白蛋白对近端肾小管上皮细胞增殖与凋亡的影响

【目的】探讨白蛋白对近端肾小管上皮细胞（PTCs）增殖与凋亡的影响。【方法】用不同剂量（0．1，0．5，1，5，10，30mg／mL）去脂牛血清白蛋白（dBSA）超载体外培养的NRK52E，dBSA 0mg／mL作为对照。细胞增殖活性用MTS比色法检测和显微镜观察。细胞凋亡检测：荧光染料DAPI染核，DNA梯带实验，原位末端标记（TUNEL）实验和苔盼蓝染色计数。【结果】高剂量dBSA超载未完全融合NRK52E细胞144h后细胞变得更密集。MTS比色结果发现，高剂量dBSA（5、10、30mg／mL）超载可明显诱导NRK52E细胞增殖，增殖活性分别为（0．700±0．045）A、（1．021±0．029）A和（1．273±0．173）A，较对照细胞（0．441±0．020）A显著升高，P均〈0．05。高剂量dBSA超载的NRK52E细胞，有较多出现核碎裂和核固缩，有较强DNA梯带和原位末端标记信号。苔盼蓝染色计数发现，高剂量dBSA（5、10、30mg／mL）超载NRK52E细胞72h的死亡细胞数[（680000±28618）／mL，（970000±52915）／mL和（1132500±88954）／mL较对照的死亡细胞数[（312500±28395）／mL]显著升高，P均〈0．05；而且死亡细胞数呈剂量依赖性。【结论】白蛋白超载NRK52E细胞既可诱导细胞增殖，又可诱导细胞凋亡。     

益母草石油醚提取物对大鼠肾小管上皮细胞的毒性研究

【目的】观察益母草石油醚提取物（petroleum ether extract，PEE）对大鼠肾小管上皮细胞的毒性影响及其机制。【方法】将NRK52E大鼠肾小管上皮细胞用不同剂量的PEE处理，HE染色光镜下观察各组NRK52E细胞总数及凋亡指数，并提取各组细胞蛋白质，用WesternBlotting方法观察各组BCl-2，HO-1（血红素加氧酶-1）表达水平。【结果】体外培养结果显示PEE可使大鼠肾小管上皮细胞凋亡增加（P〈0．001）。可致NRK52E细胞总数明显减少（P〈0．001）。同时小剂量益母草石油醚提取物也可使NRK52E细胞17．31—2、H0-1表达增加（P〈0．01）。【结论】PEE对肾小管上皮细胞的损伤机制是引起凋亡增多，该机制并非通过下调抗凋亡蛋白BCL-2途径，益母草致毒性成分可能主要在于石油醚提取物中。     

雷帕霉素对血管平滑肌细胞增殖影响的实验研究

 【目的】观察雷帕霉素（rapamycin）对体外培养的大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌细胞（SMC）增殖的作用。【方法】组织贴块法体外原代培养大鼠胸主动脉平滑肌细胞，取对数生长期细胞（第6-10代）用作实验，MTr法检测不同浓度雷帕霉素对平滑肌细胞增殖的效果，并用RT-PCR法检测其对平滑肌细胞增殖细胞核抗原（proliferating cell nuclear antigen，PCNA）mRNA表达情况的影响。【结果】①MTT法检测显示雷帕霉素呈剂量依赖性抑制体外培养的大鼠平滑肌细胞增殖，各组吸光值似）分别为：对照组0．902±0．106；0．1ng／mL组0．873±0．079；1ng／mL组0．797±0．046；10ng／mL组0．692±0．061；100ng／mL组0．624±0．075。方差分析差异有显著性。F=28．85，P〈0．001；两两比较1ng／mL以上浓度组与对照组间差异均有显著性，不同浓度间差异显著。0．1ng/mL组与对照组相比差异无显著性。②RT-PCR显示雷帕霉素以浓度依赖模式抑制大鼠平滑肌细胞PCNA-mRNA合成。各组校正后光密度值分别为：对照组219．35±7．20；0．1ng／mL组212．39±6．56；1ng/mL组113．15±10．09；10ng／mL组97．17±12．25；100ng／mL组84．38±8．66。方差分析F=195．49，P〈0．001。两两比较与MTT检测相同。【结论】雷帕霉素呈剂量依赖性显著抑制大鼠平滑肌细胞的增殖，1ng／mL时即可明显起效。雷帕霉素有望成为治疗内支架术后再狭窄的理想药物之一。     

