新型暂时性贲门支架治疗犬贲门失弛缓症的实验研究

目的 探讨新型暂时性贲门支架治疗实验性犬贲门失弛缓症的疗效和安全性,研究支架取出后不同随访时间点的贲门段食管组织病理学变化特征.方法 采用苄基二甲基十四烷氯化铵(BAC)内镜下食管下括约肌(LES)内环周注射法,24条毕格犬成功建立实验性贲门失弛缓症模型,随机分为对照组和实验组,每组12条,分别植入普通食管支架和新型贲门支架;支架留置4 d后取出.于造模前、造模后和支架取出后1周,1、3和6个月,对各实验犬作食管测压和计时食管钡剂造影(TBE)检查,并于支架取出后每一随访时间点各处死3条实验犬,取贲门段食管作病理学检查.结果 支架植入、取出和随访检查均顺利实施.两组均未发生食管穿孔等严重并发症.组间比较显示实验组支架移位率较低(实验组1条,对照组5条);实验组LES静息压降低更显著(支架取出后6个月时.组间差异有统计学意义,P=0.027);实验组TBE 0～5 min乘积差更大(支架取出后3个月时,组间差异有统计学意义,P=0.009).LES静息压组内多重比较显示实验组有效维持期更长.增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)免疫组化标记染色均显示食管贲门段组织炎症反应在随访1个月时达峰值;Masson三色法染色显示胶原纤维增生指数于随访3个月时趋于稳定状态.结论 本实验中,新型暂时性贲门支架治疗犬贲门失弛缓症在安全性和疗效方面均优于普通食管支架.     

暂时性贲门支架置入与球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症患者的比较研究

目的 回顾性分析和比较应用暂时性贲门支架置入,与相同直径的球囊扩张两种方法治疗贲门失弛缓症患者的长期随访结果.方法 101例贲门失弛缓症患者按不同治疗方式,分为球囊扩张治疗组(A组;n=38)和暂时性贲门支架治疗组(B组;n=63).球囊和支架直径均为30mm.临床症状评分(TSS)和食管测压用于评价患者临床症状和食管下段括约肌(LES)压力改善,食管钡餐检查作为评价食管排空的客观指标.随访期间记录TSS和LES压力变化并进行比较.结果 A组38例共行49次球囊扩张,B组63例共行65次支架置入,均在透视引导下成功施行.术后并发症包括疼痛、反流和出血,在A组中上述症状分别为9例(23.6%)、8例(21.1%)和3例(8%);B组中分别为27例(42.9%)、8例(12.7%)和lO例(15.9%).支架置入时间为4~7 d,后经胃镜取出.术后两组患者TSS、食管测压和钡餐检查均较术前明显改善.A组平均随访(71.3±40.9)个月,B组平均随访(53.9±36.2)个月,随访结束时A组TSS和LES压力分别为(10.20±0.45)和(58.60±8.65)mmHg,而B组分别为(4.00±1.0)(P=0.0096)和(43.67±12.66)mmHg(P=0.168 7).Kaplan-Meier曲线表明在>10年随访中,B组的症状缓解优于A组(P=0.0212).结论 长期随访研究表明,与相同直径的球囊扩张相比,暂时性贲门支架置入治疗贲门失弛缓症患者具有更好的疗效.     

