Analysis of Risk Factors Increased Hemorrhagic Transformation after Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background

The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk factors of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after intravenous thrombolysis using a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Hemorrhagic Transformation in Experimental Embolic Stroke

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect ischemia within minutes of onset, but its ability to reliably detect hyperacute cerebral hemorrhage is unknown. The present study characterized diffusion-weighted, T2-weighted, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI appearances of hemorrhagic transformation within 5 hours of onset in experimental embolic stroke. Apparent diffusion coefficients and MRI signal characteristics were noted within corresponding regions of hemorrhage observed on gross pathology. Apparent diffusion coefficients were significantly increased within hemorrhagic lesions, but were still within the expected range for bland ischemia. The appearance of the hemorrhagic lesions on diffusion-weighted MRI was also very heterogeneous and not very useful for clinical screening. Other MRI modalities should be investigated, but computed tomography remains the only widely available clinical method of reliably detecting cerebral hemorrhage.     

急性缺血性脑卒中出血性转化的发生率

急性缺血性脑卒中按发生原因分为自发性出血性转化和继发性出血性转化。自发性出血性转化即出血性脑梗死,发生率为5%~10%(文献报告)或1.4%~7.3%(多项研究证实)或0~3.4%(汇总分析),溶栓后自发性出血性转化发生率为9%~12%(头颅CT证实)或10.0%~19.8%(多项研究证实),血管介入治疗后自发性出血性转化发生率为8.1%~37.0%,抗血小板聚集治疗和抗凝治疗后自发性出血性转化的发生率分别为4.0%~5.3%,和1.4%~13.0%。     

猪脑栓塞动物模型的建立及评价

取100μl正常人血浆在体外制成0.5～0.8mm大小的血栓颗粒,自猪颈内动脉注入颅内,用DSA观察栓塞部位,24h后作病理检查.结果:猪的颈内动物入颅前先形成网状结构,再合成一主干分出颅内各分支,血栓均受阻于网前或网中.栓塞成功率100%,6h后脑血管造影栓子未溶解,病理示5例出现脑梗死.结论:该模型栓塞部位固定、成功率高,能用DSA作为可靠的观察指标,可用于评价溶栓疗效.     

脑灌注成像预测溶栓后出血转化风险的研究进展

出血转化是缺血性卒中的常见并发症之一,其中溶栓治疗导致继发性出血转化风险明显 增加是困扰临床医生的重要问题。目前认为血脑屏障的破坏在出血转化的发生中起到关键的作用。 近来研究显示,急性期的灌注影像检查对于出血转化高风险人群检出可能具有更高的敏感性和其 他优势。本文针对灌注成像在预测急性缺血性卒中患者溶栓后出血转化的研究进展方面做一综述。     

脑微出血与急性缺血性卒中溶栓后出血转化的相关性研究

目的分析脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)与急性缺血性卒中溶栓治疗后出血转化(hemorrhage transformation,HT)的相关性。方法连续纳入80例发病6 h内急性缺血性卒中患者,根据磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)图像上有无CMBs,将患者分为两组:CMBs阳性组和CMBs阴性组;同时根据CMBs病灶的发生部位和数量对患者进行分组和分级。参照欧洲协作性急性卒中研究Ⅱ(European Cooperative Acute Stroke StudyⅡ,ECASSⅡ),对梗死溶栓后HT分类进行改良分组,分为HT阴性、HT-1型和HT-2型。应用χ~2检验对CMBs阳性组和阴性组中的HT分型情况、CMBs阳性患者中不同发生部位的HT分型情况、CMBs不同数目分级的HT分型情况进行统计学分析,P0.05为差异有显著性。结果 CMBs在缺血性卒中患者中占31.3%,CMBs阳性组、CMBs阴性组之间年龄差异有显著性(P0.05);CMBs发生率、发生部位、数目差异在HT阴性组、HT-1型、HT-2型之间均无显著性(P0.05),但CMBs阳性患者发生HT-2型比率高于CMBs阴性患者。结论 CMBs阳性、CMBs部位及数目与梗死后HT无明确相关性,CMBs不应作为急性缺血性卒中溶栓治疗的绝对溶栓禁忌,但可增加溶栓后HT的危险。     

磁共振技术在急性缺血性卒中出血转化预测中的应用

出血转化（hemorrhagic transformation,HT）是缺血性卒中最严重的并发症之一。近年来,随 着技术的发展,磁共振能较准确地反映HT的生理机制,例如通过弥散加权技术反映细胞的代谢障 碍,灌注加权技术反映组织的灌注缺损,血脑屏障通透性技术反映血脑屏障破坏程度,进而在此 基础上评估HT的风险。本文将对磁共振技术在预测缺血性卒中发生HT的应用及进展做一综述。     

卒中急性期应激性高血糖的甄别与处理

临床流行病学研究已证实,糖代谢异常是缺血性卒中的独立危险因素,高血糖对卒中的预后有显著的不良影响,可使其致残率和死亡率明显上升^[1-2]。数十年来,许多学者对于卒中后高血糖发生及其导致卒中预后不良的机制进行了不懈的探索。2型糖尿病占糖尿病的95％左右,但由于2型糖尿病的高度异质性和隐匿性,     

Angiographic Blush after Mechanical Thrombectomy is Associated with Hemorrhagic Transformation of Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose

Risk factors for hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) are not well established. We conducted a study to determine if prominent angiographic cerebral vascularity following recanalization with thrombectomy (angiographic blush) is associated with hemorrhagic transformation.

