Endoscopic treatment of the spontaneous intracerebral hematomas

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Surgical evacuation of spontaneous intracerebral hematomas (ICH) performed in a traditional way usually increases primary brain tissue damage due to the hemorrhage. On the other hand, symptoms of the intracerebral pressure and secondary brain tissue destruction close to the hematoma are the basis for making a decision about surgical treatment. In order to limit surgical trauma we started research to evaluate the usefulness of endoscopic surgery in the treatment of ICH. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty three cases were included in the study. Patients with consciousness disorders and/or focal neurological deficit and different systemic diseases were qualified for endoscopic evacuation. The diagnosis of hematoma was based on computed tomography (CT). ICHs were lobar and in certain cases they extended to the basal ganglia. All patients were operated on within one week from the onset of symptoms. Neuroendoscope was introduced to the hematoma cavity through the burr hole and the puncture of the cerebral surface over the hematoma. The hematoma was evacuated by fractionated rinsing. Bigger clots were fragmentized but those which were adjacent to the cavity wall were left. Postoperative assessment of the hematoma evacuation was based on CT performed immediately and in the second week after surgery. RESULTS: Total evacuation of the ICH was achieved in 6 patients, and its volume was reduced in 17 cases. Symptoms of brain edema resolved in all patients. A significant trend to reduce focal neurological deficits was observed: 16 patients improved and 3 remained unchanged. Four patients died. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic surgery allows a complete hematoma evacuation or reduction of its volume, reduces symptoms of brain edema and accelerates the improvement of focal neurological deficits.     

高血压脑出血电子计算机断层扫描血管造影原始图像点征预测血肿扩大的价值

目的 探索电子计算机断层扫描血管造影（computed tomography angiography, CTA）原始图像中点征在预测血肿扩大中的应用价值。方法 对53例高血压脑出血患者在发病6小时内进行电子计算机断层扫描（computed tomography,CT）平扫及CTA检查,并在发病24 h后复查CT平扫。由3名放射科医师在CTA原始图像中寻找点征,同时对比两次检查的血肿体积。结果 13例患者（24.5%）CTA原始图像中点征为阳性。共有15例患者（28.3%）发生血肿扩大,其中12例为点征阳性患者。CTA原始图像预测血肿扩大的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为80.0%、97.4%、92.3%、92.5%。点征阳性患者初诊和复诊的血肿体积差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,而点征阴性患者初诊和复诊的血肿体积差异不具有统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 在急性高血压脑出血患者中,CTA点征可以给我们提供更多的影像学信息,有效预测血肿扩大。     

急性脑出血早期血肿扩大止血治疗研究进展

既往研究证实,脑出血后血肿扩大与早期神经功能恶化密切相关,往往预示着不良临 床结局。血肿扩大是脑出血具有前景的治疗靶点。若不加筛选地对所有脑出血患者进行止血治 疗,不但不能改善功能结局,反而可能增加动脉血栓栓塞不良事件风险。计算机断层扫描血管造影 （computed tomography angiography,CTA）点样征是血肿扩大和不良预后安全有效的预测指标。应用点 样征筛选血肿扩大高风险患者,并选用安全、经济的止血药物进行个体化止血治疗,对于遏制患者 早期病情恶化及改善预后有重要意义。     

The prognostic value of the CT scan in conservatively treated patients with intracerebral hematoma

Prognostic factors for survival and neurological recovery were assessed in 42 patients with nontraumatic intracerebral hematoma (ICH) diagnosed by CT scan. None underwent surgical evacuation of hematoma. CT scans were used to determine location and volume of ICH and presence or absence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Only 11 patients (26%) died and 17 patients (40.5%) recovered fully. Mortality was associated with: 1) loss of consciousness as a presenting symptom (63.5% mortality rate versus 13% when there was no loss of consciousness at the onset; p less than 0.01). 2) extension of the bleeding into the ventricular system (45% mortality rate versus 9% when hemorrhages were confined to brain parenchyma; p less than 0.01). 3) location of hematoma in the posterior fossa (mortality rate of 43% versus 23% for intrahemispheric hematomas). Mortality was unaffected by age of patients and size of ICH. Full neurological and functional recovery occurred mainly when estimated volume of hematomas was less than 15 cc and with lobar hematomas regardless of size. In survivors there is CT evidence of complete resolution of ICH. Our data indicates a favourable outcome in a relatively large percentage of patients with ICH treated conservatively and therefore questions the need for surgical evacuation of hematoma.     

