小鼠脊髓神经元内脑啡肽与1型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体的共存

目的:以PPE-GFP转基因小鼠为研究工具,观察绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)阳性的脑啡肽(ENK)能神经元与1型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体(VGLUT1)在脊髓的分布及共存情况。方法:利用免疫组织化学和原位杂交双标染色的方法。结果:GFP标记的ENK能神经元主要位于脊髓背角,在I-ⅡI层最为密集,背角深层内侧部及中央管周围呈中等密度分布,散在分布于前角。VGLUT1 mRNA阳性细胞广泛分布在脊髓各层。GFP/VGLUT1双标细胞主要分布在脊髓背角,I-ⅡI层双标细胞占GFP阳性细胞的22.95±1.10%,占VGLUT1阳性细胞的27.91±2.42%;IV-VI层中21.49±4.99%GFP阳性细胞表达VGLUT1,10.35±2.81%VGLUT1阳性细胞表达GFP;前角双标细胞占VGLUT1阳性细胞的1.07±0.37%,占GFP阳性细胞的32.08±13.15%。结论:双标结果表明脊髓内部分ENK能神经元表达1型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体,推测ENK能神经元可能通过调控谷氨酸的释放发挥感觉信息调控作用。     

大鼠延髓背角内5-羟色胺、脑啡肽、γ-氨基丁酸、甘氨酸或P-物质能终末与钙结合蛋白阳性神经元间的联系(英文)

CB(calbindin-D28k),CR(calretinin)和PV(parvalbumin)是最常见的3种钙结合蛋白(calcium-binding proteins,CaBPs)。本研究首先观察了面口部给予伤害性刺激诱发大鼠延髓背角(又称三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核)神经元表达FOS蛋白的状况;然后通过免疫荧光组织化学技术检测这些神经元内是否含有CaBPs(CB、CR和PV);最后通过免疫荧光和免疫电镜染色技术观察5-HT、GABA、甘氨酸转运体2(glycine transporter 2,GlyT2)、脑啡肽(enkephalin,ENK)或SP与CaBPs/FOS双标神经元间的联系。在光镜下可观察到:(1) FOS阳性神经元在延髓背角各层均有分布,以Ⅱ层最为密集;(2)大多数CB、CR或PV阳性神经元位于Ⅱ层,余者分布在Ⅰ层和Ⅲ层;(3) 5-HT、GABA、GlyT2,ENK及SP阳性纤维和终末主要位于延髓背角浅层(4)部分FOS阳性神经元同时呈CB、CR或PV阳性;(5) 5-HT、GABA、GlyT2或ENK阳性终末分别与FOS/CB、FOS/CR或FOS/PV双标神经元形成密切接触;(6) SP阳性终末与5-HT、GABA、GlyT2或ENK阳性终末同时与CB、CR或PV阳性神经元形成密切接触。在电镜下观察到5-HT、GABA、GlyT2或ENK阳性终末与CB、CR或PV阳性神经元主要形成对称型(抑制性)突触联系。这些结果提示在大鼠延髓背角,5-HT、GABA、甘氨酸或ENK可能通过抑制含钙结合蛋白的伤害性感受神经元来调节面口部伤害性信息的传递。     

BDNF对急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜三种钙结合蛋白表达的影响

目的：检测外源性BDNF对急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜Parvalbumin（PV），calbindin D-28k（CB）和calretinin（CR）表达的影响。方法：72只SD大鼠随机分成高眼压组、溶媒预处理高眼压组和BDNF预处理高眼压组，每组动物左眼制作急性高眼压模型，右眼为正常对照，动物分别存活1、3、7或14d。用免疫组化方法检测视网膜PV、CB和CR的表达变化。结果：溶媒预处理高眼压组中PV、CB和CR的表达与高眼压组相似。高眼压组中，随着再灌时间延长，内层视网膜中PV和CB标记的神经元数先下调再逐渐恢复，而CR标记的神经元数逐渐减少；再灌1d时PV和CR具有从内核层到内网层的重新分布。在BDNF预处理高眼压组，PV、CB和CR标记的神经元数在再灌1d、7d和14d时与高眼压组比较无明显差异，但在再灌3d时，明显高于后者（P〈0．05）。结论：BDNF预处理对急性高眼压后视网膜的保护作用可能与其再灌早期上调钙结合蛋白的表达有关。     

