125I放射性粒子食管支架置入治疗食管癌伴吞咽困难患者的护理

目的 探讨125I放射性粒子食管支架置入治疗食管癌的护理.方法 对21例晚期食管癌患者实施125I放射性粒子食管支架置入.术前、术中、术后给予护理干预,记录与治疗相关并发症的发生及护理情况,对护理效果进行总结分析.结果 21例食管癌患者顺利置入125I放射性粒子食管支架,术后患者吞咽梗阻症状得到有效缓解,进食情况明显改善.支架置入4h后,在护理人员的指导下进流食,吞咽顺畅,其中4例感胸痛,2例有少量出血,2例有异物感.结论 125I放射性粒子食管支架置入治疗食管癌是一项新的技术,术前、术中、术后等环节的正确护理,能有效降低相关并发症的发生.     

晚期食管癌内置食管支架术应用探讨

晚期食管癌患者，错过手术根治机会，由于食管高度狭窄，造成患者进食梗阻，严重影响患者生活质量。我院开展食管支架植入术，对晚期食管癌狭窄治疗取得良好效果，有效缓解患者进食梗阻症状，现报告如下。     

老年食管癌的金属支架姑息性治疗

目的 评价带膜食管支架在老年食管癌患者姑息治疗中的疗效。方法 ３２例带膜食管支架均在Ｘ线电视监视下置入,置入支架前不同球囊扩张狭窄段,直接将置入器沿导丝插送病变段并释放支架。结果 ３２例均一次置入支架成功,成功率１００％。支架置入后所有患者吞咽困难症均改善。无与支架置入术有关的严重并发症发生。平均生存期６．５个月。结论应用带膜食管支架对老年食管癌患者进行姑息性治疗,能有效地缓解食管梗阻症状,改善患     

超细胃镜下食管记忆合金支架置入术的护理

食管记忆合金支架置入术是一种食管癌、贲门癌的姑息性治疗．以期通过食管狭窄,缓解梗阻引起吞咽困难,解决进食难道,增进患者营养状况和生活质量从而延长生存期。与其它方法相比．食管支架的置入具有改善症状迅速,操作简单．安全性高的优点。我院自2007年1月～2008年12月共为28例晚期食管癌、     

X线下支架置入术与放疗联合治疗中晚期食管癌

食管支架置入术是治疗食管良恶性狭窄的一种新的介入治疗技术。目前食管支架的置入技术有X线监视下和内镜下置入两种方法。放射治疗（简称：放疗）是中、晚期食管癌主要姑息治疗手段，在实际放疗工作中，部分患者常因癌肿梗阻无法进食而造成全身营养不良，以及放疗过程中发生的各种并发症而终止放疗。我院自2000年5月至2004年5月对32例失去或拒绝手术治疗的中晚期食管癌患者行X线下金属支架置入术，然后随机选择16例患者带架放疗，重点比较单纯支架治疗和联合放疗患者的临床症状缓解率、生存率及并发症发生率。现报道如下。     

支架置入治疗食管癌、贲门癌的临床分析

食管癌、贲门癌所致的食管狭窄严重影响患者的生存质量，导致营养不良及水、电解质紊乱，从而导致衰竭死亡。我院自2005．08—2008．02，对出现梗阻症状又无手术适应证的晚期食管癌、贲门癌和术后复发癌的患者41例，行食管蜾钛记忆合金支架置入治疗，取得良好疗效。     

光动力疗法联合支架置人姑息性治疗癌性腔道梗阻——附26例报告

目的 观察光动力疗法联合支架置入姑息性治疗恶性腔道梗阻的疗效及其并发症.方法 26例腔道梗阻,失去手术机会或拒绝手术的中晚期癌症患者,包括15例食管癌、5例支气管癌,6例胆总管癌,行光动力疗法加支架置入姑息性解除腔道梗阻治疗.术后跟踪随访半年,观察疗效、并发症、KPS,定期内镜检查腔道通畅状况.结果 26例患者,术后腔道梗阻明显缓解,仅1例食管患者发生支架移位,1例胆总管癌患者发生再次梗阻,KPS评分从平均31.0分提高至42.4分,并发症经相应处理后均症状消失.结论 光动力疗法联合支架置入姑息性治疗能有效缓解癌性腔道梗阻症状,并发症少,能明显改善腔道梗阻患者的生存质量.     

