Rothia dentocariosa repeat and relapsing peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis: a case report and literature review

Peritonitis is well recognized as the Achilles tendon of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Reoccurrence of peritonitis due to the same organism, defined as either repeat or relapsing peritonitis under the 2005 guidelines by the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis, often results in PD technique failure. Rothia dentocariosa, a low-virulent human oropharynx commensal, is a rarely reported pathogen in human infection, particularly infective endocarditis. R. dentocariosa PD-related peritonitis is exceedingly uncommon yet potentially results in repeat or relapsing peritonitis which requires catheter removal. We report a case of R. dentocariosa repeat and relapsing peritonitis in a PD patient who was treated successfully with antimicrobial therapy.     

Aspergillus peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: case report and a review of the literature

Aspergillus peritonitis is a rare complication of continuousambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The case is described of a 68-year-oldman in whom Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from the peritonealdialysate after recurrent peritonitis with Gram-negative rodsin association with diverticulosis. Treatment consisting ofremoval of the catheter and intravenous administration of amphotericinB followed by oral itraconazole was successful. A review of the sparse literature (12 cases) displays uncertaintiesregarding diagnostic awareness, culture diagnosis, and therapeuticmanagement. Next to institution of appropriate antifungal therapy,early removal the peritoneal dialysis catheter is recommended,as delayed removal of the catheter appears to be associatedwith increased mortality and morbidity.     

Listeria monocytogenes peritonitis in a patient on peritoneal dialysis: a case report and review of the literature

Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is one of the rare microorganisms causing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. We report a sporadic case of peritonitis caused by LM in a young female PD patient with lupus receiving corticosteroid therapy, who presented with abdominal pain, cloudy PD effluent, nausea, and conjunctivitis. The effluent showed a high PD effluent white cell count and monocytosis, and gram staining showed gram-positive bacilli in single or short chains and PD effluent culture grew LM. She was treated successfully with beta lactum antibiotics. LM peritonitis should be suspected if a patient presents with gram-positive bacilli and monocytosis in dialysis effluent.     

Paecilomyces peritonitis: case report and review of the literature

While filamentous fungi are a rare cause of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients, there is increasing recognition of Paecilomyces species as pathogens in such patients. We herein report a case of fungal peritonitis secondary to the filamentous Paecilomyces variotii species. The patient had a long and ultimately fatal course of illness despite catheter removal, discontinuation of peritoneal dialysis, recurrent intraabdominal abscess drainage, and prolonged courses of antifungal therapy. Our experience with this case and a review of the literature suggests that infection with this fungus can cause substantial morbidity and is probably best treated with prompt catheter removal, aggressive antifungal therapy and vigilant observation for complications.     

Pasteurella multocida peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: a report of two cases and review of the literature

We present 2 new cases of pasteurella multocida induced peritonitis in patients on long term CCPD. We also briefly review the literature on a total of 16 cases (including the present 2 cases) reported in the English literature.     

腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的防治

腹膜透析(PD)相关性腹膜炎是腹膜透析患者的严重并发症,降低腹膜透析相关感染的风险应该是每个PD中心的重要工作目标。对于出现感染者,应在早期进行经验性治疗,并高质量留取标本,进行有效的微生物学诊断和药敏试验,以保证抗感染治疗的准确性和有效性。腹膜透析中心应积极开展团队质量改进,包括持续进行感染监测、分析感染发生的根本原因。建立全面的腹膜炎风险评估机制,尤其要重点加强主动预防理念,在开始腹膜透析治疗的同时,对高龄、糖尿病患者等高危人群进行重点预防,有意识地加强操作正规培训和再培训、积极防止腹泻和(或)便秘以及加强隧道和出口处护理等主动预防措施,尽可能降低腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的发生概率。     

亚胺培南-西司他丁钠在腹膜透析相关腹膜炎后续治疗的疗效

目的 探讨亚胺培南-西司他丁钠作为腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎后续治疗的疗效.方法 以2007年1月至2010年12月在北京大学第三医院收治的并发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者44例为对象.这些患者经过3d的初始治疗透析液仍未清亮,细菌培养结果是革兰阴性杆菌或阴性,其中13例次采用头孢他啶治疗;36例次采用亚胺培南-西司他丁钠治疗....     

频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的临床特征及危险因素的探讨

目的探讨频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的临床特征及危险因素。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2014年12月安徽医科大学附属省立医院腹膜透析置管后行持续性非卧床腹膜透析的尿毒症患者,选择1年内发生腹膜炎≥2次者定义为频发组,1年内仅发生1次腹膜炎者定义为单发组,比较2组临床及实验数据差异,并分析频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的危险因素。结果频发组13例,发生感染性腹膜炎30例次,单发组57例,发生感染性腹膜炎57例次。频发组与单发组相比,患者血压和体质量指数明显升高(P0.05),未及时治疗者[7例(53.85%)比13例(22.81%)]及抗感染疗程不足者[5例(38.46%)比8例(14.04%)]增多(P0.05),无效拔管率[5例(38.46%)比7例(12.28%)]增加(P0.05),血红蛋白、血白蛋白显著降低(P0.05),全段甲状旁腺素水平升高(P0.05)。病原学检查分析频发组革兰阴性菌感染率(33.33%)及真菌感染率(10.00%)均较高,但以革兰阴性菌增加的趋势最明显(P=0.035)。2组间置管时年龄、性别、透析时间、文化程度、腹膜炎诱因、病死率、残余肾功能、外周血白细胞、血钙、血磷、C反应蛋白、血总胆固醇、三酰甘油、首次腹透液白细胞数比较差异均无统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示高体质量指数、严重高血压、低血红蛋白、低血白蛋白为频发腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的危险因素。结论营养不良、体质量指数过高、严重高血压为腹膜透析者频发腹膜炎的危险因素,积极纠正低蛋白血症、控制血压、保持标准体质量指数,积极按时规范治疗腹腔内源性感染有助于该病的预防和控制。     

