乌司他丁在肺挫伤治疗中的作用

目的：研究鸟司他丁（UTI）对肺挫伤的治疗作用。方法：选择68例肺挫伤患者，随机分为UTI治疗组（n=34）和常规治疗组（对照组，n=34），对照组接受常规治疗，UTI治疗组在常规治疗基础上静脉滴注乌司他丁20万U，8h 1次，连用6d。观察两组的临床疗效并检测治疗前厦治疗第4天、第7天的血清TNF-α、IL-6水平变化。结果：UTI治疗组与对照组在治疗前TNF-α、IL-6水平无差异。治疗后UTI治疗组的TNF-α、IL-6水平下降较对照组明显（P〈0．05）。UTI治疗组中ARDS的发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：乌司他丁可显著抑制机体炎症介质的产生，阻断肺挫伤向ARDS进展。     

控制性低中心静脉压用于原位肝移植术的临床研究

目的:探讨控制性低中心静脉压用于原位肝移植术的安全性和有效性.方法:40例ASAⅡ～Ⅳ级原位肝移植手术患者,随机分为正常中心静脉压组(C组,n=20)和控制性低中心静脉压组(L组,n=20).C组术中维持中心静脉压6～12 cm H2O,而L组则控制中心静脉压于2～5 cm H2O.分别于术前(T1)、无肝期(T2)、新肝期30 min(T3)、新肝期6 h(T4)及新肝期24 h(T5)经中心静脉抽血检测患者血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)、内皮素(ET-1)的浓度水平,同时观察患者T3、T4、T5时点谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)的变化以及T1、 T5时点尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(Cr)的变化,并记录术中失血量和输血量.结果:两组TNF-α、IL-6、ET-1水平从T3开始升高,两组的TNF-α、IL-6、ET-1自T3至T5时点与T1相比有显著差异(P<0.01).而C组的TNF-α、IL-6、ET-1自T3至T5时点与L组相应各时点相比有显著升高(P<0.05).C组的ALT和AST与L组相应各时点相比有显著升高 (P<0.01).术后未出现肾功能损害.L组术中失血量和输血量明显少于C组(P<0.01).结论:原位肝移植手术中辅助应用控制性低中心静脉压技术不仅有效地减少手术中的失血量和输血量,而且可减轻移植供肝的缺血再灌注损伤,最大限度地保护移植新肝功能,并对患者肾脏功能亦有所保护.     

大黄对重症急性胰腺炎患者血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6影响的临床研究

目的对比研究经胃管和鼻空肠管不同途径给予大黄对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）患者血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF—α）、白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）和白细胞介素6（IL-6）的影响。方法SAP患者60例随机分为A组（n=20）、B组（n=20）和C组（n=20）。A组只行综合治疗,B组在综合治疗基础上给予胃管注入大黄,C组给予鼻空肠管注入大黄。观察患者入院时（0d）、7d时TNF—α、IL-1β、IL-6水平。结果入院0d时TNF—α、IL-1β、IL-6在三组中相互比较均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。治疗7d时三组TNF—α、IL-1β、IL-6检测值均比入院时下降,其中以C组下降最明显;三组之间TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6检测值相互比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论通过下调炎症递质的表达,鼻空肠管途径应用大黄能更有效的控制SAP的全身炎症反应。     

乌司他丁对脓毒性休克患者细胞因子的影响

目的探讨乌司他丁(UTI)对脓毒性休克患者细胞因子的影响。方法采用前瞻对照研究。78例脓毒性休克患者随机分为对照组和治疗组各39例,两组均行常规抗休克和病因治疗。治疗组用乌司他丁20万U溶于20 ml 0．9%生理盐水中静脉注射,每24 h一次,连续3 d;对照组则以等量生理盐水作为安慰对照。分别于不同时相(静脉注射UTI前、后24 h、48 h和72 h)测试血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-1、IL-6、IL-8和SOD水平。结果与对照组相比,治疗组应用乌司他丁后不同时相点的TNF-α、IL-1、IL- 6、IL-8均明显降低(P＜0．05,P＜0．01),而SOD显著增加(P＜0．05,P＜0．01)。结论乌司他丁可降低脓毒性休克患者TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和IL-8的水平并提高SOD活性,从而达到保护器官的作用。     

乌司他丁对感染性休克患者影响的临床研究

目的　探讨乌司他丁 (UTI)对感染性休克患者是否有治疗作用。方法　 18例感染性休克的患者入ICU后立即将UTI 2 0万U溶于 2 0mL 0 9%生理盐水中静脉注射 (约 10min) ,分别于静脉注射UTI前后 1h采集血样品 ,并测试TNF -α、IL - 6、IL - 8和MDA的含量以及β -GCD活性和SOD活力。 结果　与治疗前相比 ,UTI治疗后其TNF -α、IL - 6、IL - 8、MDA的含量以及β-GCD活性均下降 (P均 <0 0 1～ 0 0 5 ) ,而SOD活力明显增加 (P <0 0 1)。结论　乌司他丁可通过抑制机体炎性细胞因子TNF -α、IL - 6和IL - 8生成和释放 ,降低β -GCD活性及MDA含量 ,保持SOD活力 ,从而达到对感染性休克的治疗作用。     

乌司他丁在肝移植术中对肾损伤的保护作用

目的研究背驮式肝移植手术中乌司他丁(Ulinastatin,UTI)对急性肾损伤的影响。方法行背驮式原位肝移植(PBOLT)手术患者40例,随机分为对照组(n=20)、UTI组(n=20)。于麻醉后开腹前,无肝前期120min,无肝期30min,新肝期5、60、120min6个时点分别采颈内静脉血和尿样比较两组血浆丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)和尿β2-微球蛋白(Uβ2-MG)水平。结果与无肝前期相比,无肝期和新肝期对照组血和尿中各项指标水平均较术前显著性升高(P<0·05),UTI组各项指标的水平无明显变化(P>0·05)。结论乌司他丁对背驮式肝移植手术中体内发生的急性肾损伤有保护作用。     

