Endovascular Treatment of Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a catastrophic neurologic event. Early triage of patients with SAH should include cardiopulmonary stabilization, neurologic assessment, and imaging. Conventional angiography with 3-dimensional rendering is necessary to accurately assess aneurysm morphology and location, so that treatment can be planned appropriately. Current evidence suggests that coil embolization can be beneficial for aneurysms amenable to endovascular treatment. The use of remodeling techniques has expanded the range of aneurysms treatable by endovascular means. Balloon remodeling can be a powerful technique for treating ruptured aneurysms with unfavorable morphology. However, stent-assisted technique is associated with significantly higher complication rates in ruptured aneurysms and requires dual antiplatelet agents, and should therefore be considered with great caution for ruptured aneurysms. Complications of ruptured aneurysm embolization include aneurysm perforation, which should be addressed with immediate occlusion of the aneurysm, and thromboembolism, which can be managed most effectively with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors.     

急诊夹闭与栓塞治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的疗效初析

目的:比较急诊动脉瘤夹闭术和血管内介入栓塞术治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的疗效。方法:对62例颅内破裂动脉瘤急诊治疗,其中开颅夹闭组39例、栓塞组23例。术后随访3~28个月,夹闭组31例、栓塞组22例(失随访9例)。结果:夹闭组治愈30例,栓塞组治愈20例(P<0·01)。术中动脉瘤破裂:夹闭组5例;围手术期死亡:夹闭组3例;下视丘反应:夹闭组8例、栓塞组3例;认知和肢体功能障碍:夹闭组2例、栓塞组1例;植物状态:夹闭组1例。随访:夹闭组1例死亡。结论:急诊血管内栓塞术操作安全、疗效优于开颅夹闭术,特别是对Hunt-Hess(H&H)分级为Ⅳ~Ⅴ级的患者可增加生存和治愈机会,但不能完全替代夹闭术,两者的远期效果需进一步观察。     

Y-Stenting Endovascular Treatment for Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms : A Single-Institution Experience in Korea

Objective

Stent-assisted coiling on intracranial aneurysm has been considered as an effective technique and has made the complex aneurysms amenable to coiling. To achieve reconstruction of intracranial vessels with preservation of parent artery the use of stents has the greatest potential for assisted coiling. We report the results of our experiences in ruptured wide-necked intracranial aneurysms using Y-stent coiling.

Methods

From October 2003 to October 2011, 12 patients (3 men, 9 women; mean age, 62.6) harboring 12 complex ruptured aneurysms (3 middle cerebral artery, 9 basilar tip) were treated by Y-stent coiling by using self-expandable intracranial stents. Procedural complications, clinical outcome, and initial and midterm angiographic results were evaluated. The definition of broad-necked aneurysm is neck diameter over than 4 mm or an aneurysm with a neck diameter smaller than 4 mm in which the dome/neck ratio was less than 2.

Results

In all patients, the aneurysm was successfully occluded with no apparent procedure-related complication. There was no evidence of thromboembolic complication, arterial dissection and spasm during procedure. Follow-up studies showed stable and complete occlusion of the aneurysm in all patients with no neurologic deficits.

Conclusion

The present study did show that the Y-stent coiling seemed to facilitate endovascular treatment of ruptured wide-necked intracranial aneurysms. More clinical data with longer follow-up are needed to establish the role of Y-stent coiling in ruptured aneurysms.     

Size and Location of Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Objective

The aim of study was to review our patient population to determine whether there is a critical aneurysm size at which the incidence of rupture increases and whether there is a correlation between aneurysm size and location.

Methods

We reviewed charts and radiological findings (computed tomography (CT) scans, angiograms, CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography) for all patients operated on for intracranial aneurysms in our hospital between September 2002 and May 2004. Of the 336 aneurysms that were reviewed, measurements were obtained from angiograms for 239 ruptured aneurysms by a neuroradiologist at the time of diagnosis in our hospital.

Results

There were 115 male and 221 female patients assessed in this study. The locations of aneurysms were the middle cerebral artery (MCA, 61), anterior communicating artery (ACoA, 66), posterior communicating artery (PCoA, 52), the top of the basilar artery (15), internal carotid artery (ICA) including the cavernous portion (13), anterior choroidal artery (AChA, 7), A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery (3), A2 segment of the anterior cerebral artery (11), posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA, 8), superior cerebellar artery (SCA, 2), P2 segment of the posterior cerebral artery (1), and the vertebral artery (2). The mean diameter of aneurysms was 5.47±2.536 mm in anterior cerebral artery (ACA), 6.84±3.941 mm in ICA, 7.09±3.652 mm in MCA and 6.21±3.697 mm in vertebrobasilar artery. The ACA aneurysms were smaller than the MCA aneurysms. Aneurysms less than 6 mm in diameter included 37 (60.65%) in patients with aneurysms in the MCA, 43 (65.15%) in patients with aneurysms in the ACoA and 29 (55.76%) in patients with aneurysms in the PCoA.