C-Myc／Fas基因转染对人颊癌细胞移植瘤的影响

 【目的】探讨C-Myc／Fas基因BcaCD885细胞裸鼠移植瘤内转染的抑瘤效果，了解分子机制。【方法】构建人颊癌BcaCD885细胞裸鼠移植瘤模型，实验动物分3组，每组16只。分别瘤内注射脂质体、脂质体，pBK-fas、以及脂质体／pBK-Fas／pcDNA3-C-Myc共聚物，观测移植瘤增殖，绘制生长曲线。转染72h后每组处死6只动物，RT-PCR检测移植瘤细胞FasmRNA表达。流式细胞术（Flowcytometry，FCM）检测Fas蛋白表达和移植瘤细胞凋亡、增殖水平。【结果】Fas转染、C-Myc／Fas共转染抑制肿瘤增殖，生长抑制率分别为47．33％±2．29％和49．93％±5．15％，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。Fas转染、C-Myc／Fas共转染增强移植瘤细胞FasmRNA表达，提高Fas蛋白阳性表达率、阳性表达强度和凋亡指数。共转染组增殖指数为65．45％±7．11％。高于对照组和Fas组（53．26％±6，37％和51．93％±7．51％），差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。对照组和Fas组差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。【结论】Fas、C-Myc／Fas转染抑制人颊癌细胞裸鼠移植瘤增殖与增强Fas表达、促进细胞凋亡有关。     

改变组织醛固酮及其受体表达对SHR大鼠肾脏纤维化的影响

 【目的】观察改变肾组织醛固酮及其受体水平对自发性高血压大鼠肾脏纤维化的影响。【方法】8周龄的雄性自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）24只及同源正常京都大鼠（WKY）8只，SHR分为贝那普利干预组[30ing／（kg·d）]、大剂量安体舒通干预组[100mg／（kg·d）]和高血压模型对照组，同时设同源的正常对照组，干预时间为8周，检测收缩压、尿蛋白、血白蛋白、尿素氮、肌酐、肾组织醛固酮受体、TGF-β1的mRNA和蛋白表达。【结果】贝那普利能下调组织醛固酮【（15．8±2．6）vs（22．2±0．6）pg／mg]及其受体水平【（15±4）vs（13±5）PU]并减轻肾脏纤维化[（17．0±1．8）vs（20．0±2．3）PU]，均为P〈0．05；大剂量安体舒通能上调组织醛固酮[（24．3±4．6）vs（22．2±0．6）pg／mg]及其受体水平[（16±6）vs（13±5）PU]并加重肾脏纤维化[（22．6±3．0）vs（20．0±2．3）PU]，均为P〈0．05。【结论】肾组织醛固酮及其受体水平的改变可能影响高血压肾脏纤维化的过程。     

三羟异黄酮上调肝癌HepG2细胞PTEN基因的表达及其诱导凋亡作用

 【目的】探讨三磷酸肌醇（IB）和PTEN蛋白变化在三羟异黄酮（genistein）诱导肝癌细胞凋亡中的作用。【方法】以肝癌HepG2细胞培养72h为对照组，实验各组以60Ixmol／L三羟异黄酮作用于HepG2细胞不同时间后，应用同位素试剂盒检测细胞嵋含量，Western blot分析细胞PTEN蛋白表达，流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率。【结果】对照组Ib含量为（29．2±0．6）pmol／10^6 cells，PTEN蛋白与内参actin蛋白灰度和面积之积的比值V-PTEN／V-actin为0．12±0．00；细胞凋亡率为（2．6±0．1）％。三羟异黄酮作用于肝癌HepG2细胞12、24、48、72h后珉分别为（12．0±1．4）pmol／10^6cells，（7．5±0．8）pmol／10^4 cells，（5．6±0．5）pmol／10^6cells，（3．3±0．6）pmol／10^6 cells；V-PTEN，V-actin分别为13．13±0．20，19．17±1．09，28．51±2．18，41．12±3．80；细胞凋亡率分别为（2.7±0．2）％。（7．4±0．5）％，（20．5±2．0）％，（30．7±1．6）％。与对照组比，三羟异黄酮作用于肝癌HepG2细12h后各时相珉显著降低（P〈0．01），PTEN蛋白表达显著增高（P〈0．01），24h后各时相细胞凋亡率显著增高（P〈0．01）。【结论】三羟异黄酮能减少瑕生成，上调PTEN基因表达，诱导肝癌细胞凋亡。     