不同直径暂时性贲门支架成形术治疗贲门失弛缓症的远期随访

目的通过长期随访研究探讨不同直径暂时性贲门支架成形术治疗贲门失弛缓症远期疗效。方法135例贲门失弛缓症患者根据暂时性贲门支架直径分为3组,其中20 mm组(A组)30例;25 mm组(B组)30例;30 mm组(C组)75例。135例贲门失弛缓症患者中放置135枚暂时性贲门支架。支架放置后3～5 d,采用内镜取出。所有支架安放和取出成功率100%,无操作死亡。结果3组介入治疗前后贲门管腔直径、吞咽困难评分差异都有显著性(P＜0．01)。A组随访半年、1、3、5、8和10年以上患者吞咽困难复发率分别为6/30(20．0%)、6/30(20．0%)、5/22(22．7%)、6/16(37．5%)、5/9和3/3;B组随访大于等于半年、1、3、5、8年和10年以上患者吞咽困难复发率分别为4/30(13．3%)、4/30(13．3%)、3/23(13．0%)、4/18 (22．2%)、5/11(45．5%)和3/4;C组随访大于等于半年、1、3、5、8年和10年以上患者吞咽困难复发率分别为0/75(0%)、1/66(1．5%)、4/48(8．3%)、6/33(18．2%)、6/18(33．3%)和2/5。结论30 mm直径作暂时性贲门支架成形术是贲门失弛缓症暂时性支架成形术中的最佳选择。     

贲门失弛缓症的四种介入治疗成形术的选择和中远期疗效比较

目的探讨贲门失弛缓症有效的介入治疗方法,并分析4种介入治疗方法的中、远期疗效。方法238例贲门失弛缓症患者。其中球囊导管成形术组(A组)80例;永久性贲门支架成形组(B组)8例;暂时性贲门支架成形术组(C组)135例;直径递增组合成形术组(暂时性贲门支架加增加直径的球囊导管成形术8例;直径递增暂时性贲门支架成形术7例)15例(D组)。C、D组术后3～5d由胃镜取出支架。4种介入治疗方法随访时间6～138个月。结果A组80例共进行152次扩张,平均每例1.9次。并发症发生率为疼痛43.8%、反流27.5%、出血10.0%;随访半年、1、3、5、8年和10年以上患者吞咽困难复发率分别为32.5%、56.3%、85.5%、89.1%、92.6%、100%。B组8例,安放裸支架5枚和部分覆膜抗反流支架3枚,支架置入成功率100%。并发症发生率为疼痛5/8、反流5/8、出血3/8、肉芽组织增生3/8;随访半年、1、3年和5年以上患者吞咽困难复发率分别为3/8、4/8、5/8、4/8。C组135例,安放部分覆膜支架135枚。并发症发生率为疼痛39.3%、反流21.5%、出血17.0%;随访半年、1、3、5、8年和10年以上患者吞咽困难复发率分别为7.4%、8.7%、12.9%、23.9%、42.1%、66.7%。D组15例,并发症发生率为疼痛73.3%、反流40.0%、出血40.0%;随访半年、1、3年和5年以上患者吞咽困难复发率分别为12.5%、20.0%、27.3%、28.6%。4种介入治疗方法治疗前后贲门管腔直径、吞咽困难评分等差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。结论暂时性贲门支架成形术是贲门失弛缓症介入治疗中的首选方法;直径递增组合成形术为贲门失弛缓症介入治疗的补充方法。     

贲门失弛缓症腔内支架术的应用价值

目的　探讨腔内支架术在治疗贲门失弛缓症中的应用价值。方法　对因贲门失弛缓症的患者进行腔内支架术的病例进行了回顾分析。患者共 8例、使用 2种支架材料 ,其中不锈钢支架 2根、镍钛合金支架 6根。支架均经胃镜在X线电视下植入。结果　置放支架均一次成功 ,解除了患者进食困难 ,经 1～ 5年不等的随访 ,5例出现返流性食管炎 (其中 3例发生不同程度的上消化道出血 )。 1例植入支架腔内再狭窄。结论　腔内支架术治疗贲门失弛缓症能疏通患者进食通道 ,改善患者进食能力 ,由于失去正常贲门功能 ,患者出现不同程度的返流性食管炎 ,甚至消化道出血 ,贲门失弛缓症的患者应慎用腔内支架术。     

