卡巴拉汀脂质体的制备及其大鼠鼻腔给药的药代动力学

制备卡巴拉汀脂质体,研究其在大鼠鼻腔给药的药代动力学。采用硫酸铵梯度法制备包载卡巴拉汀的脂质体,考察粒径、zeta电位和包封率,测定脂质体在磷酸盐缓冲液中的释放;大鼠鼻腔给予卡巴拉汀脂质体,以安替比林为内标,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC/MS)测定血浆中卡巴拉汀的浓度,运用DAS 2.0软件拟合药代动力学参数。经筛选制备的脂质体包封率为(33.41±6.58)%,平均粒径在154～236 nm,zeta电位(-10.47±2.41)mV。脂质体的体外释放符合一级动力学方程。大鼠鼻腔给药后,Cmax,Tmax和AUC0-∞分别为(1.50±0.15)mg.L-1,15 min和(89.06±8.30)mg.L-1.min。卡巴拉汀制备成脂质体经大鼠鼻腔给药后,吸收迅速,血药浓度可以达到一定水平。     

脂质体在鼻腔给药中的应用

通过介绍脂质体的特点，指出脂质体在鼻腔给药的优点。探讨脂质体在鼻腔黏膜的作用机制。利用脂质体增加药物鼻腔黏膜的透过吸收的原理，可以对疾病进行有效的治疗。介绍脂质体作为鼻腔药物载体的研究现状，展望脂质体纳米化是脂质体鼻腔给药药物的发展趋势。     

3，4-O-异亚丙基莽草酸（ISA）在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学研究

目的:建立 Beagle 犬血浆中3,4-O-异亚丙基莽草酸(ISA)的 RP-HPLC 分析方法,并对 ISA 原料药静注给药在犬体内药动学过程进行分析研究。方法:犬血浆样品中加入内标物芦丁,采用酸性甲醇沉淀蛋白质并提取药物,采用 RP-HPLC法测定。大连依利特 Hypersil ODS 2柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.3%醋酸(50:65);检测波长:220 nm;柱温:室温;流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1)。动物实验使用 Beagle 犬6只,采用静脉注射给药(200 mg·kg~(-1)),进行血药浓度测定。结果:犬血浆样品中 ISA 无干扰,以芦丁为内标,测定血药浓度最低检测限3 ng·mL~(-1);ISA 浓度在0.01～600μg·mL~(-1)范围内对ISA 峰面积和内标峰面积的比有较好的线性关系,r=0.9996,绝对回收率大于70%,方法回收率在98.5%～103.3%之间;日内精密度、日间精密度 RSD 分别小于5%和15%。ISA 原料药静脉注射在犬体内过程符合二室模型。结论:本法准确、灵敏度较高,可用于 ISA 体内过程的研究。     

脂质体肺部给药的研究

由于脂质体肺部给药具有刺激性小、吸收迅速、生物利用度高、安全性好、可实现持续缓慢释药等独特优势而成为近年来制剂领域的研究热点之一。本文论述脂质体肺部给药的特点、稳定性以及在药代动力学、药效学和安全性等方面的最新研究进展。     

异亚丙基莽草酸抗血栓作用的实验研究

目的研究异亚丙基莽草酸(ISA)对大鼠动静脉环路血栓、大脑中动脉栓塞及血小板聚集的对抗作用及机制。方法用动静脉环路血栓及三氯化铁致大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAT)模型观察药物作用;并研究了ISA体内、外给药对血小板聚集的影响。结果ISA 25,50,100及200 mg·kg^-1 ig均可显著降低大鼠体外血栓重量;ISA 50,100,200 mg·kg^-1 ig可明显改善MCAT模型大鼠神经症状;ISA 100及200 mg·kg^-1 ig MCAT模型大鼠脑梗塞范围分别下降27.8%和31.6%;另外,ISA体内、外给药对ADP和胶原诱导的血小板聚集有明显的抑制作用。结论ISA可能通过抗血小板聚集作用抑制血栓的形成。     

