Association of hepatitis C virus with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma compared with hepatitis B virus in Egyptian patients

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy and carries a poor prognosis. Documentation of the wide geographical variation in its incidence has led to clear identification of several risk factors. These include hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in endemic areas. The present study investigated the association of HBV with HCV and cirrhosis, the latter is regarded as a premalignant lesion and underlies most cases with HCC. Serum samples from 94 patients with HCC (n=25) and cirrhosis (n=69) were tested for hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) and serum alphafetoprotein (AFP). Of the 94 patients, 71 (75.5%) had anti-HCV, 6 (6.4%) were positive to HBsAg, while 64 (68.1%) were positive to anti-HBc. These viral markers were more prevalent among HCC patients, 19 (76.0%) had hepatitis C antibody, 3 (12.0%) were positive to HBsAg and 22 (88.0%) were positive to anti-HBc compared with 52 (75.4%), 3 (4.3%) and 42 (60.9%), respectively in patients with cirrhosis. Regarding serum AFP measurement, 14 (56%) of patients with carcinoma and 35 (50.7%) of patients with cirrhosis demonstrated levels above 7 ng/ml. In patients with cirrhosis, elevated serum AFP and presence of anti-HCV in serum were significantly associated. In conclusion, this study shows that viral hepatitis is strongly associated with the development of cirrhosis and HCC in Egyptian patients. Hepatitis C virus seems to play a predominant role compared with hepatitis B virus.     

The role of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viral infections in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Sudan.

In Sudan, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is high and increasing. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are important risk factors of HCC. This study aims to assess the role of HBV and HCV infections in the incidence of HCC in 2 regions of Sudan. A case-control study was conducted in 1996-98 among 150 HCC patients and 205 controls from 2 regions in Sudan. Their demographic characteristics as well as food habits and chronic conditions have been investigated. In this study, 115 cases and 199 controls were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and for HCV antibodies. Strong positive associations were found between HBV or HCV, and HCC with odds ratios (ORs) 9.8 (95% CI 5.1-18.9) and 8.3 (95% CI 2.3-29.9), respectively. After adjustment for age, by logistic regression, the ORs for HBV and HCV were 16.1 (95% CI 7.4-34.9) and 4.5 (95% CI 1.1-18.6), respectively. Further adjustment for region, education level and job type did not appreciably affect the results. Given a prevalence of HBV and HCV of 7.0% and 1.5% among controls, about 57% of all HCC cases can be attributed to these viral infections. Hepatitis infections seem to be important risk factors for HCC in Sudan.     

Prevalence and Presentation of Hepatitis B and C Virus (HBV and HCV) Infection in Vietnamese Americans via Serial Community Serologic Testing

The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is reportedly high in Vietnamese Americans (VAs), but most previous studies did not assess full HBV serology, and not the prevalence of HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection simultaneously. The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of different HBV serologies and HCV infection in VAs. This study was based on the data collected by testing for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb IgG), anti-HBs antibody (HBsAb), and anti-HCV antibody (anti-HCV) in a series of community screening in VAs in Orange County, California. In 1,405 VA participants, the mean age was 51 (17–87) years, 45.1 % were males; 68.2 %, married; 97.2 %, born in Vietnam. Most of the participants were non-US born with their primary language being non-English and with limited access to health care. Of the 1,405 cases, 124 (8.8 %) were confirmed HBV infection by HBsAg+; 81 (5.8 %), HCV infection by anti-HCV+; including four (0.3 %) with HBV/HCV coinfection. Twelve percent of the participants with confirmed HBV infection thought they were previously tested negative, while 29.7 % of the participants with confirmed HCV infection thought they were previously tested negative. In this cohort, 15.4 % were HBsAg?/HBsAb?/HBcAb IgG?, i.e. being susceptible to HBV infection. In HCV infected participants, 65.4 % were born between 1945 and 1965. This large serial survey and screening in the Vietnamese American community confirmed the rates of HBV and HCV infection to be as high as 8.8 % and 5.8 %, respectively. We have also identified factors related to HBV and HCV infection in this high-risk population.     

