临床路径管理模式在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

临床路径是确保医疗质量、控制医疗成本、优化医疗服务流程的管理工具。2009年我国卫生部开始面向全国医院推广临床路径管理,以适应社会发展的需要,顺应医疗体制改革,减少患者的负担[1]。我院自2009年3月至2010年1月对部分接受腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者进行临床路径管理,取得良好效果,现报告如下。     

Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with lasers or cautery is a feasible, effective, and worthwhile operative procedure that is subject to morbidity and mortality. There is unequivocal evidence that the complication incidence is directly related to the training and experience of the surgeon, applicability of basic principles of gallbladder and common duct surgery, and preventive measures toward iatrogenic injuries in gallbladder surgery. Continued and sustained investigation in laparoscopic cholecystectomy, technological developments in equipment, and the continued education of the surgeon in the applicability and use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, intraoperative cholangiography, and choledocholithotomy are essential. At the St Francis Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1009 laparoscopic cholecystectomies with lasers or cautery were performed between March 1989 and October 1991. There were 32 (3%) abandoned laparoscopic cholecystectomies with alternative open cholecystectomy. There were six extrahepatic ductal injuries and a complication incidence of 10.9%. The mortality rate was 0.38%. The average length of stay was 2 days. In comparison with standard cholecystectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a competitive and superior procedure in selected circumstances.     

Outcome of short-term hospitalization for children with severe asthma.

This study presents results of a family-centered, short-term residential program in which medical, behavioral, and treatment assessments were provided to the child with severe asthma and the family. After a median stay of 15 days, forty-four consecutively admitted children with severe asthma achieved a 93% reduction in hospital days (median, 7 hospital days for the year before treatment versus median 0 hospital days per patient per year at 20 1/2-month follow-up; p less than 0.001) and an 81% reduction in emergency care (median, 4 visits for the year previously versus median, 0.4 visits per patient per year at follow-up; p less than 0.01). There was also a significant reduction in corticosteroid bursts and improvement in FEV1. Unique to this program was mandatory family participation focusing on the child's and family's adaptation to severe asthma and development of family-specific interventions to promote compliance with the treatment regimen. Child and family functioning was assessed at admission and follow-up. Hospital use at follow-up was greater for children from dysfunctional families. Families demonstrating difficulties in disciplining the child with asthma required more hospital days both before admission and at follow-up. Short-term hospitalization for children with severe asthma is associated with significant improvement in pulmonary morbidity when the family of the child is included in assessment and treatment.     

胆囊后三角解剖入路在急性胆囊炎腹腔镜下胆囊切除术的应用

目的　讨论胆囊后三角解剖入路在急性胆囊炎腹腔镜下胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecys- tectomy,LC）的应用。 方法　回顾性分析笔者2004年8月~2010年10月收治的217例急性胆囊炎患者全麻下行三孔法LC的临床资料。 结果　93.1%（202例）成功完成LC,4.6%（10例）中转开腹,5例术后合并胆总管结石,行ERCP取石后治愈。无胆管损伤、胆漏、出血等手术并发症。术后根据手术操作情况决定是否放置引流。术后住院2~12d,平均4.5d。193例术后随访半年无手术并发症。 结论　在急性胆囊炎的病例中采用后三角入路三孔法LC安全可行、手术成功率较高、容易掌握,可减少手术并发症,尤其适用于胆囊三角严重粘连患者,值得提倡与推广。     

经胆囊板入路与传统腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊结石临床疗效对比研究

目的 探索经胆囊板入路腹腔镜胆囊切除术的安全性、可行性及优势。 方法 回顾2016年7月~2019年12月我中心完成的腹腔镜胆囊切除术280例,其中经胆囊板入路110例（实验组）,传统入路170例（对照组）,比较两组年龄、性别、结石大小数量、手术时间、中转开腹率、术中出血量、生物夹使用数目、术后住院天数、并发症发生率、术后引流液体总量。 结果 两组一般情况、手术时间、中转开腹率、术后住院天数、并发症发生率均无统计学差异（P>0.05）;与对照组相比,实验组术中出血量（P=0.004）、生物夹使用数目（P=0.000）、术后引流液体总量较少（P=0.005）,术后疼痛较轻（P=0.015）。 结论 经胆囊板入路腹腔镜胆囊切除术安全可行,理论上具有规避术中胆道损伤风险的优势。     

悬吊式腹腔镜下胆囊切除的手术配合体会

腹腔镜手术广泛应用于临床,但亦出现了一些独特的并发症,CO2气腹导致的并发症便是其一[1].而非气腹腹腔镜手术在保留了微创手术优点的同时,避免了气腹对人体的不利影响.     