赖氨匹林脂质体鼻腔给药的研究

用冻融法制备重建型赖氨匹林脂质体，包封率为５５．９４％，含量为３５．２８％，平均粒径为１．２９μｍ。家兔２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ的剂量连续鼻腔给药２０ｄ，对鼻粘膜无损害。对健康受试者鼻腔给药单剂量５００ｍｇ，测得绝对生物利用度为９３．８％。     

脂质体不同给药系统的研究

根据近年来国内外有关脂质体不同给药途径的文献研究 ,对脂质体在口服、肺部、鼻腔、经皮等给药途径方面的应用进行了综述     

新型醒脑静大鼠鼻腔及静脉注射给药后龙脑的药代动力学研究

目的:研究新型醒脑静中艾片有效成分龙脑在大鼠鼻腔给药和静注给药后的药代动力学。方法:醒脑静静注给药剂量为12 mg.kg-1,鼻腔给药剂量为150 mg.kg-1。采用气相色谱法测定血中龙脑的浓度,以Kinetica 4.4软件计算药代动力学参数。结果:鼻腔给药醒脑静滴鼻液后,艾片有效成分龙脑能迅速进入血液中,生物利用度可达83%。结论:鼻腔给药后龙脑能迅速而较完全地吸收进入体循环。     

中药白芷乳剂大鼠鼻腔给药的体内研究

目的：探讨白芷乳剂量腔给药的可行性。方法：以白芷主要有效成分欧前胡素和异欧前胡素为检测指标,探讨白芷乳剂大鼠鼻腔给药的药物动力学参数及脑组织中的含量。结果：欧前胡素和异欧前胡素鼻腔给药的tmax均为0．500h,Cmax分别为3．161,2．916μg/ml,AUC0p→∞分别为为20．205,28．117μg.h/ml,T1/2分别为4．779,6．301h,给药15min,即可透过血脑屏障,进入脑组织,4h时脑组织中含量分别为40．368,22．849μg/100mg。结论。白芷乳剂鼻腔给药具有一定的可行性。     

脂质体肺部给药在抗菌药物中的应用

脂质体肺部给药作为一种非侵入性给药形式,给药方式和处方组成与一般制剂有明显区别,具有定位靶向、无首过效应、缓释性等优点,目前成为肺部疾病治疗的重要手段。该文就脂质体肺部给药的优势、给药方式和在抗菌药物中的应用进行综述,为今后脂质体肺部给药的研发创新提供启发和思路。     

夏天无总碱多囊脂质体的制备与体外特征评价

目的:制备夏天无总碱多囊脂质体,并进行体外特征评价。方法:以包封率为评价指标,以卵磷脂(PC)与药物、PC与三油酸甘油酯(TO)、PC与磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)、PC与胆固醇(CH)的质量比为考察因素,用复乳法制备夏天无总碱多囊脂质体;并考察其形态、粒径和体外释放行为。结果:PC与药物、PC与TO、PC与PS、PC与CH的质量比分别为10∶2、3∶1、4∶3、1∶2.5,包封率可达(50±3)%;多囊脂质体呈球状体,平均粒径为22.0μm,在生理盐水中体外释放时间可持续2d。结论:该制备工艺稳定、可行。     

多西他赛他莫昔芬脂质体体外释放研究

目的考察多西他赛他莫昔芬复方脂质体体外释放。方法薄膜分散法制备单方和复方脂质体样品,通过透析法进行脂质体体外释放,采用高效液相色谱法测定他莫昔芬和多西他赛药物浓度,并对体外释放曲线进行数学模型拟合。结果单方和复方脂质体中,他莫昔芬和多西他赛均无突释,多西他赛较他莫昔芬释放快,他莫昔芬和多西他赛释放模型符合一级释放方程,他莫昔芬和多西他赛的释放曲线相似。结论他莫昔芬和多西他赛在单方和复方脂质体体外释放并无显著差异。     