Association Between Plasma Total Homocysteine Levels and Risk of Early Hemorrhagic Transformation in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Hospital-Based Study

ObjectsIn this study, we investigated the association between plasma total homocysteine(tHcy) levels and the risk of early hemorrhagic transformation(HT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke(AIS).MethodsConsecutive hospitalized participants who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled and grouped according to plasma tHcy levels. Participants were divided into a low homocysteine level(L-tHcy) group (<12 µmol/L) and a high homocysteine level group(H-tHcy) (≥ 12 µmol/L). Baseline computed tomography (CT) examination was performed. HT was determined via CT or magnetic resonance imaging within 1 to 3 days after admission.ResultsA total of 1858 patients were screened and 1378 patients completed the this study(797 patients in the H-tHcy group and 581 patients in the L-tHcy group). HT incidence was 5.2% (30/581,) in the L-tHcy group and 11.2% (90/797) in the H-tHcy group(P<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that initial NIHSS score, tHcy levels, treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis, systolic blood pressure on admission, glucose level on admission, smoking status and estimated glomerular filtration rate were independent risk factors for HT. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that tHcy level was a moderately sensitive and specific index to predict the incidence of HT, and the optimal cutoff was 16.56 μmol/L (sensitivity 63.3%, specificity 41.3%).ConclusionOur study findings reveal that high plasma tHcy level is one independent risk factor associated with increased risk of early HT in patients with AIS.     

1例急性脑梗死取栓术后出血转化合并责任动脉漂浮血栓患者的诊治思考

1病例介绍1.1急性脑梗死诊治患者男性,52岁,主因“突发左侧肢体无力3小时”于2019年1月21日到首都医科大学宣武医院急诊科就诊,患者入院前3 h突发左侧肢体无力,表现为左侧持物掉落,左下肢不能站立及行走,伴头痛,右侧额部为著,恶心呕吐2次,无意识障碍。急诊头颅CT(2019-01-21)显示:右侧半卵圆中心低密度缺血灶(图1)。经评估后予阿替普酶0.9 mg/kg右侧半卵圆中心缺血灶(箭头所示)。     

探讨ASPECTS、DRAGON和SEDAN评分对我国急性缺血性卒中患者静脉溶栓后急性期内出血转化的预测价值

目的探讨Alberta卒中项目早期CT评分(Alberta stroke program early CT score,ASPECTS)、DRAGON评分和SEDAN评分对我国急性缺血性卒中患者静脉溶栓后急性期内出血转化的预测价值。方法回顾性连续收集2012年12月-2017年12月在同济大学附属同济医院神经内科急诊收入的接受静脉溶栓治疗的急性缺血性卒中患者的临床资料,记录有关基线资料,并使用ASPECTS、DRAGON和SEDAN3个量表进行评分。以住院期间出血转化作为观察终点。应用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评估量表对静脉溶栓后出血转化的预测诊断价值,ROC曲线下面积采用C值表示,通过C值比较3个量表的预测价值;使用Hosmer-Lemeshow(H-L)拟合优度[χ2(P)]检验法判断各模型与实际结果的拟合度;进行Logistic回归分析探讨各评分与溶栓后出血转化的关系。结果共纳入199例患者,ASPECTS、DRAGON和SEDAN评分在总体患者中C值分别为0.889、0.810和0.793;前循环中C值分别为0.889、0.823和0.788;男性组中C值分别为0.893、0.788和0.818;女性组中C值分别为0.882、0.808和0.720(均P0.05)。ASPECTS、DRAGON和SEDAN评分在总体患者中H-L拟合优度检验结果分别为8.253、2.685和7.511;在前循环中分别为9.875、4.330和6.441;在男性组中分别为8.966、1.697和3.049;在女性组中分别为4.284、6.548和7.669(仅前循环和男性组的ASPECTS评分P0.05,余P0.05)。Logistic回归分析ASPECTS、DRAGON和SEDAN评分的OR值在总体患者分别为0.588、1.839和2.229,在前循环分别为0.567、1.951和2.198,在男性组分别为0.595、1.969和2.675,在女性组分别为0.573、1.833和1.787(均P0.05)。结论 ASPECTS、DRAGON和SEDAN评分量表均可用于急性缺血性卒中患者静脉溶栓后出血转化风险的预测,ASPECTS评分要优于另外2种评分模型。     

