带关节的超关节外固定架结合有限内固定治疗Pilon骨折

目的应用带关节的超关节外固定架结合有限内固定治疗Pilon骨折，并评估其疗效。方法2002年2月～2004年6月采用单边带关节的超踝关节T型外固定架结合有限内固定治疗19例（21侧）Pilon骨折患者。支架远端螺钉固定于距骨或跟骨，近端螺钉固定于胫骨骨折近端，使踝关节可以距下关节为中心在一定范围内活动。依据伤口软组织情况在术后2～3周松动外固定支架关节开始踝关节功能锻炼。结果19例患者全部获得随访10～18个月，平均13个月。临床效果满意，无切口、伤口及钉道感染，无神经、血管损伤，无骨不连等并发症。踝关节骨折复位情况（Burwell＆charnley踝关节骨折复位评分法）为C1型5例全部达解剖复位；C2型达解剖复位7例，一般2例，C3型达解剖复位4例，一般1例，复位差2例。踝关节症状和功能评分（Baird＆Jackson评分法）为72～98分，平均92分；优4侧，良12侧，可3侧，差2侧，优良率为84．2％。结论带关节的超关节外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗Pilon骨折可避免伤口并发症和骨不连的发生，能更好地恢复关节面的解剖关系，有利于踝关节早期活动，避免关节僵硬，是治疗Pilon骨折的理想方法之一。     

踝关节骨折31例的手术治疗

踝关节骨折是创伤骨科中常见的骨折之一,它是一种关节内骨折,治疗需要精确的解剖复位和牢固的内固定,以确保关节早期活动并促进关节软骨的修复,处理不当易发生创伤性关节炎。自1999年1月～2006年1月,笔者共手术治疗踝关节骨折患者31例,疗效满意。报告如下。     

踝关节开放性骨折脱位的治疗

踝关节开放性骨折脱位临床发生率高，骨折不稳定，伴有韧带及关节囊损伤，清创同时手术行内固定治疗，能及时复位，重建踝穴的稳定性，恢复关节的正常解剖形态。自1998年以来共收治36例，分析报告如下。     

踝部骨折的治疗及距骨生物力学观察

本组通过离体小腿标本，对距骨在踝部骨折中生物力学关系做简要观察，并对９５例踝关节骨折治疗后的临床及Ｘ线加以分析。其中６５例进行了随访，认为踝关节骨折不论手法复位外固定或手术复位内固定，均应注意距骨在踝穴内解剖关系，并注意下胫腓关节间隙距离。恢复踝穴和距骨的解剖关系是极为重要的治疗标准     

踝关节骨折的手术治疗

踝关节骨折是创伤骨科最常见骨折之一,因其是关节内骨折,治疗需要精确的解剖复位和坚强的内固定,以确保关节早期活动以及促进关节软骨的修复.我们自2002年1月至2006年11月间收治的36例踝关节骨折,采用手术内固定治疗,均取得满意疗效,现报道如下.     

踝关节骨折手术效果不佳的原因分析

踝关节骨折是一种波及关节的损伤，术后关节面的解剖复位对预后有重要意义。本文对25例踝关节骨折术后内外踝结构恢复不佳病例进行分析，提出了预防方法，以提高踝关节骨折的复位水平。     

三踝骨折（Cotton骨折）的手术治疗

本文通过对１３例Ｃｏｔｔｏｎ骨折手术治疗的随访，认为踝关节负重及功能恢复决于早期手术及术中的解剖复位和牢固的内固定，上述治疗为踝关节早期负重活动、刺激骨折愈合及功能恢复奠定了基础，本文同时对踝关节稳定和手术的必要性及手术技进行了讨论。     

不稳定踝关节骨折脱位手术治疗

目的：探讨不稳定踝关节骨折脱位较佳的手术治疗方案,提出提高手术治疗效果的措施。方法：回顾52例闭合性不稳定踝关节骨折脱位患的临床和手术资料。结果：全部病例得到随访,随访期1－4年,按苟氏评定标准评定,优34例,良12例,可5例,差1例,手术优良率为88．5％。结论：我们主张对不稳定踝关节骨折脱位采用手术复位内固定治疗,强调术中应注意距骨在踝穴内解剖关系,并注意下胫腓关节间隙距离。恢复踝穴和距骨的解剖关系是极为重要的治疗标准。     

撬拨复位外固定架治疗Pilon骨折

[目的]采用关节镜监视下撬拨复位外固定架治疗Pilon骨折。[方法]2002年2月－2004年4月采用关节镜监视下撬拨复位超踝关节可动外固定架结合克氏针、空心螺钉治疗Pilon骨折9例。[结果]本组病例随访时间平均12．6个月。采用Teeny＆Wiss踝关节症状和功能评分法，术后评分80—96分，平均88分。优秀3例，良好5例，一般1例。[结论]采用关节镜监视下撬拨复位超踝关节可动外固定架结合克氏针、空心螺钉治疗Pilon骨折能更好的恢复关节面的解剖关系，有利于踝关节的早期活动，可防止踝关节退行性变、创伤性关节炎及关节僵硬的发生，可避免伤口并发症和骨不连的发生，疗效满意。     

跖骨骨折43例手术治疗体会

跖骨骨折如未能达到解剖复位，必将影响足部稳定结构，可导致早期关节炎和迟发性踝关节不稳。2000年1月-2005年12月共收治跖骨骨折43例，采用手术治疗，报告如下。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.