Ultrasonographic superb microvascular imaging for emergency surgery of intracerebral hemorrhage

Ultrasonography (US) has been used as a reliable imaging modality, providing real-time information during neurosurgical operations. One recent innovative US technique, superb microvascular imaging (SMI), visualizes small vessels and flow, which are not detected with standard US with doppler. We apply SMI to intraoperative US monitoring in emergency surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).Eleven consecutive patients with ICH underwent endoscopic emergency surgery under US monitoring with SMI. After performing a small craniotomy, US images were obtained using SMI, a fusion technique, and a contrast agent technique, with the probe on the brain surface during surgery. Fusion images were obtained with the probe on the head before craniotomy in some patients.Animated US images with SMI could differentiate hematoma containing no vessels from brain tissue, and flow images using SMI and contrast agent techniques clarified the borderlines. Animated fusion images of intraoperative US and preoperative CT provided information on the extent of hematoma and residual hematoma during emergency surgery. We made various fusion CT images showing intracranial hematoma with US probes and decided on the skin incision line before beginning surgery, as if we were using a neuronavigation system.US with SMI, contrast agent, and fusion techniques provide information on the extent of intracranial hematoma and residual hematoma with no vessels and no flow. Monitoring by US and fusion CT images is useful for ICH surgery as a next-generation neuronavigator.     

Association Factors for CT Angiography Spot Sign and Hematoma Growth in Korean Patients with Acute Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage : A Single-Center Cohort Study

Objective

This study was conducted to clarify the association factors and clinical significance of the CT angiography (CTA) spot sign and hematoma growth in Korean patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods

We retrospectively collected the data of 287 consecutive patients presenting with acute ICH who arrived within 12 hours of ictus. Baseline clinical and radiological characteristics as well as the mortality rate within one month were assessed. A binary logistic regression was conducted to obtain association factors for the CTA spot sign and hematoma growth.

Results

We identified a CTA spot sign in 40 patients (13.9%) and hematoma growth in 78 patients (27.2%). An elapsed time to CT scan of less than 3 hours (OR, 5.14; 95% CI, 1.76-15.02; p=0.003) was associated with the spot sign. A CTA spot sign (OR, 5.70; 95% CI, 2.70-12.01; p<0.001), elevated alanine transaminase (GPT) level >40 IU (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.01-4.01; p=0.047), and an international normalized ratio ≥1.8 or warfarin medication (OR, 5.64; 95% CI, 1.29-24.57; p=0.021) were independent predictors for hematoma growth. Antiplatelet agent medication (OR, 4.92; 95% CI, 1.31-18.50; p=0.019) was significantly associated with hematoma growth within 6 hours of ictus.

Conclusion

As previous other populations, CTA spot sign was a strong predictor for hematoma growth especially in hyper-acute stage of ICH in Korea. Antithrombotics medication might also be associated with hyper-acute hematoma growth. In our population, elevated GPT was newly identified as a predictor for hematoma growth and its effect for hematoma growth is necessary to be confirmed through a further research.     

神经内镜治疗幕上自发脑出血并脑疝疗效观察

目的探讨神经内镜治疗幕上自发脑出血并单侧颞叶钩回疝的可行性。方法回顾性分析2015年6月至2019年3月福建省立医院南院神经外科收治的30例幕上自发性脑出血合并单侧颞叶钩回疝患者临床及影像学资料,其中内镜手术组16例(内镜组),传统开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压组14例(去骨瓣组)。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后血肿残余量、术后再出血率、颅内感染发生率、术后癫痫发生率、术后肺部感染发生率、术后30 d内死亡率及术后6个月的格拉斯哥预后评分(Glasgow outcome scale,GOS),分析神经内镜治疗幕上自发性脑出血合并单侧脑疝的安全性及有效性。结果内镜组和去骨瓣组术前临床资料无明显差别(P﹥0.05)。内镜组手术时间与去骨瓣组有差异[(132.5±34.7)min vs.(255.3±60.1)min,(P<0.01)];内镜组术中出血量与去骨瓣组有差异[(264.3±142.0)mL vs.(678.5±316.7)mL,(P<0.01)];内镜组术后残余血肿量与去骨瓣组有差异[1.8(0.0,4.1)mL vs.7.0(3.0,24.1)mL,(P<0.01)];内镜组无术后再出血病例,术后肺部感染11例;去骨瓣组术后再出血4例,术后肺部感染14例,内镜组优于去骨瓣组(P<0.05);内镜组术后颅内感染1例,术后癫痫2例;去骨瓣组术后颅内感染1例,术后癫痫3例,两组无明显差别(P>0.05);术后30d内镜组死亡1例,去骨瓣组4例,两组无明显差别(P>0.05)。术后6个月GOS评分内镜组优于去骨瓣组[3(3,4)vs.3(1,3),(P<0.05)]。结论神经内镜治疗幕上自发脑出血并单侧颞叶钩回疝安全,有效,总体疗效优于传统的开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术。     