A ten year serological survey of hepatitis A, B and C viruses infections in Nepal

BACKGROUND: In 1987, we reported that the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Nepal was low, as compared to hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, and that no human T-lymphotropic type-1 (HTLV-1) infection was found in Nepal. OBJECTIVES: To determine changes in the prevalence of HAV, HBV, and HCV infections between 1987 and 1996 in inhabitants of Bhadrakali (suburban) and Kotyang (rural) villages in Nepal. STUDY DESIGN: We did a cross-sectional survey of 458 inhabitants of two Nepalese villages, to assess the prevalence of antibody to HAV (anti-HAV), antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HCV (anti-HCV), and antibody to HTLV-I (anti-HTLV-I). RESULTS: Anti-HAV was detected in 454 (99.1%), HBsAg in 5 (1.1%), anti-HBc in 33 (7.2%) and anti-HCV in 8 (1.7%) of serum samples tested in 1996. Statistically significant differences by gender or age group were nil. The prevalence of HCV infection was significantly higher in 1996 than in 1987 after adjusting for age of subjects living in the two villages (p < 0.01). The prevalence of HBsAg was significantly higher in 1996 than 1987 in Bhadrakali after adjusting for the factor of age (p < 0.05). Between 1987 and 1996, evidence for HTLV-1 positive residents was nil. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that HAV has been endemic in Nepal for long time while not of HBV, and that HCV infection tends to be increased recently.     

Hepatitis B and C virus infections in Turkish children with cancer

In this study, we tested 137 Turkish children with cancer (51 with acute leukemia, 48 with lymphoma, 38 with solid tumors) while they were undergoing chemotherapy, and a control group of 45 for evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The control group included children with other disease who had applied to the outpatient clinic during the study period and had no history of jaundice or transfusion. Sixty-five (47.4%) patients with cancer and 7 (20%) children in the control group were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (p < 0.01). HBV DNA was detected in 59 (43.1%) patients and in 9 (20%) controls (p < 0.01). HCV specific antibody (anti-HCV) was detected in 8 (5.8%) patients and in 1 (2.2%) control (p > 0.05). Eight patients (5.8%) had circulating HCV RNA, but none had in the control group (p = 0.09). Ten (13.9%) of the 72 patients who were negative for HBsAg had circulating HBV DNA, and 7 (5.4%) of the 129 patients who were negative for anti-HCV had circulating HCV RNA. We concluded that HBV and HCV infections are common among Turkish children with cancer. In countries where HBV infection is widespread among the general population as in Turkey, children with cancer are under greater risk for HBV infection.     

Hepatitis B and C virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in China: a review of epidemiology and control measures

China has one of the highest carrier prevalences of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the world: nearly 10% of the general population. The disease burden of HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is also believed to be among the world's largest, and that of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is likely to be substantial as well. However, the epidemiology and measures to control HBV and HCV infection in China remain relatively unknown outside the country. We review the epidemiology of HBV and HCV infection, the disease burden of and risk factors for HCC, and current control measures against HBV and HCV infection in China. We also discuss the relevant literature and implications for future studies of hepatitis and HCC in China.     

Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in hemodialysis patients and renal transplant recipients