经脐辅助腹壁微小瘢痕的腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床研究

目的：探讨经脐辅助腹壁微小瘢痕行腹腔镜胆囊切除术( LC)的可行性和应用前景。方法回顾性分析2010年9月—2012年7月六安市立医院普外科收治的321例胆囊良性疾病患者的临床资料,其中经脐辅助腹壁微小瘢痕行LC 236例为A组,行经脐单孔LC 85例患者为B组。选取2009年8月—2010年8月胆囊良性疾病行常规法LC 152例患者为对照组( C组)。对比分析3组在手术时间、术中出血量、下床活动时间、进食时间、患者对切口美容的满意度、并发症发生率等指标。结果 A组236例中,226例成功完成手术,10例术中转改为三孔LC,手术中转率4.24%(10/236)。B组85例中,77例成功完成手术,7例术中改为两孔、1例改为三孔LC,手术中转率9.41%(8/85)。C组152例,均成功完成手术,无一例中转其他术式。3组患者均无出血、胆漏、胆管损伤等并发症。3组间比较,术中出血量、术后进食时间差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);与C组比较,A、B组下床活动时间早、住院时间少、美容满意度高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01);A、B两组间比较, A组手术时间少于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论经脐辅助腹壁微小瘢痕行LC,适应证更广,手术难度较低,操作方法简单易学,安全性高,术后腹壁瘢痕微小,患者满意度高,值得临床推广应用。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症的预防和治疗

目的 避免腹腔镜行胆囊切除术并发症的发生. 方法 回顾性总结分析笔者所在医院从1996年5月至2005年5月行腹腔镜胆囊切除术病例,共计3000例.其中男性1 876例,女性1 124例,年龄23～91岁.胆囊息肉920例,慢性胆囊炎并结石1 743例,急性胆囊炎256例,胆囊中占位病变81例.病程1天～28年,既往有手术史15例,术前均经2次B超或B超＋CT明确诊断.全部患者均行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,临床治愈,无死亡.手术时间15～100 min,平均40 min;术中出血2～500 ml,平均35 ml;术后无并发症者住院时间2～5 d,有并发症者住院7天～6个月. 结果 共处理并发症27例,其中中转开腹手术13例,保守治疗10例,再次手术2例,介入治疗2例.包括胆管横断损伤6例（发生率为0.20%）,术中及时发现并转开腹手术行胆管对端吻合T管引流术;胆囊动脉出血转开腹手术止血7例（发生率为0.23%）;胆瘘10例（发生率为0.33%）,经保守治疗均治愈;术后腹腔反复感染1例（发生率为0.03%）,经保守治疗3个月后,再次手术证实为胆囊结石遗留在胆囊窝引起;术后黄疸3例（发生率为0.10%）,其中1例为反复腹腔感染引起,行胆肠吻合术,另2例为术中损伤胆总管中转开腹手术行T管引流术后T管过早脱落或拔除,行DSA下PTC后,胆管球囊扩张支架置入术.治愈率100%. 结论 合理选择适应证和熟练规范的操作可大大减少腹腔镜胆囊切除术的并发症.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中出血的处理和预防

目的：研究腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)术中出血的防治措施。方法：回顾性分析作者施行LC术中7例出血病人的临床资料。结果：全部病例术中止血成功并痊愈出院，无中转开腹及术中术后输血者。结论：选择恰当的止血方法是处理LC术中出血的关键措施，仔细的术前检查、合理的掌握LC手术适应证、良好的基础训练、精细的操作和手术技巧的不断提高是减少LC术中出血的重要环节。     

腹腔镜与开腹胆囊切除术对患者术后肝功能及免疫功能的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)与开腹胆囊切除术(OC)对患者术后肝功能及免疫功能的影响。方法回顾性分析我院2011年5月至2013年5月82例胆囊良性病变患者的临床资料,根据手术方式将患者分为LC组(n=49例)及OC组(n=33),比较患者肝功能及免疫功能指标的变化。结果 2组患者术后肝功能指标变化趋势相同,ALT、AST、TBIL在术后1 d较术前升高(P0.05),术后3 d开始明显下降(P0.05),术后7 d达正常水平,在2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);LC组患者术后免疫功能指标无明显变化(P0.05),OC组IgG、CD3+(%)、CD4+(%)、CD4+/CD8+在术后1 d、3 d均较术前明显降低(P0.05),术后7 d恢复至术前水平(P0.05)。结论 LC与OC均可造成患者术后短暂肝功能异常,但LC对术后免疫功能无明显影响。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中电凝法处理胆囊动脉的临床应用

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术中用电凝处理胆囊动脉的效果。方法回顾性分析2000~2006年86例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中电凝法处理胆囊动脉的临床资料。结果电凝法85例(98.8%)术中、术后无继发出血;1例因胆囊动脉封闭不牢固需要用夹闭法。平均手术时间38min(20~70min)。术中平均出血量11ml(5~30ml)。术后平均住院时间3d(1~5d)。无手术并发症发生。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术中合理应用电凝法处理胆囊动脉止血效果可靠,节省费用。     

基层医院开展腹腔镜胆囊切除术347例体会

随着腹腔镜手术技术的成熟以及手术范围的扩大,腹腔镜胆囊切除术(Lc)已成为胆囊良性疾患的首选治疗方法.     