CT Angiography Spot Sign,Hematoma Expansion,and Outcome in Primary Pontine Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose

The computed tomography angiography (CTA) spot sign is a validated predictor of hematoma expansion and poor outcome in supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but patients with brainstem ICH have typically been excluded from the analyses. We investigated the frequency of spot sign and its relationship with hematoma expansion and outcome in patients with primary pontine hemorrhage (PPH).

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of PPH cases obtained from a prospectively collected cohort of consecutive ICH patients who underwent CTA. CTA first-pass readings for spot sign presence were analyzed by two trained readers. Baseline and follow-up hematoma volumes on non-contrast CT scans were assessed by semi-automated computer-assisted volumetric analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive and negative likelihood ratio, and accuracy of spot sign for prediction of in-hospital mortality were calculated.

Results

49 subjects met the inclusion criteria of whom 11 (22.4 %) showed a spot sign. In-hospital mortality was higher in spot sign-positive versus spot sign-negative subjects (90.9 vs 47.4 %, p = 0.020). Spot sign showed excellent specificity (95 %) and PPV (91 %) in predicting in-hospital mortality. Absolute hematoma growth, defined as parenchymal and intraventricular hematoma expansion of any amount, was significantly higher in spot sign-positive versus spot sign-negative subjects (13.72 ± 20.93 vs 3.76 ± 8.55 mL, p = 0.045).

Conclusions

As with supratentorial ICH, the CTA spot sign is a common finding and is associated with higher risk of hematoma expansion and mortality in PPH. This marker may assist clinicians in prognostic stratification.

     

Occurrence of spot signs from hypodensity areas on precontrast CT in intracerebral hemorrhage

Objective: Both the spot signs, which is a bright spot on computed tomography angiography (CTA) source images, and hypodensity areas within a hematoma on precontrast CT scans, which presumably represent uncoagulated blood, have been reported to be predictive of hematoma enlargement in acute spontaneous intracerebral hematoma (ICH). The aim was to investigate densities on precontrast CT scans in an area within a hematoma that matched the locations of spot signs on CTA source images.

Methods: In consecutive cases of spontaneous ICH admitted within 6 h after onset, early spot signs on CTA source images and delayed spot signs on delayed-phase CT scans 90 s after CTA were evaluated.

Results: Of 177 patients undergoing CTA, 41 (23.2%) showed early spot signs. Among 146 patients who underwent delayed-phase CT scans, 23 (15.8%) demonstrated delayed spot signs but not early spot signs. Spot signs originated from hypodensity areas, including densities <50 HU, in 30 of 35 patients (85.7%) with early spot signs and in 8 of 23 (34.8%) with delayed spot signs. Early spot signs arose from hypodensity areas more frequently than delayed spot signs (p < 0.05). Hematoma enlargement was observed in 10 of 24 patients (41.7%) with early spot signs, but in none with delayed spot signs.

Discussion: Some hypodensity areas within ICHs may indicate uncoagulated blood related to ongoing leakage, which are seen as spot signs. Minimum densities in hypodensity areas might correlate with the speed and volume of bleeding.     