This work was carried out to study the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, its associated risk factors and possible routes of transmission in hemodialysis patients and renal transplant recipients. Ninety five patients and 15 normal controls were included in this study. Patients were classified into 3 groups: Group I (64 hemodialysis patients), Group II (16 renal transplant recipients) and Group III (15 patients with chronic renal insufficiency on conservative treatments). Each individual was subjected to full clinical examination, estimation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), testing for antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), screening for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) and core antigen (anti-HBc) by modified ELISA technique. Anti-HCV was found in 87.5% of hemodialysis patients, 81.25% of renal transplant patients, 53.3% of the conservative group and in 13.3% of the control group. There was a significant correlation between the presence of anti-HCV and the duration on dialysis in groups I and II (p < 0.05), while no significant correlation was detected between HCV positive cases and the number of units of transfused blood in groups I and II (p > 0.05). Serum ALT was elevated in patients with HCV infection, but there was no significant correlation between the presence of anti-HCV and elevated ALT level among the examined groups of patients (p > 0.05). The prevalence of HCV infection was not correlated with the duration of renal transplantation and the type of immunosuppressive therapy (p > 0.05). Coinfection with HBV and HCV could occur, as previous infection with HBV was demonstrated. Anti-HBc was found in 51.8%, 66.7%, 37.5% of anti-HCV positive patients in groups I, II, II respectively. Anti-HBs was detected in 24.1% and 15.4% of anti-HCV positive in groups I and II. HBsAg was found only in 4.7% of anti-HCV positive hemodialysis.     

Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B and C in Kaingang Indians in the south of Brazil]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among Kaingang Indians living on the Mangueirinha reservation in the state of Paraná, Brazil. METHODS: The presence of viral markers was investigated in blood samples from 214 volunteers (81 males, 133 females), using immunoenzymatic techniques. The viral markers studied were: antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HB(c)), antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HB(s)), hepatitis B surface antigen (HB(s)Ag), and antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV). The participants answered a questionnaire on their sociodemographic characteristics, living conditions, personal habits (such as smoking and consuming alcohol or illicit drugs), and history of disease and of vaccination. RESULTS: The respondents ranged in age from 1 to 90 years; their mean age was 29.85 years. Positivity for anti-HB(s) was 71.02%, and for anti-HB(c) it was 15.42%. None of the individuals was positive for HB(s)Ag. Anti-HCV was detected in only one participant, a 30-year-old woman. CONCLUSIONS: There were low prevalences of HBV and HCV infection in the Kaingang population studied. The high prevalence of anti-HB(s) in younger individuals indicates good immunization coverage. In the adult population, immunity against HBV was probably acquired mainly by contact with the virus.     

Birth order, as a proxy for age at infection, in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma

First-born and second-born children are exposed to common infections after enrollment at school, whereas later-born children are exposed to these infections earlier through their older siblings. We have evaluated whether birth order is a risk factor for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related, hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related, and apparently virus-unrelated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a large case-control study that included 333 HCC cases and 632 controls. In comparison with controls who were carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), HBsAg-positive HCC cases were more likely to have been later-born children (odds ratio per increase in birth order = 2.0; 95% confidence interval = 1.2-3.6). There was no such evidence for anti-HCV-positive cases compared with anti-HCV-positive controls or for virus-negative HCC cases compared with virus-negative controls. We conclude that early infection with HBV increases the risk of HBV carriers to develop HCC, over and beyond its role in facilitating the establishment of a carrier state.     

肝炎病毒感染、饮酒与肝细胞癌病例对照研究

目的　研究乙型肝炎病毒、丙型肝炎病毒及饮酒与肝细胞癌的关系。方法　应用成组病例对照研究设计 ,选择 1999年 10月～ 2 0 0 2年 8月间住院初诊为肝细胞癌患者 16 4例作为病例组 ;选择性别、年龄、入院时间等与病例组均衡可比的眼科、皮肤科、泌尿科、心脏内科、呼吸内科患者 2 6 8例 ,作为对照组 ;通过非条件Logistic回归分析 ,探讨肝炎病毒感染、饮酒与肝细胞癌的相关性及病毒感染与酒精之间的协同作用。结果　肝细胞癌病例组HBsAg阳性率为 6 5 .2 % ,HCVRNA阳性率为 4 .9% ;对照组HBsAg阳性率为 10 .1% ,HCVRNA阳性率为 0 .7% ;病例组中有重度饮酒史 (每天酒精摄入量 >80 g ,至少 5年 )者占 5 8.5 % ,对照组中占 36 .9%。HBsAg阳性、HCVRNA阳性及重度饮酒的优势危险比 (OR)值分别为 16 .76 (95 %CI :10 .0 5～ 2 7.93) ,6 .92 (95 %CI :1.4 5～ 33.0 1)和 2 .4 1(95 %CI:1.6 2～3.5 9) ;HBsAg和HCVRNA均阳性与重度饮酒之间有协同增效作用。HBV感染是肝癌的最主要的相关原因 ,人群归因危险度 (AR)为 94 ,0 3% ,其次是HCV感染 ,AR为 6 8% ,以及重度饮酒 ,AR为 5 8.5 %。结论　肝炎病毒感染及饮酒与肝细胞癌的发生有关 ,对肝癌发生的危险度有叠加作用。     