125I粒子食管支架治疗食管癌临床应用的研究进展

食管癌是常几尢的恶性肿瘤,大部分患者确诊时已属晚期,失去外科手术机会。食管支架近年来被广泛应用于食管癌造成的食管狭窄的治疗,临床应用表明食管支架可以有效地解决患者的吞咽困难,但普通支架对肿瘤本身无任何治疗作用。^125I粒子食管支架的出现则弥补了这一不足,其在扩张食管的同时对肿瘤进行近距离的放射治疗,从而达到解决患者吞咽困难和抑制食管肿瘤的双重目的。现对^125I粒子食管支架的研究进展及临床应用作一综述。     

记忆合金支架置入治疗食管癌性狭窄36例

目的探讨采用记忆合金食道加膜支架治疗晚期食管癌所致食管狭窄的结果。方法在胃镜及X线协助下将支架置入狭窄处。结果36例支架均一次置入成功，术后进食通畅，无呕吐、腹胀，近期有效率100％。结论支架置入治疗晚期食管癌所致食管狭窄，具有操作简便、创伤小等优点。     

食管支架选择应用的临床探讨

目的：探讨合理选用食管金属内支架置入治疗晚期食管癌性狭窄引起的吞咽困难。方法：对72例晚期食管癌置入食管金属内支架。结果：吞咽困难完全清除或明显缓解,食管－气管瘘或纵隔瘘完全封闭。结论：合理选择食管内支架可减少并发症的发生,是解决晚期食管癌患者进食的有效方法。     

Radiological evaluation of covered self-expandable metallic stents used for palliation in patients with malignant esophageal strictures

Purpose: To study the role of self-expandable metallic stents in malignant esophageal strictures in terms of patency, improved dysphagia score, and possible associated complications.

Material and Methods: Twenty-two patients with inoperable carcinoma of the esophagus underwent stent placement. Four different varieties of covered stents were used. Stenting was performed under fluoroscopic guidance and local pharyngeal anesthesia. During follow-up, patients were examined clinically and radiologically to assess the effectiveness of stents in relieving dysphagia, to check the stent position, patency, and possible complications.

Results: Fluoroscopic placement of the stent was successful and well tolerated in all patients without any serious complications. Accurate stent placement was possible in 95% of cases. The mean dysphagia score prior to stenting was 3.5 and poststent 1.2, with an improvement of 2.3 degrees. In two patients with associated fistulas, complete closure was seen after stent insertion. There was poor stent expansion in three patients. Significant tumor overgrowth occurred in two patients, and a second overlapping stent was deployed in one case. Three patients developed food impaction, which needed endoscopic removal of impacted food in two cases.

Conclusion: Fluoroscopic placement of self-expandable metallic stents is a safe and effective method of palliating severe dysphagia and fistulas in patients with inoperable esophageal carcinoma. However, complications such as tumor overgrowth and food impaction may require reintervention after stent placement.     

支架端改型防治食管支架术后再狭窄的临床应用

目的 观察支架端改型对食管支架术后再狭窄的防治作用及其安全性.方法 10例经病理及影像学确诊的食管癌患者,用支架端增加硅胶膜的改型支架进行治疗.术后每月随访吞咽困难程度Stooler分级评分、胸部X线片、CT和食管钡餐,了解支架的位置及有无梗阻;每2个月行胃镜检查以了解支架有无狭窄,随访有无严重胸痛、出血、肺炎、食管气...     

Disappearance of esophageal carcinoma after stenting combined with endoscopic laser therapy

A 92-year-old man with dysphagia secondary to squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus was palliated repeatedly with endoscopic laser therapy and insertion of esophageal stents. During the treatment period of 32 months, the patient could be fed perorally while ingrowth of tumor, development of new stenoses at the edges of the stents, and breakage of one stent were encountered. A tracheoesophageal fistula developed at the upper edge of the first stent. The patient died from aspiration pneumonia. At autopsy, no cancer cells were found in the esophagus. Combined endoscopic laser treatment and stent therapy may keep a patient free from dysphagia during a long period of time and also may result in the complete disappearance of tumor growth in the esophagus.     