神经内镜治疗脑出血的疗效及经济学价值

目的探讨脑出血(intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH)患者采用神经内镜治疗的临床效果,及其临床经济学价值。方法选取本院2014年1月~2015年12月收治的106例ICH患者进行回顾性分析,根据其手术方式不同分为显微镜组58例与内镜组48例,显微镜组给予小骨窗显微镜下血肿清除术,内镜组给予神经内镜下血肿清除术。结果内镜组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度、血肿清除率、血肿消失时间以及并发症发生率均好于显微镜组(P0.05);内镜组患者的GOS预后评分显著优于显微镜组(P0.05);内镜组患者的住院时间与治疗费用均低于显微镜组(P0.05)。结论采用神经内镜治疗ICH患者能够减少手术损伤,促进预后恢复,并且具有良好临床经济价值。     

The Spot Sign Predicts Hematoma Expansion,Outcome, and Mortality in Patients with Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Objective

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review cases of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) medically treated at our institution to determine if the CT angiography (CTA) ''spot sign'' predicts in-hospital mortality and clinical outcome at 3 months in patients with spontaneous ICH.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of all consecutive patients who were admitted to the department of neurosurgery. Clinical data of patients with ICH were collected by 2 neurosurgeons blinded to the radiological data and at the 90-day follow-up.

Results

Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified predictors of poor outcome; we found that hematoma location, spot sign, and intraventricular hemorrhage were independent predictors of poor outcome. In-hospital mortality was 57.4% (35 of 61) in the CTA spot-sign positive group versus 7.9% (10 of 126) in the CTA spot-sign negative group. In multivariate logistic analysis, we found that presence of spot sign and presence of volume expansion were independent predictors for the in-hospital mortality of ICH.

Conclusion

The spot sign is a strong independent predictor of hematoma expansion, mortality, and poor clinical outcome in primary ICH. In this study, we emphasized the importance of hematoma expansion as a therapeutic target in both clinical practice and research.     

Initial experience with minimally invasive endoscopic evacuation of intracerebral hemorrhage in the setting of radiographic herniation

BackgroundSpontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) can rapidly result in cerebral herniation, leading to poor neurologic outcomes or mortality. To date, neither decompressive hemicraniectomy (DH) nor hematoma evacuation have been conclusively shown to improve outcomes for comatose ICH patients presenting with cerebral herniation, with these patients largely excluded from clinical trials. Here we present the outcomes of a series of patients presenting with ICH and radiographic herniation who underwent emergent minimally invasive (MIS) ICH evacuation.MethodsWe reviewed our prospectively collected registry of patients undergoing MIS ICH evacuation at a single institution from 01/01/2017 to 10/01/2021. We selected all consecutive patients with Glasgow coma scale (GCS) ≤ 8 and radiographic herniation for this case series. Clinical and radiographic variables were collected, including admission GCS score, preoperative and postoperative hematoma volumes, National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) scores, and modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores at last follow-up.ResultsOf 176 patients with spontaneous supratentorial ICH who underwent minimally invasive endoscopic evacuation during the study time period, a total of 9 patients presented with GCS ≤ 8 and evidence of radiographic herniation. Among these patients, the mean age was 62 ± 12 years, the median GCS at presentation was 5 [IQR 4-6], the mean preoperative hematoma volume was 94 ± 44 mL, the mean time from ictus to evacuation was 12 ± 5 h, and the mean postoperative hematoma volume was 11 ± 16 mL, for a median evacuation percentage of 97% [83-99]. Three patients (33%) died, four (44%) survived with mRS 5 and two (22%) with mRS 4. Patients had a median NIHSS improvement of 5 compared to their initial NIHSS. Age was very strongly correlate to improvements in NIHSS (r² = 0.90).ConclusionData from this initial experience suggest emergent MIS hematoma evacuation in the setting of ICH with radiographic herniation is feasible and technically effective. Further randomized studies are required to determine if such an intervention offers overall benefits to patients and their families.     

Emergency Neurological Life Support: Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subset of stroke due to spontaneous bleeding within the parenchyma of the brain. It is potentially lethal, and survival depends on ensuring an adequate airway, proper diagnosis, and early management of several specific issues such as blood pressure, coagulopathy reversal, and surgical hematoma evacuation for appropriate patients. ICH was chosen as an Emergency Neurological Life Support (ENLS) protocol because intervention within the first hours may improve outcome, and it is critical to have site-specific protocols to drive care quickly and efficiently.     

