Acute encephalitis and encephalopathy associated with human parvovirus B19 infection in children

Reports of neurologic manifestations of human parvovirus B19(B19) infection have been on the rise. Acute encephalitis and encephalopathy is the most common, accounting for 38.8% of total B19-associated neurological manifestations. To date, 34 children with B19encephalitis and encephalopathy have been reported, which includes 21 encephalitis and 13 encephalopathy cases. Ten(29%) were immunocompromised and 17(39%) had underlying diseases. Fever at the onset of disease and rash presented in 44.1% and 20.6% of patients, respectively. Neurological manifestations include alteration of consciousness occurred in all patients, seizures in 15(44.1%) patients, and focal neurologic signs in 12(35.3%) patients. Anemia and pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) occurred in 56.3% and 48.1% of patients, respectively. Serum Anti-B19 Ig M(82.6%) and CSF B19 DNA(90%) were positive in the majority of cases. Some patients were treated with intravenous immunoglobulins and/or steroids, although an accurate evaluation of the efficacy of these treatment modalities cannot be determined. Nineteen(57.6%) patients recovered completely, 11(33.3%) patients had some neurological sequelae and 3(8.8%) patients died. Although the precise pathogenesis underlying the development of B19 encephalitis and encephalopathy is unclear, direct B19 infection or NS1 protein of B19 toxicity in the brain, and immune-mediated brain injuries have been proposed.     

Acute cerebellar ataxia with human parvovirus B19 infection

A 2 year old boy developed acute cerebellar ataxia in association with erythema infectiosum. During the disease, genomic DNA and antibodies against human parvovirus B19 were detected in serum but not in cerebrospinal fluid. Parvovirus B19 associated acute cerebellar ataxia might occur due to transient vascular reaction in the cerebellum during infection.     

Acute cerebellar ataxia with human parvovirus B19 infection.

A 2 year old boy developed acute cerebellar ataxia in association with erythema infectiosum. During the disease, genomic DNA and antibodies against human parvovirus B19 were detected in serum but not in cerebrospinal fluid. Parvovirus B19 associated acute cerebellar ataxia might occur due to transient vascular reaction in the cerebellum during infection.     

Acute encephalopathy with human parvovirus B19 infection in hereditary spherocytosis

A 9-year-old girl with hereditary spherocytosis developed aplastic crisis and encephalopathy associated with human parvovirus B19 (PVB19) infection. During the clinical course, we followed PVB19 DNA in her plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by real-time polymerase chain reaction and found that her symptoms of encephalopathy had occurred at the peak viral load. PVB19-associated encephalopathy might occur as a result of direct invasion by PVB19.     

24 cases of human parvovirus B19 infection in children]

From January 1, 1987 through December 31, 1990, twenty-four pediatric patients with human parvovirus B19 (HPV B19) infection were seen. In every case the diagnosis was established by a positive capture immunoassay for IgM antibodies against the HPV B19. Four patients had hematologic manifestations, including one case of transient bone marrow aplasia revealing hereditary spherocytosis, one case of autoimmune hemolytic anemia with beta-thalassemia, and two cases of peripheral thrombocytopenia. Eight patients had skin lesions, with a morbilliform rash in six cases, erythema nodosum in one case, and Gianotti-Crosti syndrome in one case. No patients had erythema infectiosum. Seven patients developed joint manifestations: Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura in two cases, arthralgia in four cases, and polyarticular disease progressing to severe rheumatoid arthritis in a thirteen-year-old girl. Unremarkable symptoms of viral disease were seen in three patients. A five-month-old infant developed severe acute myocarditis. One patient with hepatitis A had acute liver failure. This study confirms the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations of HPV B19 infection. There were a number of unusual findings, including the high rate of joint manifestations (29%) and the severe course of some hematologic and myocardial manifestations. These results raise the question of whether the HPV B19 may be involved in the genesis of chronic juvenile arthritis.     