Heterosexual and homosexual transmission of hepatitis C virus: relation with hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

A seroprevalence study was carried out on 1757 outpatients consecutively seen in a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in order to evaluate the sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV). A total of 1442 consenting patients were tested for hepatitis C, hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HCV, HBV, HIV-1) antibodies. The relations between anti-HCV, anti-HBc and anti-HIV-1 were studied. Of 73 anti-HCV positive reactions, 45 (61.6%) were confirmed by the recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). The proportion of individuals with anti-HCV was higher in outpatients with a history of sexually transmitted disease than without. It was 2.8% in non drug user heterosexuals and 2.9% in non drug user homosexuals. Intravenous drug users (IDU) had higher anti-HCV prevalence when a history of STD was taken into account (42.3% in subjects with STD versus 36.7% in subjects without STD). Among non drug user heterosexuals an association was found between anti-HCV and anti-HBc. These data suggest that sexual transmission of HCV occurs, although it seems to be less efficient than other parenteral modes of transmission. When a more sensitive and specific marker of HCV infection become available, a more accurate estimate of the frequency and efficiency of the sexual transmission will be possible.     

Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and its association with natural infection of hepatitis B virus among preschool children in Taiwan

Taiwan is a hyperendemic area of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection where chronic hepatitis B is the most important cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatoma. Since, diagnostic kit for detecting hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been developed, HCV was found to be another important etiology of chronic liver disease. In order to study the seroprevalence of HCV infection among preschool children after mass hepatitis B vaccination program in Taiwan, a community-based survey was carried out in 54 kindergartens in 10 urban areas, 10 rural areas, and two aboriginal areas randomly selected through stratified sampling. Serum specimens of 2538 preschool children were screened for the HCV antibodies (anti-HCV) by a commercially available third-generation microparticle enzyme immunoassay and for HBV markers by radioimmunoassay methods. The multivariate-adjusted odd ratios (OR_m) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through the multiple logistic regression analysis. A total of 58 children were anti-HCV seropositive, giving a prevalence of 2.3%. The prevalence of anti-HCV was 1.0% (5 of 484) among aboriginal children, a significantly decreased seroprevalence compared with those among other ethnic groups after multivariate adjustment. Boys had a higher anti-HCV seroprevalence, but not statistically significantly different from girls (OR_m: 1.6; 95% CI: 0.9–2.8; p = 0.08). The seroprevalence of the age group of 3–4 years was lower than that of the age group of 5–6 years (OR_m: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.1–4.2; p = 0.02). After multivariate adjustment, preschool children with natural HBV infection had a higher anti-HCV seroprevalence, but not statistically significantly different from those without natural HBV-infection (OR_m: 2.6; 95% CI: 0.9–7.4; p = 0.08 for HBV-infected vs. uninfected). HCV infection varies with gender, residential area, and natural HBV infection. HCV and HBV might share common transmission routes in Taiwan.     