神经内镜手术与显微手术治疗高血压性基底节区出血的疗效对比分析

目的 对比神经内镜手术与显微手术治疗高血压性基底节区出血的疗效。方法 2012年5月至2016年12月收治符合标准高血压性基底节区出血280例,根据治疗方法分为内镜手术组（140例,采用神经内镜手术清除血肿）和显微手术组（140例,采用显微手术清除血肿）。结果 内镜手术组血肿完全清除率（74.3%）明显高于显微手术组（60.0%,P<0.05）。内镜手术组再出血发生率（1.4%,2/140）明显低于显微手术组（6.4%,9/140;P<0.05）。出院时,内镜手术组GOS评分明显优于显微手术组（P<0.05）。术后1年,内镜手术组mRS评分明显优于显微手术组（P<0.05）。结论 相较于显微手术,神经内镜手术治疗高血压性基底节区出血的血肿清除效果较好,再发出血较少,预后较好。     

Endoscopy-guided removal of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: comparison with computer tomography-guided stereotactic evacuation

Background and purpose Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) continues to be a major medical and socioeconomic problem. While the surgical procedure failed to show benefits over functional outcome, a less invasive and quicker surgical decompression might improve the outcome. The authors introduced endoscopy-guided evacuation in managing ICH and reports the benefits over the conventional method. Materials and methods Twenty-seven cases underwent endoscopic evacuation of ICH (Group E). The clinical features and outcomes were compared to the retrospective data of 20 cases who underwent computer tomography (CT)-guided stereotactic removal of ICH (Group C). Confidence level less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results While the clinical features of the two groups were not significantly different except for the ICH volume, outcomes were better in all aspects in Group E. The patients in Group E required shorter operative time (72 min vs 102 min, p < 0.01) with better hematoma evacuation (95.5% vs 75%, p < 0.01), shorter stay in the intensive care unit (ICU; 4.2 days vs 6.9 days, p < 0.01) and less frequent CT scanning (6.4 times vs 8.6 times, p < 0.01) compared to the patients in Group C. Neurological outcome improved significantly in Group E 1 week after surgery (p < 0.01), but not in Group C. Glasgow outcome scale at 6 months were better in Group E than in Group C (p < 0.05). Nine patients (33%) showed good recovery at 6 months postoperatively after endoscopic evacuation of ICH. Conclusion Endoscopic hematoma evacuation provided the quick, adequate decompression of ICH. The outcomes were better than the CT-guided hematoma removal. Further study is necessary to evaluate the real benefit of this surgical procedure over the functional outcome of ICH. Presented at the Third World Conference of the International Study Group on Neuroendoscopy (ISGNE), Marburg, Germany, 15–18 June 2005.     

Clinical and radiographic factors involved in achieving a hematoma evacuation rate of more than 70% through minimally invasive catheter drainage for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

Although stereotactic or neuronavigation-guided hematoma drainage for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is widely used, its clinical efficacy and factors for predictive results remain to be fully elucidated. This study sought to determine the efficacy of hematoma evacuation for spontaneous ICH, in addition to the factors affecting it. We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent stereotactic or neuronavigation-guided catheter insertion for spontaneous ICH at our institute between April 2010 and December 2019. We identified and compared the clinical and radiographic factors between groups according to the hematoma evacuation rate of 70%. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors affecting hematoma evacuation. We investigated whether the hematoma evacuation rate was associated with patient survival. A total of 95 patients who underwent stereotactic or neuronavigation-guided catheter insertion and hematoma drainage for spontaneous ICH were included. A multivariate analysis indicated that a hematoma volume of 30–60 cm³ (odds ratio [OR] = 8.064, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.285–28.468, P = 0.001), blend sign (OR = 6.790, 95% CI = 1.239–37.210, P = 0.027), diabetes (OR = 0.188, 95% CI = 0.041–0.870, P = 0.032), and leukocytosis (OR = 3.061, 95% CI = 1.094–8.563, P = 0.033) were significantly associated with a higher hematoma evacuation. The mean hematoma evacuation rate in patients with 1-month mortality was lower than that in survivors (P = 0.051). Our study revealed that a hematoma volume of 30–60 cm³, the presence of a blend sign and leukocytosis, and the absence of diabetes are independent predictors that affect more than 70% of hematoma evacuations.     