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in a child with human parvovirus B19 infection

A 6-year-old girl developed shock and multiple organ dysfunction including acute respiratory distress syndrome in association with parvovirus B19 infection. The diagnosis was based on positive antibodies and the detection of parvovirus 19 DNA in serum, bronchial secretions and skin biopsy. It seems likely, but it was not proved, that the parvovirus infection caused acute respiratory distress syndrome.     

小儿B19病毒感染相关性重症血液病51例

目的 探讨B19病毒感染相关性小儿重症血液病的临床特征与治疗。方法 回顾性总结51例小儿B19病毒感染相关性重症血液病的临床资料,分析其治疗与预后。结果 检测B19抗原或抗体阳性加B19 DNA阳性,确定为B19病毒感染的重症血液病患儿51例中,急性血小板减少性紫癜32例,急性再生障碍性贫血9例(包括纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血3例),急性白血病合并重度贫血6例,溶血性贫血并发急性再障危象3例,噬血细胞综合征1例;所有患儿均重度或极重度血细胞减少,38例合并内脏出血,12例合并细菌或真菌感染。经应用大剂量丙种球蛋白,同时加强对症治疗与支持疗法、防治严重并发症,结果好转和治愈48例(94．12％),死亡3例(5．88％)。结论 B19病毒感染相关性小儿重症血液病应加强抗病毒及止血的治疗。     

人类细小病毒B19感染与小儿急性特发性血小板减少性紫癜

目的 探讨人类细小病毒B19(HPVB19)感染与小儿急性特发性血小板减小性紫癜(ITP)发生的关系。方法对23例小儿急性ITP及17例对照组小儿用聚合酶链反应技术进行HPVB19一DNA的检测。结果 23例急性ITP患儿HPVB19一DNA阳性者7例,阳性率30.4％,17例对照组小儿HPVB19-DNA检测均阴性,两组间阳性率比较有非常显著性差异(x2=4.096,P<0.05)。结论小儿急性ITP的发生与HPVB19感染有关。     

儿童微小病毒B19感染的诊断与治疗

人微小病毒B19经常感染儿童,临床表现复杂,轻者表现为自限性的传染性红斑,重者可因血细胞减少而导致患儿死亡.在免疫缺陷的患儿可发生持续感染.文章对改进其诊断和治疗,作了探讨.     

Acute parvovirus B19 infection mimicking congenital dyserythropoietic anemia

Infection with human parvovirus B19 is known to cause transient erythroid aplasia in children with hemolytic anemia but has also been associated with bone marrow necrosis and morphologic changes suggesting myelodysplasia. The authors describe a previously healthy child who presented with severe hypoplastic anemia. Initial bone marrow aspiration revealed erythroid hyperplasia, dyserythropoiesis, and multinucleated erythroid cells with nuclear budding and bridging, consistent with the diagnosis of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. Serologic testing documented acute parvovirus infection, and on recovery the correct diagnosis of unsuspected congenital spherocytosis was established. This case expands the spectrum of hematologic disease associated with acute parvovirus infection.     

儿童自身免疫性疾病人细小病毒B19感染及其临床特征

目的探讨儿童自身免疫性疾病(AD)人细小病毒B19(B19)的感染情况及其临床特征。方法采用巢式聚合酶链反应(nPCR)技术检测133例AD患儿血清(BS)或骨髓(BM)标本B19-DNA。另设35例健康儿童为对照组。结果AD患儿B19-DNA总阳性率为29.3%,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。62例过敏性紫癜(AP)患儿BS标本B19-DNA阳性率20.9%,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。30例幼年特发性关节炎(JRA)B19-DNA阳性率40.0%(12/30例),与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);全身型、多关节型和少关节型B19-DNA阳性率依次为44.4%、36.4%和40.4%,两两比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论AD可能与B19感染有关,感染的临床表现多种多样;B19感染相关性AP临床表现多样,症状重,关节症状更突出;B19相关性JRA可表现为JRA各型。     

Acute encephalopathy with parvovirus B19 infection in sickle cell disease

A 13 year old girl with haemoglobin Sbeta(+)thalassaemia developed simultaneous aplastic crisis and encephalopathy associated with parvovirus B19 (PB19) infection. Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings were consistent with central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis and her symptoms resolved with steroid therapy. Thus, PB19 induced CNS hypersensitivity vasculitis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of encephalopathy.     

