国产甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液健康志愿者多剂连续给药药动学研究

目的:研究国产甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液多次连续给药在健康人体内的药动学特点.方法:12例健康志愿者静滴甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液500 mg,bid,连续5 d,并采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度数据,用DAS软件计算主要药动学参数.结果:静滴甲磺酸帕珠沙星药动学特点符合开放二室模型,第1次单次给药和最后1次给药的主要药动学参数如下:平均峰浓度分别为(10.86±2.04)和(11.72±1.82)mg·L-1,平均稳态药一时曲线下面积AUC0～∞分别为(18.29±2.36)和(19.22±2.80)mg·h·L-1,t1/2β分别为(1.64±0.27)和(1.82±0.34)h.结论:连续给药帕珠沙星5 d,受试者耐受良好,药动学过程符合二室模型,多次给药体内无蓄积.     

多次静滴甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液在中国健康志愿者药代动力学研究

目的:研究中国健康成年志愿者多次静滴甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液的药代动力学。方法:按GCP指导原则设计试验方案,选择10名18岁～40岁健康志愿者,多次静滴300mg甲磺酸帕珠沙星注射液后,应用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定血药浓度,采用DAS1.0软件进行数据处理,求出药代动力学参数。结果:受试者分别给药后,药-时曲线符合二房室模型,首次与第五日给药后主要药代动力学参数C0分别为(5.73±0.79)mg/L、(5.72±0.82)mg/L;t1/2β分别为(2.01±0.27)h、(1.85±0.20)h。首次给药AUC0-∞为(13.50±2.47)mg·h·L-1,第五日给药AUC0-τ为(14.53±2.71)mg·h·L-1,二者比较差异无统计学意义。继续给药至五日的峰谷浓度与第一日给药的峰谷浓度差异无统计学意义。结论:静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星,2次/d,300mg/次,在人体内可达到有效血浆浓度,且连续给药五日体内未见蓄积。该方案适宜在临床推广应用。     

甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液健康志愿者单剂给药药动学

目的研究健康志愿者静脉滴注单剂甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液后药动学特征,为该药Ⅱ期临床试验提供依据。方法采用2剂量2周期交叉试验设计。10名健康受试者单剂静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液300、500mg,HPLC法测其血清、尿药物浓度。结果受试者静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液后,人体耐受良好,体内过程符合二室开放模型。主要药动学参数与给药剂量呈线性关系,cmax分别为8.3和11.07μg/ml,AUC0-∞分别为13.66和24.04μg.h/ml,V值分别为28.9和40L,t1/2β分别为1.77和2.27h,36h尿药累积回收率约为79%。结论甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液静脉滴注血峰浓度高,组织分布较广,消除半衰期短,300mg每日2次可用于治疗敏感菌感染。     

多剂量甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液在健康人体的药代动力学

目的研究甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液（氟喹诺酮类抗生素）在健康人体内连续给药的药代动力学特征。方法12名受试者同时予以静滴甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液500mg，间隔12h，每日2次，连续7天，用高效液相色谱法测定给药后不同时间的血、尿浓度，求得主要药代动力学参数。结果其血药浓度约在第4天达稳态，Cmax为（13．46±1．87）mg·L^-1，Cav为（2．72±0．36）mg·L^-1，AUC。为（32．70±4．28）mg·L^-1·h，DF为490．43％，FI为98．15％，尿中的药物累积排泄率〉90％，与单次给药无明显差异。结论每日2次，静滴帕珠沙星500mg，连续7天，药物在体内无蓄积，受试者耐受性良好。     

甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液在健康人体的药代动力学

目的研究甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液在健康人体的药代动力学。方法8名健康受试者单次静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星300,600mg后,用高效液相色谱法测定体内帕珠沙星的血药浓度,用DAS统计软件进行数据处理。结果结果符合一级消除药代动力学的二室模型,300,600mg2个剂量组的药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(7.38±0.85),(18.36±2.39)mg·L-1;AUC0-t分别为(31.34±5.67),79.20±18.43)mg·h·L-1;t1/2β分别为(1.63±0.31),(1.71±0.21)h;CL/F分别为(0.10±0.02),(0.08±0.01)L·kg·h-1,V/F分别为(0.23±0.03),(0.19±0.05)L·kg-1。24h尿药累积排泄率分别为(92.2±2.6)%和(93.2±3.0)%。结论甲磺酸帕珠沙星每日给药300mg,每日2次,可达到有效治疗浓度,在600mg内可安全耐受。     

甲磺酸帕珠沙星的人体药动学

目的:研究甲磺酸帕珠沙星在健康人体内的药动学特征。方法:12名健康志愿者(男女各6名)单剂量和多剂量静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液300mg,滴注时间30min。血浆用20%高氯酸水溶液沉淀蛋白,上清液直接用高效液相色谱-荧光检测血浆中帕珠沙星药物浓度。结果:最小检测限小于0.028mg.L-1,提取回收率大于90%,日内、日间变异(RSD小于10%)。静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星在健康人体内的药动学特征用3P97程序拟合为二房室模型,其主要药动力学参数单剂量时和多剂量时的Cmax,t1/2β,AUC0-t,AUC0-∞,Vc和CL分别为(7.2±0.8)mg.L-1和(7.3±0.8)mg.L-1,(2.04±0.17)h和(2.24±0.23)h,(14.0±1.5)mg.L.h-1和(14.3±1.5)mg.L.h-1,(13.1±1.5)mg.L.h-1和(13.3±1.2)mg.L.h-1,(27.2±4.6)L和(25.3±8.8)L,(22.1±2.6)L.h-1和(23.7±2.1)L.h-1。单剂量时和多剂量间的药动学参数,除了t1/2β和MRT有性别差异外,其余无明显差异。结论:静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星后无论单剂量和多剂量的药动学参数基本一致,说明连续300mg,bid,静脉滴注5d体内无明显累积,药动学参数如t1/2β,MRT可能存在性别差异,其原因尚不清。     