贲门失弛缓症介入治疗进展

贲门失弛缓症是一种原发性食管运动障碍疾病,由下食管括约肌(LES)张力增高及松弛不良造成,主要表现为吞咽障碍,其发病机制目前尚不明确。各种治疗方法的目的均为降低LES的紧张性和阻滞性以缓解症状。目前治疗贲门失弛缓症的方法有药物治疗、肉毒毒素治疗、外科肌松解术、球囊导管成形术和贲门支架成形术。暂时性贲门支架成形术,是近年来使用的新介入治疗法,具有较好的优势和疗效,将成为治疗贲门失弛缓症的首选微创疗法。     

暂时性金属内支架治疗贲门失弛缓症对食管动力的影响

目的 探讨暂时性金属内支架治疗贲门失弛缓症对食管动力的影响。方法 29例贲门失弛缓症患者在X线透视下置入国产可扩张带膜金属内支架，术后3～7d由胃镜取出。治疗前后均测定下食管括约肌(lower esophageal sphincter LES)静息压、松弛率及食管内24h pH监测。12名健康人测定LES静息压、松弛率。结果 支架扩张前LES静息压显著高于扩张后；扩张前LES松弛率显著高于扩张后；扩张后LES静息压和松弛率与健康人相比差异无显著性。扩张后胃食管反流(GER)率显著高于扩张前。结论 暂时性金属内支架扩张术能显著降低贲门失弛缓症患者的LES压力，但GER也显著增加。     

记忆合金支架治疗贲门失弛缓症13例

1999年8月～2005年10月，我们收治贲门失弛缓症13例，采用经胃镜置入镍一钛合金支架治疗，疗效满意。现报告如下。     

可回收食管覆膜支架治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效观察

目的评价国产可回收食管覆膜金属内支架治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床疗效。方法对16例临床诊断为贲门失弛缓症的患者,在DSA监视下经口腔置入Z型双喇叭口覆膜金属内支架,28d左右进行食管造影并回收内支架。结果16例中1例于术后2周支架脱落入胃腔内,经取出重新放置成功;所有病例在28d左右顺利取出,未出现严重并发症;随访3个月～3年,2例分别于术后1、1.5年出现再狭窄,经球囊扩张好转。所有患者无吞咽困难等临床症状。结论可回收食管覆膜金属内支架治疗贲门失弛缓症,具有操作简便、安全、效果显著、并发症少、再狭窄率低等优点。     

内镜下微波切开结合记忆合金支架置入术治疗贲门失弛缓症13例

目的:探讨微波切开结合记忆合金支架置入术在治疗贲门失弛缓症中的应用价值。方法:在胃镜直视下微波切开部分食管下扩约肌并将记忆合金支架置入病变部位。结果:13例患者均获得良好疗效,治疗后进食通畅,未再出现阻塞和呕吐,近期有效率达100%。结论:内镜下微波切开结合记忆合金支架植入术是治疗贲门失弛缓症行之有效的方法。     

硅膜-镁合金可降解支架置入兔食管可行性及组织反应——外和体内初步研究

目的 体外研究硅膜-镁合金可降解支架的机械特性和降解行为,体内研究其置入兔食管的可行性及组织反应.方法 体外测试硅膜-镁合金可降解支架的机械压缩恢复性能和降解行为.30只健康荷兰兔随机分为硅膜-镁合金支架组(n=15,透视导引下将支架置入兔食管下1/3段)和对照组(n=15,未作任何干预),支架置入后1、2、4周两组兔分别接受食管造影,同时于各时间点分别处死5只兔,取材作组织学检查.结果 体外测试显示硅膜-镁合金可降解支架表现出良好的柔韧性和弹性,在pH4.0、pH7.4磷酸缓冲液中降解均慢于镁合金裸支架;体内测试显示支架置入后所有实验兔耐受性良好,食管直径在置入前为(9.2±0.8) mm,置入后1、2、4周分别为(9.7±0.7)mm、(9.6±0.8)mm、(9.6±0.5)mm(P＞0.05).支架组6只兔发生支架移位(1周时1只,2周时1只,4周时4只).支架组食管上皮、平滑肌层变薄等食管壁重建与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);支架置入后食管壁损伤及胶原沉积等组织反应与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 硅膜-镁合金可降解支架置入兔食管技术上可行,可提供至少2周支撑力,支架移位率可接受,未发生严重食管壁损伤及胶原沉积.     