Persistent human parvovirus B19 infection in children under maintenance chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia

OBJECTIVE: To report on B19 infection management and chemotherapy schedule consequences in five children treated for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between May 2001 and February 2002, five patients between 4 and 12 years of age, receiving maintenance chemotherapy for ALL, presented with symptoms suggesting B19 infection (pallor, fatigue, petechiae and pancytopenia in four patients; generalized rash in two patients; acute hepatitis in one patient). Qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on peripheral blood was used for diagnosis and follow-up of infection; quantitative PCR was used for viral load measurement. Intravenous nonspecific high-dose immunoglobulin therapy was administered until PCR was negative. RESULTS: Qualitative B19 DNA was found in the peripheral blood of all patients, confirming the infection. Viral load at diagnosis ranged from 10 to 10 particles/mL blood. B19 DNA was detectable in four patients at 45, 21, 40, and 44 weeks, respectively. Chemotherapy was delayed in all patients. No clear benefit of intravenous immunoglobulin was noted. CONCLUSIONS: Infection with B19 is rarely reported in patients with ALL, but it should be suspected when unexplained pancytopenia occurs during chemotherapy. Persistent B19 infection remains a challenge in the management of patients receiving maintenance chemotherapy for ALL, as no specific therapy such as a specific immunoglobulin or vaccine exists. The role of viral load measurement needs to be established in terms of its use in follow-up and evaluation of the therapeutic response.     

人类微小病毒B19感染与川崎病的关系

目的　探讨人类微小病毒B19感染与川崎病 (KD)的关系。方法　对 6 0例KD患儿及 4 2例健康儿童进行近期B19感染检查 ,包括B19DNA检查、间接免疫荧光法检测B19表面蛋白抗原。结果　 6 0例KD患儿中B19DNA阳性 6例 (10 .0 % ) ,对照组阳性 2例 (4 .8% ) ,两组差异无显著意义 (χ2 =0 .94　P >0 .0 5 )。但B19DNA阳性 6例中 ,<1岁患儿与 >1岁患儿两组阳性率差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。KD组 3例检测B19抗原阳性 ,对照组阳性 1例 ,两组差异无差异 (χ2 =0 .4 5　P >0 .0 5 )。结论　人类微小病毒B19感染与KD可能无明确关系     

Prevalence of parvovirus B 19 infection in children with aplastic anemia

We studied the prevalence of parvovirus B19 infection in pediatric patients with acquired aplastic anemia. Detection of parvovirus B19 DNA by PCR and IgM antibodies by ELISA was carried out in 66 pediatric patients with acquired aplastic anemia. 45 healthy children acted as controls. Parvovirus B19 DNA was detected in significantly higher number of patients in comparison to controls (27% vs 2%, P = 0.001). Similarly, parvovirus B19 IgM antibodies were detected in 17 (25.8%) patients as against one control (2.2%) (P<0.05). Clinical and hematological profile of the patients with or without parvovirus infection was comparable.     

Subclinical parvovirus B19 infection in children with sickle cell anemia

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence and clinical consequences of previous parvovirus B19 exposure in a large cohort of pediatric patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA). METHODS: Prospective serologic testing for previous parvovirus B19 exposure was performed in steady-state pediatric patients with SCA, either prior to starting hydroxyurea therapy or in preparation for transition to the adult service. A retrospective chart review was performed to ascertain whether patients had a documented history of a transient aplastic crisis. RESULTS: The prevalence of serologic evidence of previous parvovirus infection increased with age. The overall prevalence in 102 children with SCA was 53%, ranging from 44% between 5 and 9 years of age to 71% between 17 and 21 years of age. Only 27% of patients had a previous clinically recognized transient aplastic crisis. CONCLUSIONS: By the teenage years, most pediatric patients with SCA have serologic evidence of previous parvovirus B19 exposure. However, subclinical parvovirus infection appears to be common in children with SCA, since most patients have no documented previous transient aplastic crisis.