人胎视网膜细胞凋亡与小白蛋白免疫阳性神经元的发育

目的：观察人胎视网膜细胞凋亡与小白蛋白Parvalbumin,PV)免疫阳性神经元的分布与发育。方法：不同孕龄的人胎16例,TUNEL法标记凋亡细胞,ABC免疫细胞化学方法观察PV免疫阳性神经元的发育。结果：（1）细胞凋亡观察：12周人胎视网膜未见凋亡细胞;15周、17周凋亡细胞较多,大小不一,分布于视网膜的全局;20周凋亡细胞主要集中在内核层,数量减少;28周凋亡细胞仅见于内核层,呈指环样外观,着色较深,数量较20周减少明显。（2）PV免疫阳性神经元发育：12周人胎视网膜未见PV免疫阳性神经元;15周、17周视网膜节细胞层和内核层有弱阳性的PV免疫阳性神经元的分布与20周相似,但内核层的数量减少,呈整齐的带状排列,着色增强。结论：在胚胎28周视网膜神经元之间的突触联系已基本建立,而PV免疫阳性神经元发育和细胞凋亡在时间和数量变化上的一致性提示Ca^2 在视网膜的发育中起重要作用。     

谷氨酸脱羧酶67-绿色荧光蛋白基因敲入小鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核内GFP阳性神经元的分布及与小白蛋白的共存

目的观察谷氨酸脱羧酶67-绿色荧光蛋白（GAD67-GFP）基因敲入小鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核（Vc）浅层内，表达GFP的GABA能神经元的分布及其与小白蛋白（PV）的共存。方法分别运用原位分子杂交与免疫组织化学相结合；GFP与神经元标记物——神经元核蛋白（NeuN）或PV免疫荧光染色相结合的双重标记方法，在光学显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜下进行观察。结果1．Vc浅层内90％以上的GFP阳性神经元同时表达GAD67 mRNA，而几乎所有表达GAD67 mRNA的阳性神经元都呈GFP阳性；2．GFP阳性神经元主要分布于Ｖc的Ⅰ－Ⅱ层内，细胞较小，尤其在Ⅱ层内可见大量密集分布的GFP阳性细胞和突起。GFP阳性神经元分别占Ⅰ、Ⅱ层内NeuN阳性神经元总数的19．4％和24．3％；3．GFP／PV双标神经元主要分布于Ｖc的Ⅰ－Ⅱ层，这些双标神经元大约占PV阳性神经元的62．4％，占GFP阳性神经元的12．8％。结论在Ｖc表达GFP的GABA能神经元主要密集分布于与外周伤害性信息传递关系密切的板层内，且大部分PV样阳性神经元属于GABA能神经元。     

大鼠视网膜神经元NOS与Parvalbumin的共存研究

用NADPH脱氢酶组化及Parvalbumin免疫组化双标记技术观察了正常大鼠视网膜一氧化氮合酶(NOS)与Parvalbumin(PV)的分布,结果显示NOS阳性神经元主要位于内核层内缘带第二列,少数位于节细胞层,胞体圆形/卵圆形,直径8～12μm,细胞一侧发出突起伸向内网层1、3、5亚层,以第3亚层最为明显,PV免疫反应(PV—Ⅰ)神经元位于内核层最内缘第一列,少数位于第二列、中间部及节细胞层,胞体卵圆形,直径6～10μm,由胞体一端发出突起伸向内网层第1、5亚层.神经纤维层可见PV～Ⅰ纤维.内核层内缘第二列可见少数双标阳性细胞,在它们的PV免疫反应胞质内散布有NOS颗粒.实验结果表明 NOS阳性神经元与PV～Ⅰ神经元均为无长突细胞,分属不同的亚型,少效PV～Ⅰ神经元属节细胞,个别双标细胞可能为另一种亚型的无长突细胞,提示NOS与PV在视觉信息传递中可能存在某些联系.     