Conclusion

Ruptured aneurysms in the ACA were smaller than those in the MCA. The most prevalent aneurysm size was 3-6 mm in the MCA (55.73%), 3-6 mm in the ACoA (57.57%) and 4-6 mm in the PCoA (42.30%). The more prevalent size of the aneurysm to treat may differ in accordance with the location of the aneurysm.     

显微手术早期治疗破裂的前循环脑动脉瘤

目的旨在进一步提高早期手术治疗破裂的前循环脑动脉瘤的效果。方法回顾性分析早期显微手术治疗的112例破裂前循环脑动脉瘤患者的临床资料。结果112例病人,共125个脑动脉瘤,其中94个行动脉瘤颈夹闭,26个夹闭瘤颈后切除瘤体,另5个动脉瘤予以瘤壁包裹加固术。术后发生症状性脑血管痉挛16例,经积极治疗后,12例逐渐恢复,4例因大片的脑梗死而出现长时间昏迷。全部病例术后平均随访2年10个月,其中恢复良好92例,轻残16例,重残4例,无手术死亡。结论早期手术治疗破裂的脑动脉瘤,不仅可有效地防止再出血的危险,而且有利于脑血管痉挛的防治。术中一旦动脉瘤破裂,可采取暂时性阻断载瘤动脉和控制性低血压,但时间不宜过长。应用罂粟碱溶液冲洗脑池,扩充血容量,提升血压,高度扩张血管对防治脑血管痉挛具有相当好的疗效。     

锁孔入路治疗破裂的前循环动脉瘤

目的探究锁孔入路治疗破裂的前循环动脉瘤的显微技术和治疗效果。方法通过眉弓眶上和翼点锁孔入路治疗前循环动脉瘤36例,包括前交通动脉瘤13例,后交通动脉瘤16例,大脑中动脉分叉处动脉瘤7例。手术均为发病后1～3d进行。结果术中动脉瘤显露良好,36例均成功夹闭,其中2例动脉瘤术中破裂出血。29例恢复良好,6例轻残,1例死亡。结论锁孔入路可显著减小手术损伤及手术并发症。完善的术前准备和设计,熟练的手术操作技术,良好的术中配合是手术成功的保证。     

破裂大脑中动脉瘤多学科会诊治疗方案疗效评价：单中心261例回顾性分析

目的 比较多学科会诊确定破裂大脑中动脉瘤患者行介入栓塞或手术夹闭动脉瘤的治疗效果。      

Intracranial Meningioma with Leptomeningeal Dissemination : Retrospective Study with Review of the Literature

Objective

The purposes of this article are to present 5 cases of intracranial meningioma with leptomeningeal dissemination (LD) and investigate the characteristics of this disease.

Methods

We present a retrospective case series of 5 females at our institutions (age ranged 21-72 years, mean 54.6 years) diagnosed with LD of an intracranial meningioma after surgery between 1998 and 2013. A database search revealed 45 cases with LD of meningioma in the English literature. Characteristic features were analyzed and compared.

Results

The incidence rate at our institutions of LD of meningioma was 0.9% (5/534). World Health Organization (WHO) grade was distributed as follows: I : 2, II : 2, and III : 1. Time to LD ranged from 2.5 months to 6.9 years; the patient with WHO grade III had the shortest interval to LD. The patient with an intraventricular meningioma (WHO grade II) had the second shortest interval to LD (1.7 years), and simultaneously revealed both LD and extraneuronal metastases. Four of 5 patients showed a disease progression, with the survival ranging from 1 month to 3.8 years after LD. Based on the literature, the initial tumor was an intraventricular meningioma in 9 patients, and their time to LD was shorter on average (mean 1.9 years). Histologically, 26 of 45 (58%) were initially diagnosed with a WHO grade II or III meningioma, and 6 of 19 patients (32%) with WHO grade I revealed malignant transformation.

Conclusion

This study shows that intraventricular location and histologically aggressive features seem to increase the chance of LD of meningioma.     

