Multiligament knee injuries with associated tibial plateau fractures: A report of two cases

The management of a combination of fracture and multiligament knee injury (MKI) in traumatic knee injury remains controversial, and there are evolving treatment recommendations. Currently, there are no studies focusing on older adult patients with MKI’s in combination with tibia fractures. As a result, there is no well-established treatment algorithm for older adult patients with these complex injuries. We report two cases of MKI’s with concomitant fractures in patients fifty years of age or older. Both patients were treated surgically for their associated tibial plateau fractures, but were managed with conservative treatment of the multiligamentous knee injuries. We also provide a review of the literature and guidelines for older adult patients with these types of complex traumatic injuries. Early to mid term acceptable outcomes were achieved for both patients through surgical fixation of the tibial plateau fracture and conservative treatment of the ligament injuries. We propose a comprehensive treatment algorithm for management of these complex injuries.     

胫骨平台骨折合并周围韧带损伤治疗探讨

目的 分析胫骨平台骨折术后随访病例膝关节稳定性的变化，探讨胫骨平台骨折合并周围韧带损伤的发生率及早期诊断和处理措施。方法 对2000年1月～2003年6月期间在我院治疗的不同类型胫骨平台骨折进行回顾，对有随访的57例良好复位的平台骨折病例膝关节稳定度进行分析。结果 随访6个月～2.5年，平均15个月，未见明显膝关节不稳现象，总结出本组病例膝关节稳定性良好的原因：①胫骨平台骨折合并周围韧带损伤发生率低；②胫骨平台骨折合并韧带损伤程度轻；③解剖复位及坚强内固定；④术后良好制动及正确的康复训练指导。结论 胫骨平台骨折合并周围韧带完全断裂的发生率较低，韧带不全损伤非手术治疗可获得良好疗效。     

Ligament injuries associated with physeal fractures about the knee

A retrospective study of 29 cases of epiphyseal plate fractures about the knee revealed 14 patients with ligament instability at follow-up evaluation an average of 66 months after injury. Distal femoral physeal fractures had occurred in 16 of the 29 patients. Six of these patients had ligament insufficiency, which was recognized by positive anterior drawer and Lachman tests in all six and laxity to valgus stress in one. Proximal tibial physeal fractures were noted in 13 of the 29 patients. Eight of these patients had ligament laxity; anterior drawer and Lachman tests were positive in five, and laxity with valgus stress was present in four patients. It is concluded that because 14 of 29 patients (48%) had ligament insufficiency at follow-up evaluation, physeal fracture about the knee does not exclude ligament damage and, in fact, is associated with a high incidence of ligament injury. Furthermore, a complex proximal tibial physeal fracture associated with medial collateral ligament rupture is described for the first time. This resulted in medial collateral ligament insufficiency, genu valgus, and early degenerative changes. A treatment plan of primary ligament repair, fracture reduction, and follow-up evaluation to skeletal maturity is suggested for this unique fracture.     

High-energy tibial plateau fractures

The severity of a tibial plateau fracture and the complexity of its treatment depend on the energy imparted to the limb. Low-energy injuries typically cause unilateral depression-type fractures, whereas high-energy injuries can lead to comminuted fractures with significant osseous, soft-tissue, and neurovascular injury. Evaluation includes appropriate radiographs and careful clinical assessment of the soft-tissue envelope. Treatment is directed at safeguarding tissue vascularity and emphasizes restoration of joint congruity and the mechanical axis of the limb. Temporary joint-spanning external fixation facilitates soft-tissue recovery, whereas minimally invasive techniques and anatomically contoured plates can limit damage to the soft tissues and provide stable fixation. Alternatively, the use of limited internal fixation and definitive external fixation can minimize soft-tissue disruption, avoid complications, and allow fracture union. Complications, including infection, loss of fixation, and malalignment, are best avoided by following these biologically respectful treatment principles.     

胫骨平台骨折合并损伤围手术期的治疗与分析

我科自 1993年以来 ,收治胫骨平台骨折病人 6 7例 ,其中术前和术后早期合并伤 2 3例 (2例为外院转入 ) ,占 34 3%。1　临床资料本组 6 7例 ,外髁骨折 38例 ,内髁骨折 12例 ,髁间骨折 11例 ,双髁骨折 6例。出现早期合并损伤 2 3例。男 2 1例 ,女 2例 ,年龄 19～ 79岁 ,平均 37岁。致伤原因 :机动车肇事 (摩托车、汽车 ) 2 0例 ,跌伤 2例 ,重物砸伤 1例 ,均为高能量损伤。2 0例得到了随访 ,时间为 1～ 7年 ,平均 2 8年。2　治疗方法和结果2 1　并发韧带和腓总神经损伤　髁间骨折一般都是伴有撕脱骨块的韧带损伤 ,本组有 15例 ,其中前交叉韧…     