大鼠,金黄地鼠和家兔视网膜内一氧化氮合酶分布的比较

用ＮＡＤＰＨ黄递酶组织化学染色法观察了正常成年大鼠、金黄地鼠和家兔视网膜内一氧化氮合酶的分布，并比较了３种不同动物的区别。结果显示，在视网膜内ＮＯＳ阳性神经元主要为分布于内核层的无长突细胞、节细胞层的移位无长突细胞和少数节细胞，不同种类动物的视网膜内，ＮＯＳ阳性细胞的配布、密度和细胞形态均有差异。大鼠视网膜内ＮＯＳ阳性细胞多尾于内核层无长突细胞和节细胞层移位无长细胞，偶见于视网膜节细胞。金黄地鼠视     

细胞因子信号转导抑制因子SOCS-3在成年大鼠视网膜内的定位分布

目的 分析JAK-STAT信号转导途径抑制蛋白SOCS-3在大鼠视网膜内的基础表达和细胞内定位分布。方法 免疫细胞化学技术。结果 SOCS-3免疫阳性反应细胞广泛分布在视网膜节细胞层和内核层。在节细胞层，SOCS-3免疫阳性反应产物主要分布在节细胞核；在内核层，部分阳性细胞为MUller细胞。结论 SOCS-3在正常大鼠视网膜神经元及胶质细胞内有较为广泛的基础表达，并以核蛋白为其主要存在形式。     

视神经损伤后猴视网膜神经元钙结合蛋白免疫活性的变化

用免疫组织学方法观察了成年猴视网膜神经元在视神经切断后钙结合蛋白活性的变化。结果显示视网膜神经元变性和死亡主要发生在损伤后１个月内，表现为节细胞层、神经层及内核层阳性产物丢失。     

小清蛋白、钙视网膜蛋白在皮质发育不良大鼠大脑皮质中的表达

目的了解小清蛋白(PV)、钙视网膜结合蛋白(CR)在皮质发育不良(CD)大鼠大脑皮质中的表达,探讨其在鉴别CD和参与癫痫发病机制中的作用。方法孕15d的SD大鼠腹腔注射卡莫司汀建立子代鼠CD模型,P30行热水浴诱发惊厥实验,组织病理学技术观察仔鼠皮质结构改变,免疫组化、免疫荧光、RT-PCR技术检测PV、CR在大鼠大脑皮质的表达。结果①模型鼠热水浴诱发惊厥潜伏期缩短;②免疫组化示模型鼠大脑皮质PV阳性细胞数量([77.50±4.49个)/视野]较对照组([37.28±2.72)个/视野]减少(P0.05)、空间分布紊乱、皮质浅层出现阳性细胞结节和阳性细胞空白区,CR的表达较对照组无显著差异;③免疫荧光示模型鼠PV阳性细胞减少,胞体增大;④RT-PCR检测示模型鼠PVmRNA相对表达量显著降低,CRmRNA的相对表达量无显著差异。结论PV可作为鉴定CD的指标;表达PV的GABA能抑制性中间神经元的损伤可能在CD所致的难治性癫痫中具有重要作用。     

Characteristics of Cellular Proliferation in the Developing Human Retina

The expression of proliferation-associated proteins Ki67 and PCNA was studied in the retinal rudiments of human embryos at 5-8 weeks of development; studies also addressed the numbers of nucleoli in the nuclei of neuroepithelial cells (with consideration of their distances to the apical surface) and DNA-synthesizing cells after transient (20 min) in vitro incubation in serum-free medium containing BrdU. The retinal rudiment of embryos at five weeks of development had neuroepithelium of the typical structure. BrdU-positive nuclei and nuclei with small numbers of nucleoli were located in the basal part of the ventricular zone. However, this organization was disrupted during the initial period of formation of the inner nuclear layer (six weeks). At this time, DNA-synthesizing cells were found even at the apical surface. Retinal rudiments of embryos at 6-7 weeks of development contained an additional area of cell proliferation in the Chievitz layer and the inner nuclear layer. In eight-week embryos, dividing cells were located in the outer nuclear layer, which again acquired the organization typical of neuroepithelium.     

Peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI)-immunoreactive amacrine cells in the retina of the rat

Peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI) immunoreactivity was located in amacrine-like cells in adult rat retina by use of immunohistochemical techniques. Immunoreactive somata were found in the proximal part of the inner nuclear layer. From these somata, processes could be followed into the inner plexiform layer. The terminals of these processes were mainly found in the sublayers, 1, 2, and 3, but a few terminals were also present in the other inner plexiform sublaminae. The distribution of PHI-immunoreactive somata and processes corresponds with the cellular distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and indicates a possible co-localization with this peptide.     