Campylobacter peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: report of eight cases and a review of the literature.

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)-associated peritonitis remains the most common complication of this form of renal replacement therapy and the potential causative organisms are many and varied. Campylobacter bacteria are unusual causes of peritonitis in CAPD patients and we report our experience with eight cases and review those cases reported in the literature. In many episodes, there is a strong association with acute enterocolitis, which may precede the onset of cloudy dialysate by many days. The method of spread of these organisms from the gastrointestinal tract to the peritoneal cavity remains speculative. Bacteremic transfer would appear the most likely route, although it is probable that no single mode of spread explains all episodes. The treatment of choice of Campylobacter peritonitis is with intraperitoneal aminoglycoside in combination with oral erythromycin. An awareness of the potential for Campylobacter to cause CAPD-associated peritonitis, particularly when diarrhea is a prominent feature, has resulted in this organism becoming increasingly isolated in our unit.     

Acute peritonitis due to Corynebacterium ulcerans in a patient receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a case report and literature review

A 55-year-old Japanese woman receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was admitted to our service with abdominal pain and cloudy peritoneal fluid. Laboratory data revealed a white blood cell count of 7.20 × 10⁹ cells/L, hemoglobin 9.8 g/dl, hematocrit 29.0%, platelet count 284 × 10⁹ cells/L, and C-reactive protein (CRP) 0.109 g/L. Peritoneal fluid white blood cell count of 2,000 cells/μl suggested acute peritonitis. An empiric trial of cefazolin and ceftazidime, subsequently switched to meropenem, vancomycin, minocycline, and amikacin, did not improve the patient’s symptoms. The peritoneal fluid collected before initiation of antibiotic therapy grew Corynebacterium ulcerans. Ampicillin/sulbactam was started based on the culture and sensitivity data. On hospital day 8, the CAPD catheter was removed due to no clinical improvement and persistently increased levels of CRP to 0.0174 g/L. A 14-day course of ampicillin/sulbactam improved her clinical condition and laboratory data. Microbiological analysis revealed that C. ulcerans isolated from this patient did not produce diphtheria toxin. C. ulcerans was not isolated from her dog’s oral and nasal cavities during a search for the route of her infection. We recommend that in patients with peritoneal dialysis, special attention should be paid to Corynebacterium peritonitis, especially due to C. ulcerans, which may produce diphtheria toxin, be resistant to multiple antibiotics, and frequently become recurrent.     

Predictors of the outcome following peritoneal dialysis-related bacterial-complicating peritonitis

Objective To investigate the risk factors predicting the outcome of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related bacterial-complicating peritonitis. Methods In this retrospective study, all the episodes of PD-related bacterial peritonitis presenting during Jan 2009 to Dec 2013 in our center were reviewed. Clinical and laboratory parameters at the onset of peritonitis, including patient demographic information, age, gender, duration of PD, residual renal function, local and systemic inflammation state, daily exchange number, peritoneal glucose exposure and so on, were recorded. Patients episodes were divided into three groups according to the outcome: complete cure (complete resolution of peritonitis without relapse or recurrence or repeat), peritonitis-related catheter removal/death group, and relapse (relapse or recurrence or repeat) group. Results 187 CAPD patients with 27.15(11.15, 53.13) PD duration were enrolled in the study. Total of 347 episodes of bacterial peritonitis in these patients were analyzed, with 130 episodes of gram-positive bacterial infection, 71 episodes of gram-negative bacterial infection, 15 episodes of polymicrobial and 131 episodes of cultured negative. Compared to the complete cure group and the relapse group, gram negative bacterial infection was more prevalent in the peritonitis-related catheter removal/death group. Furthermore, patients in the peritonitis-related catheter removal/death group showed longer PD age (P﹤0.01) and higher serum hs-CRP (P﹤0.01). Compared to the complete cure group, the serum albumin concentration was lower in the peritonitis-related catheter removal/death group (P﹤0.01). Kt/V was significantly lower in the relapse group than that in the complete cure group (P﹤0.05). Logistic analysis indicated age, non gram positive bacterial infection and increased hs-CRP were independent predictors for peritonitis-related catheter removal or death. Conclusions Age, non gram positive bacterial infection and hs-CRP are risk factors predicting peritonitis-related catheter removal or death in CAPD patients.     

腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎抗生素初始治疗方案探讨

目的 探讨头孢唑啉联合头孢他啶与万古霉素联合头孢他啶作为腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎初始治疗的效果。 方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年5月在北京大学第三医院收治的合并腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的患者90例。其中37例次采用头孢唑啉+头孢他啶治疗,97例次采用万古霉素+头孢他啶治疗。比较其初始治疗的有效率、最终转归、细菌培养和药物敏感试验情况。 结果 头孢唑啉+头孢他啶组患者腹膜炎的初始治疗有效率为81.1%,万古霉素+头孢他啶组为86.2%,两组间差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;两组患者的G+细菌感染分别为56.8%和50.5%,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;两组患者在发病3周后治愈率分别为91.9%和97.9%,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。 结论 头孢唑啉联合头孢他啶与万古霉素联合头孢他啶均可以作为腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的初始治疗方案,且疗效相当。     

Exploration of the correlation between intestinal flora and peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis

Clinical and Experimental Nephrology - Peritonitis is a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Gut microbiota alterations occur in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The...     

Sclerosing peritonitis with gross peritoneal calcification: a case report.

We report the case of a patient on dialysis for 13 years, including continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for 11 years, who developed sclerosing peritonitis with gross peritoneal calcification. The patient first presented with abdominal pain in January 1990, when peritoneal calcification was detected for the first time. Her symptoms settled spontaneously and 1 year later she presented with acute peritonitis and adynamic ileus. The peritonitis settled with antibiotics and Tenchkoff catheter removal, but the ileus persisted. She was commenced on long-term parenteral nutrition, but never recovered useful bowel function. After 8 weeks of hemodialysis and total parenteral nutrition, a further laparotomy for an acute abdomen showed what appeared to be extensive bowel infarction and peritoneal calcification. She died several days later. Of significance, peritoneal calcification was first noted on x-ray and computed tomography (CT) scan while the patient was still largely asymptomatic and before peritoneal ultrafiltration capacity was significantly impaired. Unlike other reported cases of calcifying peritonitis, sclerosing peritonitis was present and calcification was far more extensive. It was not associated with factors such as frequent infective peritonitis or acetate dialysate. Calciphylaxis was not present nor was there any abnormality of calcium-phosphate metabolism. The outcome of this case suggests that patients with recurrent or persistent bowel symptoms on long-term CAPD should have early abdominal x-ray or CT scanning to exclude sclerosing peritonitis or bowel calcification. If present, consideration should be given to transferring the patient to another therapeutic dialysis modality if possible.     

维持性腹膜透析患者腹膜透析相关性葡萄球菌腹膜炎的发生率及危险因素分析

目的 探讨维持性腹膜透析患者腹膜透析相关性葡萄球菌腹膜炎的发生率及相关危险因素.方法 以中山大学附属东华医院腹膜透析中心192例患者为研究对象.根据腹膜透析液培养结果分成腹膜炎组与正常组.采用多因素logistic回归分析腹膜透析相关性葡萄球菌腹膜炎的危险因素.结果 共16例（8.3％）患者发生腹膜透析相关性葡萄球菌腹膜炎.致病菌以表皮葡萄球菌为主,占50.0％（8/16）.治愈12例（75.0％）,死亡1例.高龄（OR=1.35,95％ CI 1.16～7.68,P=0.026）、糖尿病（OR =3.34,95％ CI 1.90～6.54,P＜0.001）、低血红蛋白（OR=1.68,95％ CI 1.21～6.48,P=0.022）及低白蛋白血症（OR=1.04,95％ CI1.02～1.07,P=0.036）是腹膜透析相关性葡萄球菌腹膜炎的相关危险因素.结论 腹膜透析相关性葡萄球菌腹膜炎发生率较高;高龄、低血红蛋白、糖尿病及低白蛋白血症是其相关危险因素.     

提高腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎致病菌培养阳性率的方法学研究

目的探讨改进腹膜透析相关感染性腹膜炎透出液致病菌的培养方法,提高病原菌的培养阳性率。方法收集27例患者45例次腹膜炎透出液标本。腹膜炎患者透出液同时按以下6组方法分别进行致病菌培养：传统平板法、离心平板法、BacT/Alert培养瓶法（PF瓶法、SA瓶法、SN瓶法）和冻融法。结果离心平板组阳性率高于传统平板组,差异具统计学意义（60．0％比44．4％,P＜0．05）;与离心平板组相比,PF瓶组（84．4％）、SA瓶组（82．2％）和SN瓶组（82．2％）阳性率均提高（P均＜0．01）。在检测致病菌生长所需时间（TDG）方面,与离心平板组[（24．31±9．80）h]相比,PF瓶组[（14．25±9．13）h]、SA瓶组[（12．75±7．47） h]和SN瓶组[（9．79±4．14）h]的TDG均缩短（P均＜0．01）;SN瓶组的TDG比PF瓶组和SA瓶组更显著缩短（P均＜0．01）。结论离心法能显著提高培养阳性率。BacT/Alert培养系统与普通平板技术相比,能显著提高培养阳性率并缩短检测致病菌生长所需时间。SN培养瓶法检测致病菌生长所需时间最短。