毛细管气相色谱法测定理中气雾剂中龙脑的含量

目的建立毛细管气相色谱法测定理中气雾剂中龙脑的含量.方法使用聚乙二醇(PEG)-20M毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm);以萘为内标,分流进样,分流比为101;柱温为100 ℃;进样口温度210 ℃,检测器温度220℃;栽气为氮气;流速为4.5 mL·min-1.结果龙脑在0.113～0.906 μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 7,平均加样回收率为101.6%,RSD为1.33%.结论该方法简便,重复性好,可用于理中气雾剂中龙脑的含量测定.     

毛细管气相色谱法测定柠檬酸三乙酯含量

目的 建立毛细管气相色谱法测定柠檬酸三乙酯的含量.方法 色谱柱:DB-1301(15 m×0.53 mm×1 μm);柱温采用程序升温:先80℃保持0.5 min,然后以20℃·min-1的速度增加到220℃并保持10 min;采用氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),检测器温度:275℃;进样口温度:225℃;载气:氮气,流速:2.3 ml·min-1;分流比:20:1;进样量:1.0 μl.结果 柠檬酸三乙酯在24～36 g·L-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 17),平均回收率为99.91%,RSD值为0.06%.结论 该方法准确、简便、专属性强,可以作为柠檬酸三乙酯含量分析法.     

HPLC测定注射用复方甘草甜素中的甘草甜素

目的 测定注射用复方甘草甜素的主药和有关物质.方法 采用HPLC法,用DiamonsilTM C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为乙腈-2%冰醋酸(35:65);流速1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长254 nm;柱温30℃;进样量10 μl.结果 甘草甜素与其相邻杂质峰能完全分离,40.4～808.0 μg·ml-1线性关系良好(r＝0.9999).结论 所用方法简便、准确、专属性好,可用于注射用复方甘草甜素的含量测定及有关物质的检查.     

莪术醇亚微乳剂含量及有关物质测定方法的建立

目的:建立莪术醇亚微乳剂中莪术醇及有关物质的毛细管气相色谱测定方法.方法:采用气相色谱方法,HP-5柱(30.0 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm);进样体积2μL,分流比10:1,进样口温度250℃;柱温(炉温)180℃,柱流量1.0 mL·min-1;检测器FID,检测器温度250℃,载气为氮气(N2).结果:莪术醇与相关杂质及降解产物均分离良好;空白乳剂对测定无干扰.莪术醇在0.01～2.0 g·L-1范围内具有良好的线性关系(r=1.0000);平均回收率为100.79%(RSD为1.47%).结论:该方法用于莪术醇亚微乳剂的质量评价,操作简便,定量准确,专属性强,灵敏度高,重现性好.     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定格列吡嗪中的残留溶剂

目的:建立格列吡嗪中的残留溶剂丙酮、四氢呋喃、甲醇的分离测定方法。方法:采用 Agilent-INNOWAX 石英毛细管气相色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm),载气为氮气,氧火焰离子化柃测器,进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃。柱温采用程序升温:初始温度为40℃,维持8 min,以100℃·min~(-1)速率升至180℃,维持8 min;流速为1 mL·min~(-1)。以0.5mol·L~(-1)氢氰化钠溶液为样品的溶剂。结果:丙酮、四氢呋喃、甲醇的检测限分别为0.025,0.021,0.716 μg·mL~(-1);定量限分别为0.396,0.133,3.600 μg·mL~(-1);平均回收率(n=9)分别为93.1%,89.6%,91.7%。结论:本法操作简便,灵敏度高、准确性强,适用于格列吡嗪中残留溶剂的检测。     

HPLC-UV法测定苯丁酸钠片的含量及有关物质

目的 建立HPLC-UV法测定苯丁酸钠片的含量及有关物质.方法 采用高效液相色谱仪,C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相:乙腈-5 mmol·L-1磷酸溶液(40:60),柱温40℃,检测波长:215 nm,流速:1.0 ml· min-1,进样:20 μl.结果 苯丁酸钠在21.14～105....     

气相色谱法测定扑米酮片中扑米酮的含量

目的:建立毛细管气相色谱法直接测定扑米酮片中扑米酮的含量. 方法:采用DB-17(30 m×0.53 mm, 1 μm)毛细管色谱柱,柱温260 ℃,进样口温度300 ℃,检测器温度310 ℃,载气为氮气;用雌酮作为内标物定量,进样量1 μl(分流比10:1).结果:扑米酮在0.096～4.8 mg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7,n=6),平均回收率为98.7%(n=9). 结论:本方法简便、快速、准确,可用于扑米酮片的含量测定.     

HPLC法检测酮咯酸氨丁三醇注射液中的有关物质

目的:建立一种测定酮咯酸氨丁三醇注射液有关物质的高效液相色谱法.方法:采用Alltima-C18(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以0.02 mol·L-1磷酸二氢铵溶液(用磷酸调pH至3.0)-乙腈(65:35)为流动相;流速1.2 ml·min -1;柱温40℃;检测波长为313 nm;进样量为20 μl.结果:酮咯酸氨丁三醇峰与各杂质峰均能良好的分离.3批样品有关物质分别为0.15%、0.13%、0.12%,均符合规定.结论:本方法简便、灵敏、专属性好,可用于酮咯酸氨丁三醇注射液有关物质的检查.     

GC法同时测定鱼腥草注射液中4种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定鱼腥草注射液中4-萜烯醇、α-松油醇、乙酸龙脑酯和甲基正壬酮含量的方法.方法:采用气相色谱法;色谱柱:DB-1毛细管气相色谱柱(30m×0.25 mm,0.25μm);程序升温:70℃保持5 min,以5℃·min-1上升至140℃,保持5 min,再以20℃·min-1升至250℃;进样口温度:25...     

HPLC测定氯唑沙宗片的含量和有关物质

目的 测定氯唑沙宗片的含量和有关物质.方法 采用HPLC法,用DiamonsilTM C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱;流动相为0.05 mol·L-1枸橼酸缓冲液(三乙胺调pH3.5)-乙腈(60:40);流速1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长280 nm;柱温30℃;进样量20μl.结果 氯唑沙宗与其相邻杂质峰能完全分离;在24.84～496.70 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.9998).结论 所建方法简便、准确、专属性好,可用于氯唑沙宗及其制剂的含量测定和有关物质的检查.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.