Expression of the 40 kDa catecholamine regulated protein in the normal and injured rat retina

Catecholamine regulated protein 40 (CRP40) has been shown to be expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) of several mammalian species where it may function in a similar manner to members of the heat shock protein (HSP) family. Immunohistochemical and immunoblotting techniques were utilized to investigate whether CRP40 is expressed in normal rat retinas. In addition, changes in CRP40 expression were studied following optic nerve transection. The immunohistochemical results showed that CRP40 is expressed in the normal rat retina. The protein was found to be highly expressed in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), the inner nuclear layer (INL) and the outer plexiform layer (OPL). In addition, a low level of CRP40 was found in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and in the inner segment layer (ISL). No expression was found in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) of normal rat retina. The immunoblotting results show that CRP40 expression decreased in a time-dependent fashion after the optic nerve transection. This decrease indicates that the expression of CRP40 is dependent on the neuron's normal physiological state and that it plays an important function in physiological and pathological conditions in the retina.     

Development of NADPH-diaphorase cells in the rat's retina

This study has examined the development of cells in the rat retina which contain nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase. NADPH-diaphorase cells were first detected at postnatal day (P) 3, in somata located in the inner part of the cytoblast layer (CBL). At this age, NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was also seen in weakly labelled fibers in the presumptive outer plexiform layer (OPL). By P5, the somata of most labelled cells were in the inner part of the inner nuclear layer (INL), and by P11, their processes had spread extensively within the inner plexiform layer (IPL). By P25, there was a striking change in the pattern of NADPH-diaphorase reactivity. First, cells had lost reactivity from their large and extensive dendrites and second, there was a distinct reduction in the diameters of labelled somata. Thus, NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was most prominent during the period of synaptogenesis in the IPL. Labelled cells at P3 numbered 120 and were largely found at the superior margin of the retina. By P11, their total number had increased to the adult value of about 3400 and their density was highest in peripheral retina. With further development, the differential expansion of the retina appeared to lower the peripheral densities, resulting in an approximately uniform distribution by adulthood.     

Colchicine injection in the inferior olivary nucleus increases the number of Purkinje cell dendritic spines

The number of Purkinje cell dendritic spines was evaluated in the cerebellum of rats after injection of colchicine into the inferior olivary nucleus. In these conditions, the spines situated in the proximal (inner) part of the molecular layer were increased as compared to lumicolchicine-injected or non-injected control animals. Most postsynaptic targets for climbing fibers are located in the inner molecular layer and the fact that spines in this region increased when axonal transport was blocked in the climbing fibers suggests that the latter play a role in the control of spine formation.     

Expression of Glutamate and GABA during the Process of Rat Retinal Synaptic Plasticity Induced by Acute High Intraocular Pressure

Acute high intraocular pressure (HIOP) can induce plastic changes of retinal synapses during which the expression of the presynaptic marker synaptophysin (SYN) has a distinct spatiotemporal pattern from the inner plexiform layer to the outer plexiform layer. We identified the types of neurotransmitters in the retina that participated in this process and determined the response of these neurotransmitters to HIOP induction. The model of acute HIOP was established by injecting normal saline into the anterior chamber of the rat eye. We found that the number of glutamate-positive cells increased successively from the inner part to the outer part of the retina (from the ganglion cell layer to the inner nuclear layer to the outer nuclear layer) after HIOP, which was similar to the spatiotemporal pattern of SYN expression (internally to externally) following HIOP. However, the distribution and intensity of GABA immunoreactivity in the retina did not change significantly at different survival time post injury and had no direct correlation with SYN expression. Our results suggested that the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate might participate in the plastic process of retinal synapses following acute HIOP, but no evidence was found for the role of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.     

An ultrastructural study of embryonic envelope formation in the anoplocephalid cestode Mosgovoyia ctenoides (Railliet, 1890) Beveridge, 1978