Interventional Management of Malignant Colorectal Obstruction: Use of Covered and Uncovered Stents

Objective

We wanted to evaluate usefulness of uncovered stent in comparison with covered stent for the palliative treatment of malignant colorectal obstruction.

Materials and Methods

Covered (n = 52, type 1 and type 2) and uncovered (n = 22, type 3) stents were placed in 74 patients with malignant colorectal obstruction. Stent insertion was performed for palliative treatment in 37 patients (covered stent: n = 23 and uncovered stent: n = 14). In the palliative group, the data on the success of the procedure, the stent patency and the complications between the two groups (covered versus uncovered stents) were compared.

Results

The technical success rate was 89% (33/37). Symptomatic improvement was achieved in 86% (18/21) of the covered stent group and in 92% (11/12) of the uncovered stent group patients. The period of follow-up ranged from three to 319 days (mean period: 116±85 days). The mean period of stent patency was 157±33 days in the covered stent group and 165±25 days in the uncovered stent group. In the covered stent group, stent migration (n = 11), stent fracture (n = 2) and poor expansion of the stent (n = 2) were noted. In the uncovered stent group, tumor ingrowth into the stents (n = 3) was noted.

Conclusion

Self-expanding metallic stents are effective for relieving malignant colorectal obstruction. The rate of complications is lower in the uncovered stent group than in the covered stent group.     

支架置入与引流管置入治疗恶性胆肠吻合口狭窄的对比研究

目的比较自膨胀金属支架（SEMS）置入与引流管置入治疗恶性胆肠吻合口狭窄（BAS）的疗效和安全性。 方法回顾性分析2016年3月至2019年6月期间接受治疗的33例恶性BAS患者。其中19例患者接受了SEMS（支架组）治疗，其余14名患者接受了引流管置入治疗（引流管组）。技术成功定义为将支架或引流管成功放置在适当的位置；临床成功定义为术后1周内血清胆红素与基线水平相比降低20％。比较两种治疗方法的并发症，支架或引流管的通畅时间和总体存活率。 结果两组患者均取得了技术成功。在支架组中，15名患者放置了1个支架，另外4名患者放置了2个支架。两组的临床成功率相似，支架组94.7％（18/19），引流管组92.9％（13/14）。两组均没有严重并发症。支架/引流管的中位通畅时间支架组（130 d）显著长于引流管组（61 d，P=0.001）。支架组（159 d）的中位生存期也明显长于引流管组（65 d，P=0.003）。 结论支架置入治疗恶性BAS支架通畅时间和患者存活期显著长于引流管置入治疗恶性BAS，SEMS放置可能优于引流管置入。     

Outcomes of Metallic Biliary Stent Insertion in Patients with Malignant Bilobar Obstruction

PurposeTo assess clinical outcomes of metal stent insertion in patients with bilobar bile duct obstruction by malignant tumors.Materials and MethodsRecords of 120 consecutive patients who underwent placement of metallic stents for palliation of malignant bilobar biliary obstruction between 1995 and 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Single-duct stent insertion was performed in 44 patients with one liver lobe that accounted for more than 70% of total liver volume or only one patent lobar portal vein (group 1). Bilobar stent insertion was performed in 60 patients with approximately equal lobe sizes, patent lobar portal veins, or cholangitis at presentation (group 2). In 16 patients with discontiguous right anterior and posterior segmental ducts (group 3), three stents were deployed in the left lobar and right anterior and posterior segmental ducts. Overall survival, primary patency, and patient morbidity rates following stent insertion were assessed.ResultsNo significant differences in mean overall survival (group 1, 7.3 mo; group 2, 10.3 mo; group 3, 6.5 mo; P = .21) or mean primary stent patency (group 1, 4.2 mo; group 2, 5.9 mo; group 3, 3.5 mo; P = .17) were demonstrated. However, patients in group 3 were significantly more likely to require hospitalizations for cholangitis and additional invasive procedures for recurrent biliary obstruction than patients in groups 1 and 2.ConclusionsUnilobar and bilobar metal stent insertion led to similar outcomes when treatment decision was based on relative liver lobe volumes, lobar portal vein patency, and presence of cholangitis on presentation.     