Which Emphasizing Factors Are Most Predictive of Hematoma Expansion in Spot Sign Positive Intracerebral Hemorrhage?

Objective

The spot sign is related with the risk of hematoma expansion in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, not all spot sign positive patients undergo hematoma expansion. Thus, the present study investigates the specific factors enhancing the spot sign positivity in predicting hematoma expansion.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 316 consecutive patients who presented between March 2009 to March 2011 with primary ICH and whose initial computed tomography brain angiography (CTA) was performed at our Emergency Department. Of these patients, 47 primary ICH patients presented spot signs in their CTA. We classified these 47 patients into two groups based on the presence of hematoma expansion then analyzed them with the following factors : gender, age, initial systolic blood pressure, history of anti-platelet therapy, volume and location of hematoma, time interval from symptom onset to initial CTA, spot sign number, axial dimension, and Hounsfield Unit (HU) of spot signs.

Results

Of the 47 spot sign positive patients, hematoma expansion occurred in 26 patients (55.3%) while the remaining 21 (44.7%) showed no expansion. The time intervals from symptom onset to initial CTA were 2.42±1.24 hours and 3.69±2.57 hours for expansion and no expansion, respectively (p=0.031). The HU of spot signs were 192.12±45.97 and 151.10±25.14 for expansion and no expansion, respectively (p=0.001).

Conclusions

The conditions of shorter time from symptom onset to initial CTA and higher HU of spot signs are the emphasizing factors for predicting hematoma expansion in spot sign positive patients.     

Hematoma Expansion Predictors: Laboratory and Radiological Risk Factors in Patients with Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Prospective Observational Study

BackgroundIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is considered a devastating neurologic emergency and carried a higher morbidity and mortality rates. Early hematoma expansion (HE) is considered one of the poor prognostic factors after ICH. Consequently, determination of the possible risk factors for HE could be effective in early detection of high-risk patients and hence directing management course aiming to improving ICH outcome.MethodsOne-hundred and thirty-six spontaneous ICH patients were included and prospectively evaluated for the presence of HE. Demographic, laboratory, and certain radiological factors were studied and compared between those with HE and those without, the in-hospital mortality rates were assessed as well.ResultsHE was observed in 30% of the studied cohort, those who developed HE had more neurologic impairment (Glasgow coma scale, median 9; National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, median 34), and higher in-hospital mortality rate (53.6%) than those without HE. HE was related to the presence of higher red blood cell distribution width (RDW), reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C), and Ca levels. Among the radiological factors, hematoma density (heterogeneous), and shape (irregular) are highly related to the occurrence of HE. The computed tomography angiography (CTA) spot sign among patients with ICH was associated with HE development.ConclusionsAbnormal RDW; low cholesterol, LDL, and Ca level; heterogeneous density, irregular shape hemorrhage, and presence of CTA spot sign were associated with the development of HE in the setting of spontaneous ICH.     

CT即时定位在微创手术治疗脑出血中的应用

目的　观察在CT即时定位下微创手术治疗高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法　对 5 5例高血压脑出血患者采用YL -1型脑穿刺针钻颅穿刺血肿抽吸术 ,其中 15例患者在病床边进行 ;另 40例全部在CT即时定位下进行。比较其穿刺正确率、术中再出血发生率、血肿有效清除率 ,分析两种方法的利弊。结果　两种方法在穿刺部位正确率、血肿有效清除率、再出血发生率等方面有显著性差异。结论　在CT即时定位下行微创术穿刺部位精确到位 ,减少术中再出血率 ,术中血肿情况即时了解 ,有助于提高手术成功率。     

Standards for Detecting,Interpreting, and Reporting Noncontrast Computed Tomographic Markers of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Expansion

Significant hematoma expansion (HE) affects one‐fifth of people within 24 hours after acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and its prevention is an appealing treatment target. Although the computed tomography (CT)‐angiography spot sign predicts HE, only a minority of ICH patients receive contrast injection. Conversely, noncontrast CT (NCCT) is used to diagnose nearly all ICH, so NCCT markers represent a widely available alternative for prediction of HE. However, different NCCT signs describe similar features, with lack of consensus on the optimal image acquisition protocol, assessment, terminology, and diagnostic criteria. In this review, we propose practical guidelines for detecting, interpreting, and reporting NCCT predictors of HE. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:480–492