乙型和丙型病毒性肝炎及相关肝细胞癌的流行现况

乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染是全球主要的健康问题。全球约有3.5亿人（5%）为HBV慢性感染者,其中75%为亚洲人,而HCV的慢性感染者为1.5亿人（2%）。乙型和丙型肝炎是肝硬化和肝细胞癌（HCC）的主要危险因素,肝硬化中的57%和原发性肝癌中的78%为HBV或HCV感染引起。作者将中国、亚洲和美国的HBV、HCV和HCC的流行病学资料进行综述比较,并分析当前危险因素等。在中国和全球其他国家,HBV和HCV仍是HCC的主要危险因素,HBV疫苗的使用显著降低了HBV感染率,进而降低了HCC的患病率,而将来HCV可能取代HBV成为主要危险因素;乙醇作为肝硬化和肝癌的危险因素影响较小。     

庚型肝炎病毒在肝炎及肝癌患者中感染情况

为研究庚型肝炎病毒在乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、非甲—戊型肝炎及原发肝癌患者中的感染情况 ,选择临床肝炎患者血清及肝癌手术病人的术前血清、肝癌组织及癌旁组织。采用HGV RT PCR法检测标本中HGVRNA。结果 ,在临床乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、非甲—戊型肝炎及肝癌手术病人中庚型肝炎感染率分别为 9% ( 12 / 130 )、10 % ( 3/ 30 )、17% ( 4 / 2 4 )、0 % ( 0 / 2 4 )。证明庚型肝炎是普遍存在的一种肝炎病毒 ,并与乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎有较高的重叠感染率 ,而与肝癌的相关性不大。     

乙型和丙型肝炎病毒重叠感染的研究

目的　为了解乙型肝炎患者重叠感染丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ） 的状况,并探讨乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ） 、ＨＣＶ 重叠感染时ＨＣＶ 对ＨＢＶ 复制的影响。方法　应用ＥＬＩＳＡ 法对７１２ 例乙型肝炎患者进行了血清抗－ ＨＣＶ 检测和乙型肝炎病毒标志检测。结果　７１２ 例乙型肝炎患者血清抗－ ＨＣＶ阳性率为１４ ．４７ ％ ,其中重型肝炎患者血清抗－ ＨＣＶ 阳性率最高（４８ ．９８ ％ ） ,急性肝炎患者最低（３．２５ ％ ） 。在不同临床类型的乙型肝炎患者之间,血清抗－ ＨＣＶ 阳性率存在显著性差异（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．００１）,显示病情越重,病程越长,血清抗－ ＨＣＶ 阳性率越高;在ＨＢＶ 和ＨＣＶ 重叠感染的患者中,血清ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＢｅＡｇ 和抗－ ＨＢｃＩｇＭ 阳性率低于乙型肝炎患者（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．００１ ,Ｐ＜ ０ ．００１ 和Ｐ＜０ ．０５） ,而血清抗－ ＨＢｅ 阳性率高于乙型肝炎患者（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１）,均有显著的统计学意义。结论　乙型肝炎患者重叠感染ＨＣＶ 与病情加重和慢性化的形成有关,并使ＨＢＶ 的复制受到抑制。     

Comparison between self-reported hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV antibody status and oral fluid assay results in Irish prisoners

Self-reported hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV infection status was compared with the results of oral fluid assays of antibodies to these viruses in prisoners from nine of the 15 prisons in the Republic of Ireland. A total of 1205 out of 1366 prisoners completed a confidential questionnaire and 1193 provided analysable oral fluid specimens for testing for antibodies to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc), HCV (anti-HCV), and HIV (anti-HIV). The self-reported prevalence of hepatitis infection (hepatitis B: 5%; hepatitis C: 19%) was lower than that derived from oral fluid assays (anti-HBc: 9%; anti-HCV: 37%). The self-reported prevalence of HIV infection was similar to that found by oral fluid assay (2%). Many discrepancies were found between self-reported results and the results of oral fluid assays. Of those who reported being positive for HBV, HCV, or HIV, 48%, 5%, and 58%, respectively, tested negative on the oral fluid assay. Of those who reported a previous negative test result for HBV, HCV, or HIV, 10%, 37%, and 2%, respectively, had positive oral fluid assays. Self-reports of hepatitis and HIV infection status are unreliable and should not be used as a basis for planning preventive and treatment services for prisoners. All prisoners should have the opportunity to be tested for HBV, HCV, and HIV infection.     