哌拉西林钠对甲磺酸帕珠沙星在大鼠体内药代动力学的影响

目的研究哌拉西林钠对甲磺酸帕珠沙星在大鼠体内药代动力学的影响。方法 12只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分成2组(分别为单独和联合给药组),用HPLC法测定血浆中甲磺酸帕珠沙星的浓度。结果单独用药与联合用药组ρmax分别为(33.54±4.68)和(37.83±3.43)mg.L-1,AUC0-t分别为(43.32±15.91)和(41.98±9.19)mg.h.L-1,t1/2分别为(1.00±0.31)和(0.80±0.24)h,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论与哌拉西林钠联合用药后甲磺酸帕珠沙星在大鼠体内的药动学参数均不存在显著性差异。     

中国健康志愿者单剂静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液的药动学研究

目的对中国健康成年志愿者单剂静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液的药动学研究。方法按GcP指导原则设计试验方案,选择10名健康受试者分别在30min内空腹静脉滴注甲磺酸帕珠沙星氯化钠注射液300和500mg,用HPLC-荧光法测定血浆、尿液中帕珠沙星的浓度,并采用3P97软件进行试验数据统计处理,求出药动学参数。结果帕珠沙星的血药浓度经时变化符合二房室模型,300和500mg的主要药动学参数如下：峰浓度Cmax分别为(7．716±1．373)和(11．652±2．197)μg／ml；半衰期t1/2分别为(2．00±0．26)h和(2．13±0．22)h；药时曲线下面积AUCo-∞分别为(14．170±3．244)和(25．370±3．234)μg·h／ml；表观分布容积Vc分别为(28．83±12．92)L和(31．62±8．91)L。尿药浓度测定结果表明,帕珠沙星0-24 h累积排出量分别为(261．82±30．92)mg和(452．27±32．35)mg,0-24 h累积排出百分比分别为(87．27±10．31)％和(90．45±6．47)％。结论帕珠沙星单次给药在中国健康人体耐受性良好,药时曲线符合二房室模型,帕珠沙星在300-500mg剂量范围内药物体内过程呈线性动力学特征,药物主要经肾脏排泄。     

连续单剂静脉滴注乳酸卡德沙星在中国健康志愿者的耐受性及药代动力学

目的 研究乳酸卡德沙星氯化钠注射液在健康人体内连续给药的药代动力学特征.方法 12名受试者同时予以乳酸卡德沙星氯化钠注射液进行连续静滴(每次400 mg,恒速静滴2h,每天1次,给药7 d),观察给药前后临床症状、体征、实验室指标,重点观测QT间期及糖耐量.用高效液相色谱法测定给药后不同时间的血浓度,求主要药代动力学参数.结果 给药后,尿常规、血生化、心电图、糖耐量试验等亦未见有临床意义的异常的改变.出现1例与药物可能有关的轻度不良反应,停药后2日恢复正常.未见严重的药物不良反应.血药浓度约在第3天达稳态,Cmax为(7.01±1.19)mg·L-1,Cav为(2.15±0.34)mg·L-1,AUC88为(55.99±9.84) mg·L-1·h,Accumulation_Index为(1.08±0.05),DF为(310.97±9.854).结论 连续静滴乳酸卡德沙星在体内无蓄积,受试者耐受性良好.     

生脉注射液与参麦注射液在健康人体的药代动力学

目的 比较研究健康志愿者单次静脉滴注生脉注射液(益气养阴中药)和参麦注射液(治疗心脏病的急救中药)的药代动力学.方法 16名健康受试者分成2组,交叉试验,分别单次静滴相同剂量生脉注射液和参麦注射液;用液相色谱-质谱仪检测法测定给药后不同时间点的血药浓度,用DAS 2.0软件计算药代动力学参数.结果 两者的血药浓度-时间曲线均符合二房室模型,健康受试者单次静滴生脉注射液和参麦注射液后主要的药代动力学参数如下.Rg1:Cmax分别为(0.89±0.52),(0.81±0.53)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(2.01±0.82),(1.78±0.98)h;AUC0-144分别为(1.15±0.44),(1.24±0.84)mg·h·L-1.Re:Cmax分别为(0.26±0.15),(0.27±0.19)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(0.59±0.34),(0.60±0.44)h;AUC0-144分别为(0.26±0.13),(0.33±0.25)mg·h·L-1.Rb1:Cmax分别为(10.57±8.92),(16.54±11.70)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(47.98±7.26),(47.17±8.75)h;AUC0-144分别为(346.67±267.89),(525.45±387.32)mg·h·L-1.结论 单次静滴相同剂量的生脉注射液和参麦注射液其药代动力学参数无显著性差异.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.