南方汉族人群钙蛋白酶10基因多态性与妊娠糖尿病的相关性

目的:探讨南方汉族人群钙蛋白酶10基因(CAPN-10)SNP-43、-19、-63多态性与妊娠糖尿病(GDM)遗传易感性的关系。方法:采用病例对照研究方法,依据葡萄糖耐量试验结果,随机选取120例OGTT正常的孕妇(NGT)和60例无需治疗的IGT及60例需胰岛素治疗的GDM患者为研究对象,分别提取基因组DNA,并行基因测序,再分析CAPN-10基因SNP-43、-19、-63位点基因型,并进行相关分析。结果:与NGT组及IGT组比较,GDM患者SNP-43位点等位基因G及G/G基因型的频率显著升高,SNP-19位点等位基因D的频率也显著升高。此外,CAPN-10基因SNP-43基因变异中GG基因型与非GG基因型(GA+AA)相比,妊娠期体重指数显著增加。结论:在南方汉族人群中,CAPN-10基因SNP-43为GG纯合子的和SNP-19位点等位基因为D的妇女有较高的可能性孕期发展为GDM,究其原因可能是通过增加孕期体重的变化所致。     

妊娠糖尿病患者calpain-10基因单核苷酸多态性及其单倍型的分析

妊娠糖尿病(GDM)是指妊娠期首次发现或发生的糖尿病和糖耐量异常(IGT).与2型糖尿病(T2DM)类似,GDM的发生与胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌受损有关.近年来研究发现,钙蛋白酶10(CAPN-10)基因与T2DM的发病密切相关,但关于CAPN-10基因与GDM之间的关系研究甚少.本研究以广东地区汉族GDM患者为研究对象,观察CAPN-10基因SNP43、19、63及其单倍型与GDM遗传易感性的关系.     

钙蛋白酶10基因多态性与胰岛素抵抗相关疾病

钙蛋白酶10基因编码Ca2+依赖的非溶酶体半胱氨酸蛋白酶,该基因的选择性剪切可产生至少8种不同类型的蛋白酶(a～h),提示钙蛋白酶10可能有多种细胞功能,从而参与多种疾病的发生过程.该基因上的单核苷酸多态性SNP-44,-43,-19,-63在单位点、单倍型以及单倍型组合水平上与胰岛素抵抗相关疾病,如2型糖尿病、高血压、多囊卵巢综合征、肥胖症等有一定的相关性,且这种相关性具有种族差异.就钙蛋白酶10基因与多种疾病间关系的研究进展进行综述.     

肿瘤坏死因子基因对红斑狼疮易感性的影响

目的探讨华东地区汉族人群中肿瘤坏死因子α、β基因突变及其单倍型对系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)的易感性影响。方法运用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态(PCR-RFLP)对99例SLE患者、116例健康对照进行肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)α、TNFβ基因分型,进行分层分析,同时进行单倍型连锁不平衡分析。结果在我国华东地区汉族人群中,与未携带突变等位基因的TNFα1-TNFβ1基因型相比,TNFα1-TNFβ2和TNFα2-TNFβ1突变基因型患SLE的危险性均有所升高(OR=2.31,95.0%CI=0.99～5.57;OR=2.60,95.0%CI=0.47～13.86),而TNFα2-TNFβ2突变基因型个体患SLE的危险性升高接近10倍(OR=9.53,95.0%CI=1.88～61.17)。同时,不同基因型的个体患SLE的危险性随着携带突变基因增加明显增加(χ2趋势=10.16,P=0.001)。两位点等位基因之间存在连锁不平衡(精确P=0.000),病例和对照中TNFα2-β1和TNFα1-β2以及TNFα1-β1单倍型分布不同,TNFα2-β1和TNFα1-β2可能为SLE的易感单倍型(P<0.05)。结论肿瘤坏死因子α和β基因突变及其易感单倍型可能增加了SLE的易感性。     

钙蛋白酶10基因多态性与2型糖尿病的关联研究:Meta分析

目的 探讨钙蛋白酶10(CAPN10)基因SNP43、SNP44位点及主要单倍型、单倍型组合与2型糖尿病(T2DM)的关联性.方法 根据系统评价的原理和规范,检索PubMed及中文期刊数据库,纳入CAPN10基因与T2DM的病例对照研究.根据种族,采用分层Meta分析评估CAPN10基因多态性与T2DM的关联性.同时评估发表偏倚.结果 各种族与T2DM有关联的基因多态性分别是:蒙古人种,SNP43位点G等位基因OR=1.368(95%CI:1.155～1.620),G/G基因型OR=1.437(95%CI:1.186～1.741),111/221单倍型组合OR=2.762(95%CI:1.287～5.927);高加索人种,SNP44位点C等位基因OR=1.144(95%C1:1.023～1.278),111/111单倍型组合OR=1.291(95%CI:1.050～1.586);混血人种,SNP44位点C等位基因OR=1.653(95%CI:1.025～2.665).结论 SNP43位点G等位基因、G/G基因型、111/221单倍型组合是蒙古人种的危险因素;SNP44位点C等位基因、111/111单倍型组合是高加索人种的危险因素;SNP44位点C等位基因是混血人种的危险因素.     