破裂颅内动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的分析总结破裂的颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗的效果及特点。方法24例患者术前头部CT或MRI检查均为自发性蛛网膜下腔出血，DSA检查确诊为颅内动脉瘤，共28个，其中1例患者有3个动脉瘤，2例患者各有2个动脉瘤。动脉瘤直径2～5mm10个，6-15mm16个，16～25mm2个。Hunt～Hess分级Ⅰ级5例，Ⅱ级8例，Ⅲ级8例，Ⅳ级2例，Ⅴ级1例。24例动脉瘤均采用血管内栓塞治疗，其中1例患者的3个动脉瘤栓塞了2个，另1个行手术夹闭。结果临床治愈21例，偏瘫1例，死亡2例。术后随访3-24个月，存活22例均恢复良好，无再出血发生。结论血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤效果满意，并发症少，残死率低。     

Endovascular Treatment of Ruptured Tiny Intracranial Aneurysms with Low-Profile Visualized Intraluminal Support Device

Background: Ruptured tiny intracranial aneurysms (TIAs) have been challenging both for endovascular and neurosurgical interventions. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of low-profile visualized intraluminal support (LVIS) device in the treatment of ruptured TIAs (rTIAs). Material and Methods: Among 761 intracranial aneurysms which were treated either surgically or endovascularly, 32 rTIAs underwent stent-assisted coiling with LVIS device between 2014 and 2017. Patient data were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical and radiological outcomes were recorded at discharge and mid-term follow-up. Results: Mean patient ages were 53 ± 14.5 years. Mean aneurysm size was 2.28 ± .53 mm (range, 1-2.9 mm) with a mean dome:neck ratio of 1.08 (range, .75-2.14). The LVIS stents were successfully implanted in all patients. Mean follow-up period was 9.3 ± 1.9 months (range, 6-15 months). Immediate angiographic evaluation demonstrated complete occlusion in 13 (40.6%) patients, while neck remnant and residual sac were observed in 12 (37.5%) and 7 (21.9%), respectively. All patients had moderate disability (mRS 2-3) at discharge. Number of aneurysms with complete occlusion significantly increased and 82.1% of the patients (23 of 28) demonstrated complete occlusion at follow-up (P?=?.0015). Among these, 27 had good outcome (mRS 0-1; 96.9%) with significant improvement compared to discharge (P?=?.0001). There was no recurrence or enlargement of the residual aneurysms. Additionally, there were no procedure-related complications except the one (3.6%) showing asymptomatic stenosis of the posterior cerebral artery in follow-up imagings. Conclusions: Stent-assisted coiling of rTIAs with LVIS device provides high rates of technical success and complete occlusion at mid-term follow-up with an excellent safety profile.     

颅内巨大动脉瘤的处理

目的 对我院1980年以来治疗的33例颅内巨大动脉瘤作一回顾性分析。方法 动脉瘤瘤颈夹闭术13例;动脉瘤孤立或孤立后切除11例,动脉瘤切除或孤立后截瘤动脉重建3例;颈部颈内动脉结扎2例;动脉瘤包裹2例;动脉瘤近侧ICA血管内闭塞2例。结果 术后早期恢复良好24例（24／33）中、重残6例（6／33）,死亡3例（3／33）。结论 为消除巨大动脉瘤的占位效应和出血的潜在性,对颅内巨大动脉瘤提倡积极的直接手术治疗。直接夹闭动脉瘤颈并保留截瘤动脉通畅是首选治疗,对必需行动脉瘤孤立且交叉循环不良的病例,应尽保能重建截瘤动脉。     

Natural History of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms : A Retrospective Single Center Analysis

Objective

We conducted a retrospective cohort study to elucidate the natural course of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) at a single institution.

Methods

Data from patients diagnosed with UIA from March 2000 to May 2008 at our hospital were subjected to a retrospective analysis. The cumulative and annual aneurysm rupture rates were calculated. Additionally, risk factors associated with aneurysmal rupture were identified.

Results

A total of 1339 aneurysms in 1006 patients met the inclusion criteria. During the follow-up period, 685 aneurysms were treated before rupture via either an open surgical or endovascular procedure. Six hundred fifty-four UIAs were identified and not repaired during the follow-up period. The mean UIA size was 4.5±3.2 mm, and 86.5% of the total UIAs had a largest dimension <7 mm. Among these UIAs, 18 ruptured at a median of 1.6 years (range : 27 days to 9.8 years) after day 0. The annual rupture risk during a 9-year follow-up was 1.00%. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that the aneurysm size and a history of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were statistically significant risk factors for rupture. For an aneurysms smaller than 7 mm in the absence of a history of SAH, the annual rupture risk was 0.79%.