胫骨平台骨折切开复位内固定术后短期不良结果的影响因素分析

目的分析影响胫骨平台骨折切开复位内固定术后短期不良结果的因素。方法回顾性分析自2009-07—2013-12采用切开复位内固定治疗的186例SchatzkerⅣ型胫骨平台骨折,记录术后短期不良事件、住院时间延长、30 d内再住院及感染发生情况,并采用Poisson回归模型分析年龄、性别、BMI、ASA分级、合并症、吸烟史、功能状态、开放性骨折、骨折移位程度、手术时间对术后短期不良结果发生率的影响。结果 23例(12.4%)术后出现严重不良事件,11例(5.9%)出现轻微不良事件,14例(7.5%)出现感染并发症,39例(20.9%)住院时间延长,9例(4.8%)30 d内再住院。多元分析得出,严重不良事件发生率与男性(RR=2.2,P=0.015)、ASA≥3级(RR=3.6,P0.001)显著相关,轻微不良事件发生率与ASA≥3级(RR=3.8,P0.001)、糖尿病(RR=1.9,P=0.012)、吸烟史(RR=1.8,P=0.016)显著相关,术后感染发生率与男性(RR=3.0,P=0.010)、ASA≥3级(RR=3.3,P=0.005)、肺部疾病(RR=2.9,P=0.018)、吸烟史(RR=2.8,P=0.012)独立相关,住院时间延长与年龄≥60岁(RR=2.1,P=0.014)、ASA≥3级(RR=2.0,P=0.001)、肺部疾病(RR=1.8,P=0.001)、糖尿病(RR=1.6,P=0.025)、手术时间≥178 min(RR=1.6,P=0.031)独立相关,30 d内再住院与ASA≥3级(RR=3.9,P=0.024)、糖尿病(RR=2.9,P=0.030)、非独立功能状态(RR=8.1,P=0.001)独立相关。结论高ASA分级是导致胫骨平台骨折切开复位内固定术后短期发生不良结果的高危因素,男性、吸烟史及肺部疾病也是影响术后短期结果的危险因素。     

关节镜辅助下微创治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜辅助治疗胫骨平台手术效果。方法对63例闭合性胫骨平台骨折在关节镜监控下复位小切口内固定。结果患者均获随访,时间618个月,骨折临床愈合时间4-10个月,无感染、关节强直等并发症发生,X线片显示49例达解剖复位,14例平台关节面有2 mm以下塌陷。按Rasmussen功能评分标准：优35例,良22例,可6例,总优良率90.5%。结论关节镜辅助治疗胫骨平台骨折,疗效可靠,创伤小,术后关节功能恢复快。     

关节镜辅助下手术治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨关节镜辅助下手术治疗胫骨平台骨折的效果。方法对42例闭合性胫骨平台骨折患者在关节镜监控下行小切口复位内固定。结果 42例均获随访,时间14-32个月。骨折愈合时间为4-9个月,无感染、关节强直、延迟愈合等并发症发生。X线片显示37例达解剖复位,5例平台关节面有2 mm以下塌陷,膝关节活动范围0°-120°。按Rasmussen功能评分标准：优27例,良11例,可4例,优良率90.5%。结论关节镜辅助下手术治疗胫骨平台骨折,创伤小,恢复快,并发症少,允许早期膝关节全范围活动,促进关节功能迅速康复。     

关节镜下治疗胫骨平台骨折的体会

目的 探讨关节镜在微创条件下行胫骨平台骨折内固定的临床疗效。方法 在关节镜监视下行胫骨平台骨折(schazker I～Ⅳ型)内固定12例。结果 所有病人骨折均达到解剖复位，经随访4～16个月，骨折均愈合，疗效满意，无并发症。结论 关节镜监视下行胫骨平台骨折内固定是容易操作的、疗效满意的方法。     

Posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures

OBJECTIVE: To present a case series of patients with posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures treated by direct fracture exposure and fixation through dual incisions. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. SETTING: Level 1 trauma centers. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Eight patients were identified that had posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. Two patients had depressed posterolateral tibial plateau fractures with contained defects and did not have direct fracture exposure. One patient died of medical problems leaving 5 patients who underwent direct fracture exposure, reduction, and fixation. INTERVENTION: Posteromedial followed by posterolateral open reduction and internal fixation of posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. RESULTS: At 6 to 24 months follow-up (mean 13 months), all patients returned to near full activities, each with aching after prolonged standing (8-hour shift). Range of motion averaged 2 degrees to 121 degrees of flexion. Three of 5 returned to manual labor jobs; the others were not employed at the time of injury. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures have a high association with lateral meniscal pathology and can be associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury. Reduction of the posterior plateau condyles is easiest with the knee in full extension. Flexion contractures can be a problem, and patients should be encouraged to regain/maintain knee extension. The dual-incision approach to these challenging fractures can result in good to excellent knee function for these patients.     