MPO、NQO1、GSTP1和UGT1A6基因多态与慢性苯中毒遗传易感性关系

目的探讨MPO、NQO1、GSTP1和UGT1A6基因多态与慢性苯中毒易感性的关系。方法采用病例-对照研究,以268名苯中毒工人为病例组,268名接触苯而没有中毒表现的工人为对照组。应用TaqManPCR分析技术判定MPO(rs7208693),NQO1(rs1800566),GSTP1(rs947894)和UGT1A6(rs6759892,rs1105879,rs4124874,rs3755319,rs887829和rs4148323)基因型。结果携带GSTP1基因rs947894G等位基因个体患慢性苯中毒的危险性比AA基因型个体降低0.657倍(95%CI0.434~0.994,P=0.046);携带MPO基因rs7208693A等位基因人群中,UGT1 A6 rs6759892G等位基因个体发生慢性苯中毒的危险性是TT基因型的2.702倍(P=0.024),UGT1 A6 rs1105879C等位基因个体发生慢性苯中毒的危险性是TT型的2.619倍(P=0.035)。在饮酒人群中,携带NQO1基因rs1800566TT基因型个体慢性苯中毒的发病风险较携带CC和CT基因型个体增加9.000倍(95%CI1.460~55.478,P=0.021);在吸烟人群中,带NQO1基因rs1800566TT基因型个体慢性苯中毒的发病风险较携带CC和CT基因型个体增加7.000倍(95%CI1.555~31.575,P=0.012)。单倍型分析显示,本人群携带UGT1A6基因TACGGG单倍型个体慢性苯中毒的发病风险是携带TAATGG单倍型个体的1.446倍(OR=1.446,95%CI1.005~2.080,P=0.046)。结论同时携带MPO基因rs7208693A和UGT1A6基因rs6759892G或rs1105879C等位基因型个体对苯中毒易感;携带NQO1基因rs1800566TT基因型且同时吸烟或饮酒的个体对苯中毒易感;携带UGT1A6基因TAATGG单倍型个体可增加慢性苯中毒的发病风险;GSTP1基因多态与慢性苯中毒遗传易感性的关系仍需进一步研究。     

Calpain10基因多态性与昆明地区人群2型糖尿病相关性研究

目的 探讨Calpain10基因多态性与昆明地区人群2型糖尿病遗传易感性的关系。方法采用病例-对照研究设计，以聚合酶链式反应-等位基因特异性扩增法（PCR-ASA），检测Calpain10基因单核苷酸多态性（SNP）43G／A位点和SNP44T／C位点基因型，并进行关联分析。结果 对131例2型糖尿病患者和131例正常对照进行了Calpain10基因SNP43和SNP44基因分型，与对照组相比，SNP43的G等位基因频率和SNP44的C等位基因频率在昆明地区2型糖尿病人群中显著升高（分别为93．13％，86．26％，P=0．0097；18．70％，9．92％，P=0．004）。结论 Calpain10基因SNP43位点G等位基因和SNP44位点C等位基因可能与昆明地区人群2型糖尿病的发病相关。     

钙蛋白酶10基因多态性与胰岛素抵抗相关疾病

钙蛋白酶10基因编码Ca^2＋依赖的非溶酶体半胱氨酸蛋白酶，该基因的选择性剪切可产生至少8种不同类型的蛋白酶（a～h），提示钙蛋白酶10可能有多种细胞功能，从而参与多种疾病的发生过程。该基因上的单核苷酸多态性SNP-44，-43，-19，-63在单位点、单倍型以及单倍型组合水平上与胰岛素抵抗相关疾病，如2型糖尿病、高血压、多囊卵巢综合征、肥胖症等有一定的相关性，且这种相关性具有种族差异。就钙蛋白酶10基因与多种疾病间关系的研究进展进行综述。     

钙蛋白酶10基因多态性与体重和胰岛素抵抗的相关性

[目的]探讨钙蛋白酶10(CAPN10)基因SNP-19与体重和胰岛素抵抗(IR)的关系。[方法]用PCR-RFLP法检测132名非超重肥胖和80名超重肥胖者的CAPN10基因SNP-19的基因型,测定身高、体重、空腹血糖(FPG)、血脂、胰岛素水平(FINS),计算体重指数(BMI),用HOMA-IR法评价IR,并进行分析。[结果](1)BMI≥25kg/m2的个体有较高的FPG、TG和IR水平(P﹤0.05),CAPN10基因SNP-19的22基因型和等位基因2的频率在BMI≥25kg/m2的个体明显升高(P﹤0.05);(2)携带基因型22的个体较基因型为11和12的个体有较高的FINS、BMI和IR水平(P﹤0.05)。[结论]CAPN10基因SNP-19基因型22可能与江苏地区人群超重肥胖的发生有关。     

妊娠糖尿病相关基因连锁分析

[目的]通过多位点连锁分析寻找妊娠糖尿病(GDM)的易感基因。[方法]采用非参数连锁统计分析法,以101对妊娠糖尿病患病同胞对DNA为研究对象,在支持连锁位点D10S587附近区域加密微卫星标记(D10S217、D10S583、D10S1213、D10S1230、D10S1237)做多位点连锁分析。[结果]结果显示:与D10S587同样位于10q26且位置非常接近的位点D10S1213表现为与GDM易感基因呈显著连锁(NPL-Score=2.122,P=0.0169)。[结论]具有2型糖尿病致病基因的10q26区域同样具有致GDM的基因。它们很可能是同一基因。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.