Conclusion

In our study, the annual rupture risk for UIAs smaller than 7 mm in the absence of a history of SAH was higher than that of Western populations but similar to that of the Japanese population.     

颅内动脉瘤手术治疗分析（附172例报告）

目的 探讨颅内动脉瘤诊断和治疗方法与治疗时机的选择,提高手术疗效。方法 对１７２全地手术夹增长列行显微手术夹闭,２１例在出血后三天内早期手术。结果 优１２６例,良３２例,差６例生存１例,死亡７例（５例死于１９９１年前）。显微手术无死亡。早期手术疗效满意。结论 ＣＴ、ＲＭＩ、ＭＲＡ为临床提供重要信息,ＴＣＤ可作为无创性筛选,ＤＳＡ为决定性检查。翼点和显策手术操作和技术熟练配合良好的手术组是手术成功的     

Flow Diversion for Intracranial Aneurysm Management: A New Standard of Care

Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms with complex morphologies such as giant, wide-necked, or fusiform aneurysms is challenging. Stent-assisted coiling and balloon-assisted coiling are alternative techniques to treat such complex aneurysms, but studies have shown less-than-expected efficacy, as suggested by their high rate of recanalization. The management of complex aneurysms via microsurgery or conventional neuroendovascular strategies has traditionally been poor. However, over the last few years, flow-diverting stents (FDS) have revolutionized the treatment of such aneurysms. FDS are implanted within the parent artery rather than the aneurysm sac. By modifying intra-aneurysmal and parent-vessel flow dynamics at the aneurysm/parent vessel interface, FDS trigger a cascade of gradual intra-aneurysmal thrombosis. As endothelialization of the FDS is complete, the parent vessel reconstructs while preserving the patency of normal perforators and side branch vessels. As with any intervention, the practice and application of flow-diversion technology is inherent, with risks that include vessel rupture or perforation, in-stent thrombosis, perforator occlusion, procedural and delayed hemorrhages, and perianeurysmal edema. Herein, we review the devices, their mechanisms of actions, clinical applications, complications, and ongoing studies.     

A Propensity Score-Matched Comparison of Readmission Rates Associated With Microsurgical Clipping and Endovascular Treatment of Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Background: In the treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), microsurgical clipping, and endovascular therapy (EVT) with coiling are modalities for securing the ruptured aneurysm. Little data is available regarding associated readmission rates. We sought to determine whether readmission rates differed according to treatment modality for ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Methods: The Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD) was used to identify adults who experienced aSAH and underwent clipping or EVT. Primary outcomes of interest were the incidences of 30- and 90-day readmissions (30dRA, 90dRA). Propensity score matching was used to generate matched pairs based on age, comorbidities, hospital volume, and hemorrhage severity. Results: We identified 13,623 and 11,160 patients who were eligible for 30dRA and 90dRA analyses, respectively. Among the patients eligible for 30dRA and 90dRA, we created 4282 and 3518 propensity score-matched pairs, respectively. There was no difference in the incidence of 30dRA (12.4% for clipping versus 11.2% for EVT; P = .094). However, 90dRA occurred more frequently after clipping (22.5%) compared to EVT (19.7%; P = .003). Clipping was associated with poor outcome after 30dRA (odds ratio [OR] = 1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-1.88, P < .001) and after 90dRA (OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.34-1.91, P = .001). Mean duration to readmission and cost of readmission did not vary, but clipping was associated with longer lengths of stay during readmission. Conclusions: Microsurgical clipping of ruptured aneurysms is associated with a greater incidence of 90dRA, but not 30dRA, compared to EVT. Poor outcomes after readmission are more common following clipping.     

