagnosis of bacterial and opportunistic infections of the bronchopulmonary system are discussed as they occur in humoral, cellular and combined congenital and acquired immune deficiencies. The discussion is based on case reports. Humoral deficiencies cause recurrent and chronic bacterial infections of the bronchopulmonary system, frequently with bronchiectasis. In the case of cellular and combined immune deficiencies, not only bacterial infections but also the very serious opportunistic infections occur. Opportunistic infections of the lung are predominantly caused by Pneumocystis carinii, by the cytomegaly virus, and by fungi such as Candida, Aspergillus and Mucor. Pneumocystis is also the most frequent cause of opportunistic infections of the lungs in children with AIDS. In contrast to the situation in adults, in children a relatively low-grade lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis occasionally precedes the typical opportunistic infections. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis and Pneumocystis pneumonia can be differentiated from each other easily in children because of their relatively characteristic appearances. Fungal infections, on the other hand, sometimes pose severe diagnostic problems. Radiological chest findings in autoimmune diseases are discussed.     

肘关节疾病的MRI研究

目的探讨MRI在肘关节病变的应用价值。方法154例有肘关节疼痛、活动障碍或不适患者行肘关节MR检查,包括冠状位、矢状位及横断位成像,序列包括T1wI自旋回波（T,WISE）,T2WI自旋回波压脂（T：WIFS）,质子密度加权成像自旋回波压脂（PDWIFS）。俯卧位108例,仰卧位46例,使用膝关节线圈及表面线圈。结果154例患者中,关节正常表现25例,关节异常患者129例（83．8％）。其中炎性疾病38例（29．5％）,包括骨性关节炎32例,风湿性关节炎5例,关节结核1例。肿瘤或肿瘤样疾病28例（21．7％）,包括滑膜软骨瘤病4例,腱鞘巨细胞瘤1例,神经鞘瘤3例,腱鞘囊肿5例,滑膜囊肿15例。损伤性疾病63例（48．8％）,包括韧带损伤24例,肌腱损伤28例,尺神经损伤11例。结论磁共振对肘部疾病的诊断具有很好的价值。     

CT diagnosis of the elbow joint

The normal anatomy of the elbow joint is described. Diverse pathologic joint alterations, e.g. fractures and dislocations, osteochondritis, inflammatory changes, and ulnar nerve lesion are demonstrated. Particular attention is paid to three-dimensional (3D-) reconstruction of demonstrable pathologic findings.     

Differential diagnosis of distortion of the elbow joint

Distortion of the elbow joint often means a vague diagnosis describing a traumatized joint with no radiological changes, or it means a transient diagnosis until sophisticated examinations can demonstrate what the injury really is. In adults there are only a few injuries that cannot be shown by radiography. In children, however, radiography of the elbow joint is more difficult due to the inhomogeneity during growth. Contrary to adults, fractures misdiagnosed in radiography often result in significant reduction of joint function.     

膝关节及周围常见疾病的超声诊断研究

目的：探讨超声检查对膝关节及周围常见疾病的诊断价值。方法：运用超声对膝关节及周围常见疾病进行诊断。结果：对21例胭窝囊肿和20例胭窝脂肪瘤及ll例膝关节腔积液的超声检查结果与手术病例证实,符合率达100％;对74例膝关节共148个半月板超声检查结果与关节镜检查结果进行对照分析,结果148个半月板中,关节镜发现半月板损伤46个,超声检查准确做出半月板损伤诊断38个,漏诊8个,阴性97个,假阳性5个。超声诊断半月板损伤的准确率91．2％,敏感性82．6％,特异性95．1％,阳性结果预测值88．4％,阴性结果预测值92．4％。结论：超声检查无创、方便、诊断膝关节及周围疾病的准确性较高,可作为基层医院一种广泛开展的检查方法。     

Suprapubic ultrasonic diagnosis of the prostate

100 patients, 60 affected by prostatic pathology and 40 normal, underwent ultrasonography using a transabdominal suprapubic approach, with a diagnostic accuracy of 88% and no instances of false negatives. The advantages of transabdominal approach are discussed and the various sonographic appearances are explained and correlated to histological findings.     

The diagnosis and nonoperative treatment of elbow problems in the athlete

An understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of the elbow is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment. In the athlete, the lateral compressive and medial traction forces account for the majority of problems. Lesions range from the valgus extension overloads to osteochondritis dissecans. Soft-tissue problems, be they "tennis elbow" or ulnar collateral ligament injuries, are frequently the greatest diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.