MRCP在腹腔镜胆囊切除术前对手术难易性评估的分析

目的对磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)手术前评估手术难易程度的效果进行分析。方法在我院2011年3月至2012年7月间收治的全部胆道疾病患者中,随机选择110例胆囊结石患者进行研究,全部病例均使用LC手术,术前进行MRCP检查。将真性胆囊息肉LC切除术的平均手术时间30 min作为评判标准,手术时间不超过30 min为正常手术,超过30 min为有一定难度的LC手术。对患者的年龄、性别、位置、胆囊体积、胆囊管的角度、胆囊壁厚度、胆囊周围的情况、胆囊管的长度、胆囊颈部是否存在结石等情况和LC手术难易程度的相关性进行分析。结果 LC手术的难易程度和患者胆囊管的长度、胆囊颈部是否存在结石有一定的相关性,和患者的年龄、性别、胆囊体积、位置、胆囊管的角度、胆囊壁厚度、胆囊周围的情况无相关性。结论在术前对患者进行常规MRCP检测,对LC手术难易程度的预测有着重要的指导意义。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症临床分析

腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC)并发症发生率在1.5%左右［1］,本文对我院1996年5月至2008年9月腹腔镜胆囊切除术中64例并发症进行回顾性分析,探讨对LC并发症的预防方法,现报告如下.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转小切口胆囊切除术临床应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中转小切口胆囊切除术（MC）临床应用。方法对2 235例LC中转56例MC作回顾分析,LC改MC主要技术是将原剑突下斜行10 mm戳孔沿肋缘下向右延长至5～6 cm进行直视下小切口操作。结果 56例LC例中转为MC操作后均比较顺利切除胆囊,仅4例急性胆囊炎炎症明显,出血量300～400 mL,全组无严重并发症。结论 LC中转MC后操作容易、安全,而且不失微创的理念,对患者有利。     

Participation of medical technologists in educational hospitalization of diabetics--involvement in short-term hospitalization of diabetics on weekends

Since diabetic mellitus often causes few symptoms, the evaluation and control of the condition by clinical examinations are important. Patients require long-term self-control, and therefore, should understand the importance of various examinations, appropriate ways of undergoing examinations, and their own physical condition based on examination values for the continuation of good control. However, it is often difficult to provide adequate information, give instructions, evaluate the degree of understanding by patients, or confirm changes in their detailed feelings within the limited consultation time at the outpatient clinic. One of the purposes of educational hospitalization of diabetics is to overcome these problems. To make good use of educational hospitalization of diabetics, staff members concerned should establish an effective cooperation system based on common information and recognition, and give appropriate instructions. Clinical technologists evaluate samples in their work and are the first to know measurement values. Therefore, it may be of great value in the establishment/continuation of good diabetic care that medical technologists well-informed about examination work become involved in educational hospitalization of diabetics, understand the condition of patients and requests by staff members in other departments, and rapidly provide information. In addition, consideration should be given to the educational hospitalization period so as to minimize patient's burden.     

Prediction of intraoperative complexity from preoperative patient data for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Objective

Different reasons may cause difficult intraoperative surgical situations. This study aims to predict intraoperative complexity by classifying and evaluating preoperative patient data. The basic prediction problem addressed in this paper involves the classification of preoperative data into two classes: easy (Class 0) and complex (Class 1) surgeries.

Methods and material

preoperative patient data were collected from 337 patients admitted to the Klinikum rechts der Isar hospital in Munich, Germany for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LAPCHOL) in the period of 2005-2008. The data include the patient's body mass index (BMI), sex, inflammation, wall thickening, age and history of previous surgery, as well as the name and level of experience of the operating surgeon. The operating surgeon was asked to label the intraoperative complexity after the surgery: ‘0’ if the surgery was easy and ‘1’ if it was complex. For the classification task a set of classifiers was evaluated, including linear discriminant classifier (LDC), quadratic discriminant classifier (QDC), Parzen and support vector machine (SVM). Moreover, feature-selection was applied to derive the optimal preoperative patient parameters for predicting intraoperative complexity.

Results

Classification results indicate a preference for the LDC in terms of classification error, although the SVM classifier is preferred in terms of results concerning the area under the curve. The trained LDC or SVM classifier can therefore be used in preoperative settings to predict complexity from preoperative patient data with classification error rates below 17%. Moreover, feature-selection results identify bias in the process of labelling surgical complexity, although this bias is irrelevant for patients with inflammation, wall thickening, male sex and high BMI. These patients tend to be at high risk for complex LAPCHOL surgeries, regardless of labelling bias.

Conclusions

Intraoperative complexity can be predicted before surgery according to preoperative data with accuracy up to 83% using an LDC or SVM classifier. The set of features that are relevant for predicting complexity includes inflammation, wall thickening, sex and BMI score.