In this study the ultrastructural aspects of egg envelope formation in the anoplocephalid cestode Mosgovoyia ctenoides are described. In the early stage of oncospheral morphogenesis, formation of three following primary embryonic envelopes takes place: (1) the capsule, (2) the outer envelope, and (3) the inner envelope. The capsule is formed from the vitellocyte material. Two macromeres contribute to the formation of the outer envelope and three mesomeres take part in the formation of the inner envelope. The three primary envelopes undergo further differentiation and transformation into the secondary envelopes, the so-called oncospheral or egg envelopes. In the advanced preoncospheral phase, the inner envelope undergoes differentiation into three sublayers: (1) a thick extra-embryophoral cytoplasmic layer; (2) an electron-dense embryophore, as a stiff pyriform apparatus; and (3) a thin intra-embryophoral cytoplasmic layer containing mesomere nuclei. The oncosphere is located in the extended cupule-like part of the pyriform apparatus. The two embryophoral horns elongate and fuse, thus forming a rigid cone. Four egg envelopes surround the mature infective oncosphere of M. ctenoides: (1) a thick capsule; (2) the outer envelope; (3) the inner envelope with a characteristic embryophore, in the form of the pyriform apparatus; and (4) the oncospheral membrane. The differentiation and ultrastructure of the egg envelopes of M. ctenoides are compared, in particular to those described in other anoplocephalids, and in general to the oncospheres of other cestode species.An erratum to this article can be found at     

人胎视网膜超氧化物歧化酶和波形蛋白免疫阳性细胞的发育

目的：观察人胎视网膜超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和波形蛋白（VIM）免疫阳性细胞的分布发育。方法：不同孕龄的人胎16例,ABC免疫细胞化学方法显示视网膜SOD和VIM免疫阳性细胞,结果：（1）SOD免疫阳性细胞：E15w节细胞层开始出现SOD免疫阳性细胞;D20W和E28W SOD免疫阳性细胞排列较整齐,分布于视网膜的外核层,内核层,节细胞层,其数量增多,其中内核层SOD免疫阳性细胞增多明显。（2）VIM免疫阳性细胞的发育：E15w内界膜开始出现Muller细胞的VIM免疫阳性终足,并见VIM免疫阳性突起伸向外界膜;E20 人VIM免疫阳性物质集中于内界膜,并见VIM免疫阳性突起伸向外界膜;E28wVIM免疫阳性物质的数量较E20w以前各孕龄明显增多,除色素上皮和视杆视锥层外均有VIM免疫阳性物质出现,除伸向外界膜的VIM免疫阳性突起外,还内网层,内核层,节细胞层和神经纤维层还可见水平走行的细胞突起,结论：（1）视网膜发育基本成熟后,视网膜SOD可能主要来源于内核层的SOD免疫阳性细胞。（3）视网膜神经纤维髓鞘是从内向外逐渐形成的。     

Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive interplexiform cells in the lamprey retina

The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was investigated in retinae of metamorphic, postmetamorphic and adult lampreys. Immunoreactive cell bodies were located mainly in the innermost part of the inner nuclear layer, with a few cells scattered throughout the inner plexiform layer. The processes of these neurons ran preferentially in the inner plexiform layer. Additionally, dense plexus of labelled processes were observed in the outer plexiform and nuclear layers. These findings suggest that most of the tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells in the lamprey retina are interplexiform cells.     

Differential cortical laminar structure revealed by NeuN immunostaining and myeloarchitecture between sulcal and gyral regions independent of sexual dimorphisms in the ferret cerebrum

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively clarify differences in laminar structure and myeloarchitecture of sulcal and gyral regions of the cerebral cortex of ferrets. Histological sections of cerebrum from male and female ferrets at postnatal day 90 were made at the coronal plane, and were immunostained with anti‐NeuN or anti‐myelin basic protein (MBP). Thickness was estimated in the entire depth or three strata, that is, layer I, outer (layers II–III) and inner (layers IV–VI) strata of the neocortex in representative five sulcal and seven gyral regions. As with the entire cortical depth, outer and inner strata were significantly thinner in the sulcal bottoms than in the gyral crowns, whereas layer I had about twofold greater thickness in the sulcal bottoms. However, thicknesses of the entire cortical depth and each cortical stratum were not statistically different among five sulcal regions or seven gyral regions examined. By MBP immunostaining, myelin fibers ran tangentially through the superficial regions of layer I in gyral crowns. Those fibers were relatively denser in gyri of frontal and temporal regions, and relatively sparse in gyri of parietal and occipital regions, although their density in any gyri was not different between sexes. These results show a differential laminar structure and myeloarchitecture between the sulcal and gyral regions of the ferret cerebral cortex present in both sexes. Myelination of layer I tangential fibers varied among primary gyri and was weaker in phylogenetically higher‐order cortical gyri. Anat Rec, 299:1003–1011, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.