颅内破裂微小动脉瘤介入栓塞术临床疗效和安全性研究

目的探讨介入栓塞颅内破裂微小动脉瘤的技术要点,评价其临床疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2014年4月-2016年10月云浮市人民医院因微小颅内动脉瘤破裂致蛛网膜下腔出血而行介入栓塞治疗患者的临床资料,评价栓塞治疗的临床疗效、手术并发症及患者预后情况。结果研究共纳入23例微小颅内动脉瘤破裂患者,均在全身麻醉下采用弹簧圈栓塞治疗,其中17例采用单纯弹簧圈栓塞,6例采用支架辅助治疗。致密栓塞19例(82.61%),4例(17.39%)瘤颈残余。所有患者载瘤动脉均通畅,术中无动脉瘤破裂出血,1例(4.35%)术中发生载瘤动脉狭窄闭塞,置入支架后载瘤动脉恢复通畅。术后6~30个月DSA随访均无再出血。1例(4.35%)瘤颈残余患者1年后出现瘤颈部动脉瘤复发,给予支架辅助栓塞治疗。23例患者术后6个月时改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)评分0分共21例,2分有2例。结论介入栓塞技术治疗颅内破裂微小动脉瘤是一种安全、有效的治疗手段,术后治疗效果良好。     

Multimodal Treatment for Complex Intracranial Aneurysms: Clinical Research

Objective

For patients with giant or dissecting aneurysm, multimodal treatment consisting extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery plus clip or coil for parent artery occlusion may be necessary. In this study, the safety and efficacy of multimodal treatment in 15 patients with complex aneurysms were evaluated retrospectively.

Methods

From January 1995 to June 2007, the authors treated 15 complex aneurysms that were unable to be clipped or coiled. Among them, nine patitents had unruptured aneurysms and 6 had ruptured aneurysms. Aneurysms were located in the internal cerebral artery (ICA) in 11 patients (4 in the dorsal wall, 4 in the terminal ICA, 1 in the paraclinoid, and 2 in the cavernous ICA), in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in 2, and in the posterior circulation in two patients

Results

Fifteen patients with complex aneurysms were treated with bypass surgery previously. Thirteen patients were treated with external carotid middle cerebral artery (ECA-MCA) anastomosis, and one patient with superficial temporal to posterior cerebral artery (STA-PCA) and another patient with occipital artery to posterior inferior cerebellar artery (OA-PICA) anastomosis. Parent artery occlusion was then performed with a clip in 9 patients, with a coil in 4, with balloon plus coil in one patient. All 15 aneurysms were successfully treated with clip or coil combined with bypass surgery. Follow-up angiograms showed good patency of anastomotic site in 10 out of 11 patients, and perfusion study showed sufficient perfusion in 6 out of 9 patients.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that for patients with complex aneurysms, clip or coil for parent vessel occlusion with additive bypass surgery can successfully exclude the aneurysm from the neurovascular circulatory system.     

血流导向装置在颅内动脉瘤治疗中应用的血流动力学研究进展

血流导向装置（flow diverter,FD）是近年来产生的血管内治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤的新材料。FD设计是通过改建血流的方式将动脉瘤排除在循环系统之外从而重建载瘤动脉,因此FD为复杂动脉瘤的治疗提供了新的思路和手段。临床报道该治疗方式的动脉瘤完全栓塞率可达90%以上。目前FD应用逐渐广泛,本文从血流动力学角度出发针对FD的血流导向能力,以及颅内动脉瘤经FD治疗后影响预后的因素进行了总结。     

颅内未破裂动脉瘤当今治疗策略

随着显微外科、颅底外科、尤其是血管内神经外科的长足进展，加之神经麻醉及术中神经电生理监测等相关学科的发展，颅内动脉瘤的治疗安全性显提高。现仅就当前颅内未破裂动脉瘤的治疗选择——手术夹闭、血管内栓塞及保守治疗等进行讨论，并提倡“团队合作”以达到最理想的治疗效果。     

颅内微型动脉瘤诊断和治疗的临床研究

目的探讨颅内微型动脉瘤的临床特征和治疗方法。方法经DSA确诊的颅内微型动脉瘤（直径〈3mm）21例（22枚）中，1例放弃外科治疗；9例行开颅手术．其中动脉瘤夹闭5例，包裹3例（1例电凝动脉瘤后动脉瘤消失），孤立载瘤动脉（颈内动脉）1例；11例行血管内治疗，其中1例小脑上动脉瘤采用NBCA胶栓塞，10例（11枚动脉瘤）采用微弹簧圈栓塞，其中采用瘤颈成型技术6例（支架辅助2例，双导管技术3例，导丝辅助技术1例）。结果行开颅手术的9例中，死亡1例，治愈4例，好转2例，残废2例；术中动脉瘤破裂2例。行血管内治疗手术的11例中，死亡1例，治愈7例，好转1例，残废2例。血管内栓塞术中动脉瘤破裂2例。结论3D—DSA是诊断颅内微型动脉瘤最有价值的方法，手术和栓塞治疗的风险均较高，但采用适当的技术仍可以取得好的效果。