Comparison of temporary and permanent stent placement with concurrent radiation therapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical effectiveness of temporary metallic stent placement with concurrent radiation therapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma by comparing it with permanent stent placement with concurrent radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents were placed in 47 patients with esophageal carcinoma 1 week before starting radiation therapy; the stents were electively removed 4 weeks after placement in 24 patients (group A), while not electively removed in the other 23 patients (group B). In cases of complications, the stents were also removed from patients in groups A and B. The dysphagia score, complications (severe pain, granulation tissue formation, stent migration, esophagorespiratory fistula, and hematemesis), tumor overgrowth/regrowth, reintervention rates, and dysphagia-progression-free and overall survival rates were compared in the two groups. RESULTS: Stent placement or removal was technically successful and well tolerated in all patients. The dysphagia score was significantly improved in both groups after stent placement (P < .01). Each of the stent-related complications was less in group A than in group B but there was no significant difference. However, the total number of patients with one or more than one complications and who needed related reinterventions was significantly less in group A than in group B (P = .042 and .030, respectively). Tumor overgrowth/regrowth and the total number of patients who required related reinterventions was not significantly different (P = 1.00 and .517, respectively). Dysphagia-progression-free and overall survival rates were significantly longer in group A than in group B (P = .005 and .001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Temporary placement of a covered retrievable expandable metallic stent with concurrent radiation therapy for patients with esophageal carcinoma is beneficial for reducing complications and related reinterventions and for increasing resultant survival rates compared with permanent esophageal stent placement.     

食管内支架置入后的随访研究

目的食管狭窄置入金属支架后长期随访，观察其疗效和并发症。方法４３例食管狭窄放置了金属支架患者有较完整的随访资料。良性狭窄１４例，恶性狭窄２９例。置入Ｕｌｔｒｅｆｌｅｘ支架３２例，ＧｉａｎｔｕｒｃｏＺ型带膜支架４例，国产网状支架６例，Ｗａｌｓｔｅｎｔ支架１例。门诊随访行食管造影和内窥镜检查２７例，电话或信访１６例。结果１～３２个月随访观察，无支架移位。２４例死亡，术后生存时间１７天至２８个月，平均６．８个月。死亡原因：肿瘤广泛转移１９例，肺部感染２例，其他原因引起死亡３例。发生再狭窄１６例，为支架内或两端发生狭窄。肿瘤组织生长造成的狭窄４例，１２例为食管腔内组织过度增生，这类狭窄全部发生在置入支架后４～５个月。支架内狭窄５例，支架两端狭窄１１例，其中１０例为支架上端狭窄。１２例行再次球囊扩张或支架置入。结论肿瘤的生长，特别是粘膜和纤维组织增生是引起再狭窄的主要原因，支架上端狭窄更容易发生吞咽困难。由于再狭窄的发生率较高，对于良性食管狭窄的支架成型术应严格选择病例。     

Predictors of outcome of single-dose brachytherapy for the palliation of dysphagia from esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND: Single-dose brachytherapy is a commonly used palliative treatment modality for esophageal carcinoma, however, a considerable number of patients need additional treatment for persistent or recurrent dysphagia. Our aim was to establish predictors of an unfavorable outcome after single-dose brachytherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between December 1999 and July 2002, 95 patients with dysphagia from inoperable esophageal carcinoma were treated with single-dose (12 Gy) brachytherapy. Patients were followed-up prospectively by monthly home visits by a specialized research nurse. We investigated the patient and tumor characteristics that influence the risk of persistent dysphagia (continuing dysphagia within 4 weeks after treatment necessitating a second treatment) or recurrent dysphagia (occurring more than 4 weeks after treatment) after single-dose brachytherapy, using logistic and Cox regressions. RESULTS: At 4 weeks after brachytherapy, the dysphagia score was improved in 62/84 (74%) patients. Major complications occurred in 11/95 (12%) patients. In total, 42/95 (44%) patients were treated for persistent (n = 18) and/or recurrent dysphagia (n = 28). Persistent dysphagia (n = 18) was caused by persisting obstructing tumor confirmed at endoscopy, and these patients were treated with stent placement. Patients needing dilation before treatment had a higher risk of persistent dysphagia (odds ratio = 4.1; 95% CI 1.3-12). There was a trend toward a higher risk of persistent dysphagia for patients previously treated with chemotherapy (odds ratio = 3.2; 95% CI 0.81-12). In total, 34 events of recurrent dysphagia occurred in 28 patients, caused by obstructing tumor regrowth (n = 26), food bolus obstruction (n = 5), or other reasons (n = 3). None of the investigated patient and tumor characteristics had a significant association with the risk of developing recurrent dysphagia. Of all patients needing additional treatment (42/95), those who needed dilation before treatment had a higher risk of persistent and/or recurrent dysphagia (hazard ratio = 2.1; 95% CI 1.1-4.1). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with stenotic esophageal tumors that cannot be bypassed or who previously underwent chemotherapy are poor candidates for single-dose brachytherapy. For these patients, a higher and/or fractionated dose of brachytherapy or alternative palliative treatment modalities should be considered.     