胫骨平台解剖型后侧锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折

目的探讨胫骨平台解剖型后侧锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2012-04—2013-07采用胫骨平台解剖型后侧锁定钢板内固定治疗的46例胫骨平台后侧骨折。记录手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、骨折愈合时间。测量术后即刻和术后1年患肢胫骨平台内翻角（TPA）、后倾角（PA）及胫股角（FTA）。末次随访时膝关节功能评估采用美国特种外科医院（HSS）膝关节功能评分系统评定。结果本组手术时间（59.0±14.2）min,术中出血量（96.0±16.7）ml,住院时间（13.6±4.5）d。所有患者均获得随访（16.8±4.2）个月,骨折愈合时间（13.6±2.8）周。末次随访时膝关节功能HSS评分为（89.7±5.6）分,优良率93.5%。术后即刻与术后1年的患肢TPA、PA及FTA的比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论胫骨平台后侧锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折具有内固定放置方便、手术时间短、出血量少、膝关节功能恢复好等优点。     

Open tibial fractures with associated vascular injuries: prognosis for limb salvage

Open tibial fractures complicated by limb-threatening vascular injuries present an infrequent but difficult management problem. Twenty-three cases were reviewed with an ultimate amputation rate of 61% (22% primary, 39% delayed). Crush injuries, segmental tibial fractures, and revascularization delays of greater than 6 hours were associated with a bad outcome. Guidelines for primary amputation (crushing injuries, delay in revascularization, segmental tibial fractures) are proposed and implications of limb salvage are reviewed.     

解剖型胫骨髁钢板治疗胫骨平台骨折

[目的]探讨胫骨平台骨折内固定的方法，评估内固定手术的疗效。[方法]对本科2000～2006年收治的22例胫骨平台骨折手术内固定患者进行随访，并进行回顾性分析，全部患者均采用德国LINK解剖型髁钢板内固定。[结果]本组患者平均随访33．3个月，骨折均于3个月愈合。膝关节功能恢复情况根据关节活动度、疼痛、关节稳定性进行HSS评分，平均89．5分。[结论]解剖型胫骨髁钢板可很好的治疗各型胫骨平台骨折，手术操作简单，治疗效果满意，是治疗胫骨平台骨折的良好的内固定材料。     

关节镜下手术治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的 探讨关节镜下撬拨复位经皮内固定术治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效。方法 11例胫骨平台骨折在关节镜下通过撬拨复位重建塌陷的胫骨平台,并经皮用松质骨螺钉固定。结果患者骨折均达到临床骨愈合,无感染和严重骨关节炎等并发症。膝关节功能恢复良好。结论关节镜下撬拨复位经皮内固定术治疗胫骨平台骨折,具有损伤小、操作安全、直视下复位固定确切、能同时处理关节内合并伤等优点,有利于术后早期功能锻炼。     

Balloon tibioplasty for tibial plateau fractures

BackgroundTibial plateau fractures are complex intra-articular injuries. The aim of treatment is to restore joint congruity and alignment. Balloon tibioplasty is a novel, minimally invasive technique to reduce the fracture and restore the continuity of the articular surface. A systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines in order to assess the outcomes from this procedure.Sources of dataThe online databases of Pubmed, Google scholar, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched. Articles of interest were retrieved and evaluated, including case series, randomised controlled trials and cadaver studies.Areas of agreementEight studies (one randomised controlled trial, four case series and three cadaver studies) were included in the final review. The studies demonstrated adequate fracture reduction with favourable clinical and imaging outcomes from balloon tibioplasty. Very few complications were described.Areas of controversyThere is a small volume of literature currently available on balloon tibioplasty with an overall low level of evidence. The overall number of reported cases is also small.Growing pointsFurther research is necessary, with adequately powered randomised controlled trials. Further areas of research include type of bone substitute and the use of arthroscopically assisted surgery.     

关节镜监视下治疗胫骨平台骨折

2004—2006年,我院采用关节镜监视和定位治疗胫骨平台骨折,获得了良好的效果。     

关节镜监视下治疗胫骨平台骨折50例分析

[目的]评价关节镜监视下治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效.[方法]回顾性分析采用关节镜监视下治疗胫骨平台骨折50例,术后随访时间14～42个月,平均17.2个月.[结果]骨折全部愈合,平均愈合时间3.8个月,1例病人出现浅表感染,经局部换药愈合.无骨筋膜室综合征及下肢深静脉栓塞.膝关节功能评分参照HSS评分标准:优25例,良21例,可3例,差1例,优良率92%.[结论]关节镜辅助下胫骨平台骨折治疗,具有创伤小,恢复快,并发症少等优点,并且可以允许早期膝关节全范围活动、促进关节功能迅速康复.