鬼臼毒素MPEG修饰脂质体的制备及体外释放的研究

目的:制备鬼臼毒素(PPT)MPEG修饰脂质体(PPT-MPL),以及考察PPT-MPL体外释放行为。方法:合成甲氧基聚乙二醇磷脂酰乙醇胺(MPEG-PE),并用薄膜分散法制备脂质体;以包封率为指标,运用正交试验法设计优化脂质体处方和工艺,采用改进的超滤法测定脂质体的包封率,以及透析法研究体外释放行为。结果:优化后的PPT-MPL平均粒径为(106.20±4.10)nm,包封率为(83.30±2.50)%;加入血浆后PPT-MPL体外释放速率比普通脂质体慢(P<0.05)。结论:该法制备PPT-MPEG修饰脂质体,具有粒径小、包封率高以及明显的缓释效果。     

去氢骆驼蓬碱脂质体的制备和体外释放特性

目的：研究去氢骆驼蓬碱（harmine,HM）脂质体的制备工艺和体外释放特性。方法：运用薄膜分散-pH值梯度法制备HM．脂质体以及高速离心法分离脂质体与游离药物,并测定其包封率;借助综合评分法,评价其粒径、多分散系数、包封率、载药量指标;运用正交优化实验法考察磷脂-胆固醇与药-脂比、超声时间、外相pH值对脂质体的影响,述选最优工艺处方,评价脂质体与原料药的体外释放情况。结果：最优处方因素为磷脂-胆固醇比值为4：1,超声时间为300S,药-脂比值为1：5,外相pH值为6,8,即X13X23X32X43,经实验验证其粒径为（155.0±14．5）nm,多分散系数为（0．148±0．011）,包封率为（80．90±0．01）％,载药量为（11．16±0．01）％;其原料药0．5h累积释放百分比大于50％,不到2h已全部释放,而优化后的脂质体在1h内其累积释放百分比大于50％,4h后释放完成。结论：采用薄膜分散-pH值梯度法,以最优处方制得HM-脂质体,其粒径大小适中、形态均匀,包封率和载药量相对较高,体外释放显示具有较好的缓释特性。     

唑来膦酸阳离子脂质体的制备及其体外特性表征

目的制备唑来膦酸阳离子脂质体,并对其体外特性进行表征。方法采用薄膜分散法制备唑来膦酸阳离子脂质体,以包封率、载药量、平均粒径、Zeta电位为评价指标,对处方及工艺进行单因素考察,并对其体外特性进行表征。结果确定处方工艺为DPPC与DC-Chol比例为3∶1,PBS水化体积10 m L,旋转蒸发时间60 min,超声均化5 min,制备得到的阳离子脂质体的平均粒径、聚分散指数、包封率、载药量和Zeta电位分别为(106.76±1.94)nm,0.262±0.027,(38.54±0.99)%,(3.42±0.27)%,+(42.37±2.60)m V,唑来膦酸阳离子脂质体体外释药具有缓释靶向特性,药物释放曲线符合Weibull方程模型。结论采用薄膜分散法制备的唑来膦酸阳离子脂质体具有较高的稳定性,为其药动学和药效学研究奠定了基础。     

In Vitro Evaluation of Polymerized Liposomes as an Oral Drug Delivery System

The physical characteristics of polymerized liposomes for potential use as an oral drug delivery system were examined in vitro. The trap efficiency in monomeric liposomes composed of 1,2-di (2,4-octadecadienoyl) phosphatidylcholine was increased from 3% for original multilamellar vesicles to 35% for freeze-thaw treated liposomes. Polymerized liposomes with azobis (isobutyronitrile) and azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride as radical initiators showed complete stability against solubilization by Triton X-100, a detergent chosen to mimic bile salts. Release rates of ¹⁴C-BSA and ¹⁴C-sucrose in media simulating the gastro-intestinal fluids was 50% less than from regular liposomes composed of hydrogenated egg phosphatidylcholine mixed with cholesterol (molar ratio 1:1), which can be regarded as one of the most stable types of regular liposomes. It was estimated that, when administered orally, polymerized liposomes can reach the intestine while maintaining their vesicle structure and keeping at least 75% of their original content.     