高血糖对急性缺血性卒中早期预后影响的初步研究

目的 探讨高血糖对急性缺血性卒中早期预后的影响。方法 采用前瞻性研究设计,连续纳入发病72h内入院的急性缺血性卒中患者143例。急诊入院时检测入院随机静脉血清血糖,高血糖定义为入院随机静脉血清血糖≥7.2mmol/L。入院时评定美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIH Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分,根据病史及辅助检查确定缺血性卒中类型（TOAST分型）。发病30d时进行改良Rankin’s评分（mRS）,作为评估早期预后的指标。结果 （1）本研究入选的143例急性缺血性卒中患者中,85例（59.4%）出现高血糖,单因素分析显示,年龄、糖尿病史、NIHSS评分是急性缺血性卒中合并高血糖的危险因素（P＜0.05）,logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病史、NIHSS评分是急性缺血性卒中合并高血糖的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。（2）单因素分析显示,年龄、感染、高血糖、NIHSS评分和TOAST分型对mRS评分的影响有统计学差异（P＜0.05）,logistic回归分析显示,高血糖、NIHSS评分是预后不良的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论 高血糖在急性缺血性卒中患者中的发生率较高,其出现与卒中的严重程度密切相关,可以作为反映急性缺血性卒中发病时病情较重的指标之一,高血糖是急性缺血性卒中早期预后不良的独立危险因素。     

Timing of Direct Oral Anticoagulants for Hemorrhagic Transformation After Endovascular Treatment in Acute Ischemic Stroke

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the timing of starting direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and subsequent clinical outcomes in patients with hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after endovascular treatment (EVT).Materials and methodsThe subjects were patients with acute cardioembolic stroke who underwent EVT and received DOACs in our department from February 2017 to August 2021. Based on CT at 24 h after EVT, the patients were classified using European Collaborative Acute Stroke Study criteria into three groups: no HT, hemorrhagic infarction (HI), and parenchymal hematoma (PH). Outcomes were assessed for incidence of recurrent ischemic stroke (RIS), new intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and worsened HT associated with DOACs.ResultsOf 111 patients, 29 (26.1%) had HT, including 16 (14.4%) with HI and 13 (11.7%) with PH. The start of DOACs was significantly delayed in the PH group (no HT: 1.0 (1.0–3.0) days vs. HI: 3.0 (2.0–5.0) days vs. PH: 7.0 (7.0–10.0) days, P < 0.01). The incidence of RIS did not differ significantly among the three groups, but tended to be higher in the PH group (no HT: 3.7% vs. HI: 6.3% vs. PH: 15.4%, p = 0.12). There were no cases of new symptomatic ICH. New asymptomatic ICH occurred in 2 cases in the no HT group. Worsened HT after initiation of DOACs did not occur in the HI or PH group.ConclusionsThe timing of starting DOACs in patients with HT after EVT may be divided by subtypes of HI and PH. In patients with HI, early initiation of DOACs can prevent RIS and is unlikely to cause new ICH or worsened HI. In PH, initiation of DOACs within 14 days appears to be safe and does not exacerbate PH. The later the start of DOACs, the higher the frequency of RIS, so early initiation of DOACs is desirable.     

Prognostic Value of Clot Burden Score in Acute Ischemic Stroke after Reperfusion Therapies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background and Aim: Clot burden score (CBS) was designed to weight the thrombus status in cerebral anterior circulation. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the prognostic value of CBS in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients undergoing reperfusion therapies. Methods: We searched relevant databases for eligible articles reporting CBS in AIS patients. The effect sizes of good functional outcome, recanalization, or hemorrhagic transformation (HT) were pooled with random-/fixed-effect models. Sensitivity analyses and heterogeneity tests were performed. Results: Fifteen eligible studies enrolling 3302 AIS patients undergoing reperfusion therapies were included. AIS patients with per 1-point increase CBS were associated with good functional outcome (pooled odds ratio [OR]: 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-1.20) and high rate of recanalization (pooled OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.14-1.40). Results from categorical groups indicated high CBS at baseline was associated with higher likelihood of good functional outcome (pooled OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.30-1.94) and superior recanalization rates (pooled OR: 2.53, 95% CI: 1.79-3.57). Further stratified analyses showed in intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) alone group, increasing CBS was associated with good functional outcome (continuous pooled OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.10-1.27; categorical pooled OR: 3.38, 95% CI: 2.01-5.69) or recanalization (categorical pooled OR: 4.13, 95% CI: 2.00-8.51), but not in endovascular therapy alone group. No significant association was found between CBS and HT. Conclusions: CBS could be a predictor for AIS after reperfusion therapies in functional outcome and successful recanalization particularly in patients receiving IVT alone; while CBS might not be a predictor for HT.