Balloon dilation and stent placement for esophageal lesions: indications, methods, and results.

Esophageal balloon dilation and expandable stent placement are safe, minimally invasive, effective treatments for esophageal strictures and fistulas. These procedures have brought the management of dysphagia due to esophageal strictures into the field of interventional radiology. Esophageal dilation is usually indicated for benign stenoses and is technically successful in more than 90% of cases. Most patients with esophageal carcinoma are not candidates for resection; thus, the main focus of treatment is palliation of malignant dysphagia and esophagorespiratory fistulas. Esophageal stent placement, which is approved only for malignant strictures, is one of the main therapeutic options in affected patients and relieves dysphagia in approximately 90% of cases. Dedicated commercially available devices continue to evolve, each with its own advantages and limitations. Stent placement is subject to technical pitfalls, and adverse events occur following esophageal procedures in a minority of cases. Although chest pain is common and self-limited, reflux esophagitis, stent migration, tracheal compression, and esophageal perforation and obstruction require specific interventions. In many cases, these complications can be recognized and treated by the interventional radiologist with minimally invasive techniques. Copyright RSNA, 2003.     

Palliation of malignant esophageal strictures: initial results with self-expanding uncovered nitinol coil stents

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the uncovered coil stents in patients with malignant dysphagia. Coiled spring-shaped uncovered self-expanding metallic Esophacoil stents (Instent, Eden Prairie, Minnesota) were placed in 11 patients (9 men and 2 women; age range 38–77 years, mean age 60.5 years) with malignant esophageal strictures and dysphagia, under fluoroscopic guidance. Dysphagia was graded on a scale of 0 to 4 (0 = no dysphagia; 1 = dysphagia to normal solids; 2 = dysphagia to soft solids; 3 = dysphagia to solids and liquids; 4 = complete dysphagia, inability to swallow saliva). Two patients had received radiation therapy, 4 had had chemotherapy, and 5 had had a combination of both radiation and chemotherapy before stent palliation. Control clinical examinations and endoscopic or barium swallow studies were performed every 4 weeks until the patient died. The stents were well tolerated by all patients and were effective in 9 of 11 patients with malignant dysphagia. Complications of the procedure included incomplete opening of the stent in 1 case, migration in 1 case, transient pain in 8 cases, reflux in 3 cases and minor gastrointestinal bleeding in 2 cases. Stent migration in 1 case resulted in surgical intervention and incomplete opening of the stent allowed only partial improvement of dysphagia in 1 case. The quality of life significantly improved in all other patients. Mean survival time of the patients was 73 days (range 34–125 days) and no significant tumor ingrowth was detected during the follow-up period. Insertion of an Esophacoil has a good palliative effect on dysphagia in patients with malignant esophageal strictures with few complications. Although the stent is uncovered, tumor ingrowth and overgrowth were not observed in our study, possibly because of previous treatments. Received: 22 July 1998; Revision received: 30 November 1998; Accepted: 21 December 1998     

Removal of a covered esophageal metallic stent 8 years after placement

A covered expandable esophageal metallic stent was placed to treat a corrosive esophageal stricture that was refractory to repeated balloon dilations. The stent was removed 8 years after placement due to severe dysphagia. The stented esophageal area has since maintained long-term patency for 2 years. These results suggest the feasibility of removal of a metallic stent after long-term stent placement.