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Various Carbonyl Compounds against Cyanide Toxicity with Particular Reference to Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid

Cyanide is a rapidly acting neurotoxin that necessitates immediate, vigorous therapy. The commonly used treatment regimen for cyanide includes the intravenous administration of sodium nitrite (SN) and sodium thiosulphate (STS). Due to many limitations of these antidotes, a search for more effective, safer molecules continues. Cyanide is known to react with carbonyl compounds to form the cyanohydrin complex. The present study addresses the efficacy of several carbonyl compounds and their metabolites or nutrients with alpha-ketoglutaric acid (A-KG), citric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, fumaric and oxaloacetic acid, glucose, sucrose, fructose, mannitol, sorbitol, dihydroxyacetone, and glyoxal (5 or 10 mM; ?10 min) against toxicity of potassium cyanide (KCN; 10 mM) in rat thymocytes in vitro. Six hours after KCN, cell viability measured by MTT assay and crystal violet dye exclusion revealed maximum cytoprotection by A-KG, followed by oxaloacetic acid. A-KG also resolved the leakage of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase, loss in nuclear integrity (propidium iodide staining), and altered mitochondrial membrane potential (rhodamine 123 assay) as a result of cyanide toxicity. Protection Index (ratio of LD₅₀ of KCN in protected and unprotected animals; PI) of all the compounds (oral; 1.0 g/kg; ?10 min) determined in male mice, revealed that maximum protection was afforded by A-KG (7.6 PI), followed by oxaloacetic acid (6.4 PI). Comparative evaluation of various salts of A-KG alone or with STS (intraperitoneal; 1.0 g/kg; ?15 min) showed that maximum protection was conferred by disodium anhydrous salt of A-KG, which also significantly prevented the inhibition of brain cytochrome oxidase caused by 0.75 LD₅₀ KCN. This study indicates the potential of A-KG as alternative cyanide antidote.     

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Sterylglucoside-Modified Liposomes for Levonorgestrel Delivery via Nasal Route

For emergency contraceptive, the rapid delivery of levonorgestrel (LNG) to plasma is desirable, furthermore, a sustained delivery of LNG along with rapid absorption will be necessary. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LNG entrapped in different kinds of liposome formulations via nasal administration in rats were evaluated and compared with LNG suspension via the oral route. The relative bioavailabilities of these liposome formulations via nasal administration were 100% or higher than 100%. The C_max and T_max values of sterylglucoside (SG) and chitosan-contained formulations by nasal administration were 416.84 ng/mL and 1.02 hr, 227.97 ng/mL and 2.02 hr, respectively, compared with that of 334.94 ng/mL and 1.89 hr of oral suspension. Fully 100% contraception was observed for all the formulations. SG could promote the absorption of LNG via the nasal route and may provide a rapid onset of action of LNG for emergency contraception. Chitosan could retain LNG in the nasal cavity for long contact time to sustain delivery of LNG. The rapid onset and sustained delivery of LNG can be achieved via the nasal route using liposomes as the vehicle.     

2-甲氧基雌二醇脂质体的质量评价

目的:对2-甲氧基雌二醇(2-ME)脂质体进行质量评价. 方法:用乙醚注入法制备2-ME脂质体,与原料药相比,体外释药情况的考察. 并从粒径包封率两个方面进行稳定性考察. 结果:体外释药试验表明,与原料药相比,脂质体无突释现象且持续释药, 4℃存放两周稳定性较好. 结论:用乙醚注入法制备的2-ME脂质体质量稳定,可为2-ME的临床应用提供一种新剂型.     

青蒿素脂质体的制备及质量评价

目的通过对青蒿素脂质体的处方和制备工艺研究,研制高包封率和稳定的脂质体。方法采用乙醇注入法制备脂质体,以正交实验优化处方。测定了脂质体中药物的包封率;并初步考察了脂质体的稳定性。结果优化处方与工艺所得脂质体形态均匀,包封率〉85％,载药量达27．22％,粒径约为90nm,Zeta电位约为一68．4mV,具有良好的稳定性。结论乙醇注入法制备脂质体工艺简便,包封率高,制备的脂质体稳定性好。