胆道支架位置对治疗低位恶性梗阻性黄疸的影响

目的 比较胆道支架跨与不跨十二指肠壶腹部放置治疗低位恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的临床预后差异.方法 分析本院符合条件的56例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的临床资料,其中支架跨十二指肠壶腹部放置31例,支架不跨十二指肠壶腹部放置25例,比较2组患者间支架置入术后4~7 d总胆红素下降率、胆道感染率及支架再阻塞率等方面的差异.结果 跨壶腹部组与不跨壶腹部组的生存期分别为(180.3±142.5) d、(178.6±137.7) d(P=0.840).2组患者术后4~7 d总胆红素下降率为42.0%±43.6%、41.4%±28.7%(P=0.950);治疗成功率分别为93.5%、92.0%(P=1.0).跨壶腹部组术后胆道感染7例(22.6%),不跨壶腹部组术后胆道感染5例(20.0%)(P=0.815).2组患者支架再阻塞率分别为22.6%、28.0%(P=0.642).结论 2种支架置入方式均是治疗低位胆道梗阻安全、有效的方法;与支架非跨壶腹部放置相比,支架跨壶腹部放置未增加胆道感染及支架再狭窄发生率.     

Brachytherapy and percutaneous stenting in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma: a prospective randomised study

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of radiation therapy including intraluminal brachytherapy with iridium-192 on survival of patients with malignant biliary strictures (cholangiocarcinoma, histologically improved) treated with metallic stent in a prospective randomised study. METHOD AND MATERIALS: In the prospective randomised study, 21 patients with cholangiocarcinoma were treated with implantation of percutaneous stents followed with intraluminal Ir-192 brachytherapy (mean dose 30 Gy) and external radiotherapy (mean dose 50 Gy) and 21 patients were treated only with stents insertion. We did not find any statistically significant differences in age and tumor localization between these two groups of patients. RESULTS: All the patients died. In the group of patients treated with brachytherapy and with stent implantation, the mean survival time was 387.9 days. In the group of patients treated only with stent insertion the mean survival was 298 days. In effort to eliminate possible effect of external radiotherapy we treated the control group of eight patients with cholangiocarcinoma by stent insertion and brachytherapy only. CONCLUSION: Our results show that combined radiation therapy could extend the survival in the patients with cholangiocarcinoma obstruction.     

Effectiveness of open versus antireflux stents for palliation of distal esophageal carcinoma and prevention of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux

PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of an antireflux stent with that of a standard open stent in preventing symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with inoperable distal esophageal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty consecutive patients with inoperable distal esophageal tumors underwent placement of either a standard open or an antireflux stent across the cardia. Stents were allocated randomly before assessment of the stricture. All patients were followed up prospectively by the departmental research nurses. Technical and clinical success, reflux symptoms, complications, and reintervention rates were assessed. P values of observed differences were calculated by using the chi(2) and log-rank tests as appropriate. RESULTS: The technical success rate was 100%. Improvement in dysphagia was identical in both groups (three points on a five-point scale). Twenty-four (96%) of 25 patients with standard open stents had symptoms of esophageal reflux; 19 (76%) of 25 required treatment. Three (12%) of 25 patients with antireflux stents reported esophageal reflux; one (4%) of 25 required treatment. This difference was significant (P <.001). There was no significant difference in survival, complications, or reintervention rate. One case of late esophageal perforation occurred in each group. One patient died of aspiration within 24 hours after insertion of a standard open stent; no procedure-related deaths occurred with the antireflux stent. CONCLUSION: This antireflux stent is as safe and effective as the standard open stent in relieving malignant dysphagia and was successful in reducing symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux.     