肝癌家庭成员HBV、HCV感染的调查分析

目的：通过调查HCC家庭成员HBV、HCV感染状况,探讨HCC的发生与HBV、HCV感染的关系。方法：应用ELISA法和PCR法,分别检测了HCC病例与对照家庭成员血清中HBsAg,抗－HBs,HBeAg,抗－HBe,抗－HBc,抗－HCV 及HBV DNA。结果：病例组子女的HBsAg,抗－HBe,抗－HBc和HBV总感染率均高于对照组,具有统计学意义（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）;且病例组子女HBV DNA检测高于对照组（P＜0．05）,HBeAg和HBV DNA密切相关,HBeAg阳性血清HBV DNA检测均为阳性,抗－HCV在病例与对照组间均无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。进入条件Logistic回归方程中的因素为HBsA抗－HBc,其OR值分别为27．96和4．77。结论：HCC家内有HBV感染的聚集性倾向,HBsAg和抗－HBc两项标记,在HCC家庭成员乙肝感染中更具代表性,密切生活接触也是HBV感染传播途径之一,丙肝感染不占主要地位。     

HBV and HCV infection among non-European Union immigrants in North-East Italy.

The status of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among non-European Union (non-EU) immigrants in North-East Italy was evaluated. Among the 1683 individuals tested the prevalence of HBsAg was 8.9% (150 subjects) and of HBV antibodies (anti-HBc with/without anti-HBs) was 38.9% (654 subjects). The distribution of HBV serological markers showed significant differences according to region of origin; the highest prevalence of infection (76.9%) and carriage (16.1%) was found in immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa. Among the 933 individuals screened for HCV infection, prevalence of antibody was much lower (0.9%) than that observed in the Italian general population (3.2-12.6%). The large number of HBV carriers among immigrants could increase the number of new adult infections due to life-style habits or professional risks in the host population. In contrast, the risk of HCV spread from non-EU immigrants is very low.     

丙型肝炎病毒家庭内感染状况的血清学调查

对６０例抗－ＨＣＶ阳性患者的家庭成员１２４人进行血清学检测，并收集４０例乙肝患者的家庭成员８３人为对照．结果丙肝组检出抗－ＨＣＶ阳性的家庭成员９人，检出率７．３％．除去有供血史的抗－ＨＣＶ阳性家庭成员，检出率为１．８５％（２／１０８）．乙肝组未检出抗－ＨＣＶ阳性者．在单一丙肝家庭组中，家庭成员的ＨＢＶ感染率为２５．３３％，而在ＨＢＶ／ＨＣＶ重叠感染和ＨＢＶ感染组的家庭成员中，ＨＢＶ的感染率为４０．９１％，故提示，ＨＣＶ的家庭内聚集性感染的危险性远低于ＨＢＶ，且母于垂直传插的危险性更低于夫妻间水平传播．     

肝癌组织、癌旁组织中HBsAg、HCV抗原表达与肝组织纤维化分期的相关性研究

目的研究肝癌组织、癌旁组织中乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）抗原表达与肝组织纤维化分期的相关性.方法采用免疫组织化学方法对肝癌组织及癌旁组织中的HBsAg、HCV抗原表达进行了标记和分析,同时对肝癌组织及癌旁组织进行肝组织纤维化分期.结果肝组织纤维化程度与HBV、HCV感染有明显相关性（rs=0.32,P=0.001）;HBsAg和HCV抗原在癌组织及癌旁组织中表达有差异,HBsAg主要在癌旁组织表达（79%）,高于癌组织（23%）;而HCV抗原在癌组织（15%）与癌旁组织表达（23%）水平相当.结论有病毒感染背景的肝癌组织,其纤维化程度高于无病毒感染的肝癌组织;病毒的感染是肝癌发生的原因,长期的病毒血症会加速肝纤维化的进展.