乌司他丁对急性百草枯中毒大鼠炎症因子的影响

目的 观察乌司他丁(UTI)对急性百草枯中毒大鼠炎症因子的抑制作用.方法 72只SD大鼠被随机分为对照组、中毒组(PQ组)和UTI组3组.按120 mg/kg灌胃百草枯造成急性百草枯中毒模型,2 h后UTI组腹腔注射UTI 75 kU/kg,对照组和PQ组腹腔注射10 ml/kg生理盐水,均每日1次.于给药后6、24、72 h取大鼠眼眶血,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和IL-2水平.结果 PQ组各时间点血清TNF-α水平较对照组明显升高;UTI组给药后6 h TNF-α水平明显降低,至24 h时升高,然后再次下降,各时间点TNF-α水平均显著低于PQ组(P均<0.05).PQ组6 h和24 h血清IL-1α均较对照组明显升高;UTI组给药后各时间点IL-1a明显降低,与PQ组比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05).PQ组血清IL-2水平仅6 h时显著高于对照组;UTI组给药后6 h IL-2明显降低,24 h有所升高,至72 h明显低于PQ组(P<0.05).结论 UTI可明显抑制急性百草枯中毒大鼠血清TNF-α的释放,并在一定程度上抑制IL-1β和IL-2的释放,对急性百草枯中毒炎症反应大鼠具有一定的保护作用.     

乌司他丁对急性百草枯中毒大鼠炎症因子的影响

目的 观察乌司他丁(UTI)对急性百草枯中毒大鼠炎症因子的抑制作用.方法 72只SD大鼠被随机分为对照组、中毒组(PQ组)和UTI组3组.按120 mg/kg灌胃百草枯造成急性百草枯中毒模型,2 h后UTI组腹腔注射UTI 75 kU/kg,对照组和PQ组腹腔注射10 ml/kg生理盐水,均每日1次.于给药后6、24、72 h取大鼠眼眶血,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和IL-2水平.结果 PQ组各时间点血清TNF-α水平较对照组明显升高;UTI组给药后6 h TNF-α水平明显降低,至24 h时升高,然后再次下降,各时间点TNF-α水平均显著低于PQ组(P均<0.05).PQ组6 h和24 h血清IL-1α均较对照组明显升高;UTI组给药后各时间点IL-1a明显降低,与PQ组比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05).PQ组血清IL-2水平仅6 h时显著高于对照组;UTI组给药后6 h IL-2明显降低,24 h有所升高,至72 h明显低于PQ组(P<0.05).结论 UTI可明显抑制急性百草枯中毒大鼠血清TNF-α的释放,并在一定程度上抑制IL-1β和IL-2的释放,对急性百草枯中毒炎症反应大鼠具有一定的保护作用.     

乌司他丁对急性百草枯中毒大鼠炎症因子的影响

目的 观察乌司他丁(UTI)对急性百草枯中毒大鼠炎症因子的抑制作用.方法 72只SD大鼠被随机分为对照组、中毒组(PQ组)和UTI组3组.按120 mg/kg灌胃百草枯造成急性百草枯中毒模型,2 h后UTI组腹腔注射UTI 75 kU/kg,对照组和PQ组腹腔注射10 ml/kg生理盐水,均每日1次.于给药后6、24、72 h取大鼠眼眶血,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和IL-2水平.结果 PQ组各时间点血清TNF-α水平较对照组明显升高;UTI组给药后6 h TNF-α水平明显降低,至24 h时升高,然后再次下降,各时间点TNF-α水平均显著低于PQ组(P均<0.05).PQ组6 h和24 h血清IL-1α均较对照组明显升高;UTI组给药后各时间点IL-1a明显降低,与PQ组比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05).PQ组血清IL-2水平仅6 h时显著高于对照组;UTI组给药后6 h IL-2明显降低,24 h有所升高,至72 h明显低于PQ组(P<0.05).结论 UTI可明显抑制急性百草枯中毒大鼠血清TNF-α的释放,并在一定程度上抑制IL-1β和IL-2的释放,对急性百草枯中毒炎症反应大鼠具有一定的保护作用.     

乌司他丁对急性百草枯中毒大鼠炎症因子的影响

目的 观察乌司他丁(UTI)对急性百草枯中毒大鼠炎症因子的抑制作用.方法 72只SD大鼠被随机分为对照组、中毒组(PQ组)和UTI组3组.按120 mg/kg灌胃百草枯造成急性百草枯中毒模型,2 h后UTI组腹腔注射UTI 75 kU/kg,对照组和PQ组腹腔注射10 ml/kg生理盐水,均每日1次.于给药后6、24、72 h取大鼠眼眶血,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和IL-2水平.结果 PQ组各时间点血清TNF-α水平较对照组明显升高;UTI组给药后6 h TNF-α水平明显降低,至24 h时升高,然后再次下降,各时间点TNF-α水平均显著低于PQ组(P均<0.05).PQ组6 h和24 h血清IL-1α均较对照组明显升高;UTI组给药后各时间点IL-1a明显降低,与PQ组比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05).PQ组血清IL-2水平仅6 h时显著高于对照组;UTI组给药后6 h IL-2明显降低,24 h有所升高,至72 h明显低于PQ组(P<0.05).结论 UTI可明显抑制急性百草枯中毒大鼠血清TNF-α的释放,并在一定程度上抑制IL-1β和IL-2的释放,对急性百草枯中毒炎症反应大鼠具有一定的保护作用.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.