食管空肠支架转流术治疗2型糖尿病的机制初探

目的 观察内镜下行食管空肠覆膜支架转流术对2型糖尿病(T2DM)模型犬的治疗效果并探讨其机制.方法 肥胖症并T2DM模型Beagle犬5只作为手术组,行内镜下食管空肠覆膜支架转流术;正常Beagle犬5只作为对照组,行胃镜观察和剖腹探查术.检测两组术前及术后4、8、12周空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、静脉葡萄糖试验(IVGTT)2h血糖、IVGTT-2h胰岛素等糖尿病相关指标,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA-β),并检测抑胃肽(GIP)和胰高糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)等胃肠激素水平.结果 与手术前比较,手术组FPG、FINS、IVGTT-2h血糖和IVGTT-2h胰岛素均于术后4周出现显著下降(P＜0.0l),至术后12周接近对照组水平(P＞0.05);术后4周HOMA-IR值明显下降,HOMA-β值显著升高(P＜0.01),至术后12周均接近对照组水平(P＞0.05);术后4周GIP显著下降(P＜0.01),GLP-1水平显著升高(P＜0.05),至术后8周接近对照组水平(P＞0.05).结论 食管空肠覆膜支架转流术治疗T2DM安全有效,其机制可能与胃肠激素的变化有关.     

Placement of covered stents for carotid blowout in patients with head and neck cancer: follow-up results after rescue treatments

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Placement of a covered stent to control carotid blowout (CB) in malignant tumors of the head and neck has been reported to be an effective treatment. However, it is not uncommon to encounter recurrent hemorrhage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the follow-up results of patients treated with covered stents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the results of 7 consecutive patients who underwent placement of a covered stent to control CB. Most of them had poor wound healing because of previous irradiation, surgery, or both. The initial procedures were successful in all patients. Their clinical course was reviewed for rebleeding, additional endovascular treatments in recurrent cases, and outcomes. RESULTS: Recurrence developed in 6 of 7 patients. The interval between the first procedure and the hemorrhagic event was from 3 to 44 days. In 6 patients who had a recurrent CB, 4 had rebleeding from the previous site of the stent, whereas 2 other patients experienced recurrent bleeding in a different area from the site of the stent. Additional endovascular treatments were carried out in all affected patients by another insertion of a covered stent (n = 3), coil embolization (n = 2), or insertion of a covered stent followed by permanent arterial occlusion (n = 1). CONCLUSION: Placement of a covered stent in patients with head and neck cancer who sustain CB showed frequent rebleeding despite favorable initial rescue results. Recurrent CB at the previous stent site developed frequently in patients with uncontrolled wound infection. Concomitant or short-interval arterial trapping should be considered selectively in those conditions.     

Management of ureteral strictures in renal transplants by antegrade balloon dilatation and temporary internal stenting

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous balloon dilatation and temporary internal stenting in the treatment of transplant ureteral strictures. Methods: Nine patients presenting with obstructed renal transplants were treated by antegrade nephrostomy insertion, ureteroplasty, and temporary internal stenting. Following stent removal, patients were divided into two groups for analysis according to whether the obstruction occurred less than (group A) or more than (group B) 3 months following transplantation. Results: All procedures were technically successful. In group A (n= 6), all patients were successfully treated by one or two dilatations with stenting. In group B (n= 3), two patients were successfully treated by one dilatation with stenting. Overall, eight patients (89%) have had their primary or secondary stent removed successfully at a mean interval of 97.5 days after insertion, and remain well at a mean follow-up interval of 22 months. Conclusion: Balloon dilatation and temporary internal stenting is a useful method for treating transplant ureteral strictures.