冠心病患者妊娠相关血浆蛋白A含量与血管内皮功能关系探讨

 【目的】探讨冠心病患者血循环妊娠相关血浆蛋白A（PAPP—A）水平与内皮功能的关系。【方法】64例冠心病患者，其中稳定型心绞痛组34例，急性冠脉综合征组30例，分别检测其相关内皮功能，包括肱动脉血流介导的血管舒张反应（FMD）和高敏C-反应蛋白（hs—CRP）、内皮素（ET）、一氧化氮（NO）水平，并用酶联免疫法检测血清PAPP—A。【结果】稳定型心绞痛组患者同急性冠脉综合征组相比PAPP—A[（6×10^-3±5×10^-1U／L与（19×10^-3±13×10^-3）U／L，P〈0．05]、hs-CRP[（0．5±0．3）mg／L与（3．6±2．2）mg／L，P〈0．01]、NO[（57±4）μmol／L与（45±5）μmol／L，P〈0．05]和FMD（6．0％±0．8％与3-3％±1．2％，P〈0．05）的差异有统计学意义。逐步选择多重回归分析，按α=0．10水准，发现PAPP—A与hs—CRP和FMD存在直线关系，Lnhs—CRP的偏相关系数为0．333（95％置信区间：0．138-0．527，P〈0．01），FMD的偏相关系数为-0．623（95％CI：-1．144—0．102，P〈0．051，其中常数项为5．570。高PAPP—A（〉11．094×10^-3U／L）患者hs—CRP明显增高[（5．3±4．2）mg／L与（1．3±0．6）mg／L，P〈0．01），FMD则降低（3.3％±2．4％与6．2％±3．6％，P〈0．05）。【结论】PAPP-A可作为间接评估冠心病患者血管内皮功能的指标之一。     

人参皂甙Rb1对转化生长因子-β1诱导的肾小管上皮细胞p47phox的表达及细胞外基质的影响

目的探讨人参皂甙Rb1（G-Rb1）对转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）诱导的肾小管上皮细胞（NRK52E）氧化应激的作用及对细胞外基质（ECM）的影响。方法将体外培养的正常大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK52E）分为空白对照组,10ng／mLTGF-β1刺激组,不同剂量的G-Rb1干预组（在10ng／mL TGF-β1基础上分别加入10ng／mL、20ng／mL、40ng／mLG-Rb1）,40ng／mLG-Rb1组,100nmol／L NADPH氧化酶抑制剂DPI组。采用流式细胞仪检测细胞内活性氧（ROS）水平;应用免疫组化技术、Western blot检测NADPH氧化酶亚单位p47phox的表达;实时荧光定量PCR（RT-PCR）、酶联免疫吸附法观察细胞外基质主要成分胶原Ⅰ（Col-Ⅰ）和纤维粘连蛋白（FN）的变化。结果与正常对照组相比,TGF-β1可显著增强NRK52E细胞内ROS水平和p47phox的表达,Col-Ⅰ和FN的含量也显著增加（P〈0．05）。G-Rb1和DPI明显抑制了TGF-β1诱导的细胞内ROS的产生和p47phox的表达,同时降低了Col-Ⅰ和FN的水平（P〈0．05）。结论TGF-β1可以诱导NRK52E细胞ROS和p47phox水平的升高,刺激细胞外基质成分Col-Ⅰ和FN的形成。G-Rb1呈剂量依赖性地抑制了TGF-β1刺激的NRK52E细胞内的ROS水平的升高和细胞外基质的增加。其作用机制可能与降低p47phox的表达有关。     

急性甲醇中毒大鼠模型及其眼部改变的研究

 【目的】探讨急性甲醇中毒大鼠模型的制作方法及其眼部改变，为研究中毒后视功能损害及救治方法建立基础。【方法】SD大鼠32只，随机分为A（低剂量甲醇组）、B（高剂量甲醇组）、C（生理盐水对照组）、D（空气对照组）4组，每组8只。A、B组吸入N2O／O2混合气及不同剂量甲醇灌胃，C组吸入N2O／O2混合气及生理盐水灌胃，D组置于正常空气中并按B组剂量给予甲醇灌胃，观察各组大鼠一般情况、体质量及眼部改变、静脉血甲醇浓度、视网膜电图和视网膜组织学改变。【结果】染毒大鼠反应迟钝、运动失调，视盘充血水肿、视网膜点状出血，A组大鼠体质量为（187±12）g，B组为（176±131g，较C、D对照组显著减轻（P〈0．05）；A组视网膜电图a、b波振幅分别为（87±13）μV、（187±38）μV，B组a、b波振幅分别为（53±19）μV、（132±39）μV，与对照组相比明显下降（P〈0．05）；视网膜在光镜下表现为各层细胞水肿、排列紊乱及空泡化；电镜下细胞凋亡，线粒体肿胀、嵴断裂；B组动物上述改变尤其明显。【结论】吸入N2O/O2混合气及甲醇灌胃可建立急性甲醇中毒的大鼠模型，出现典型的视网膜结构和功能改变。     

银杏内酯B对谷氨酸诱导视网膜神经细胞凋亡的影响

【目的】探讨银杏内酯B拮抗谷氨酸诱导的体外培养新生大鼠视网膜神经细胞凋亡作用及其可能的机制。【方法】MTT法检测不同浓度谷氨酸对原代培养sD大鼠视网膜神经细胞的兴奋性毒性作用。细胞分为正常组、谷氨酸组和不同浓度（10、50、100μmol／L）银杏内酯B治疗组（n=6）。MTT法检测不同浓度的银杏内酯B对谷氨酸诱导凋亡的视网膜神经细胞存活率的影响。流式细胞仪结合AnnexinV／PI检测细胞凋亡率，JC-1染色检测线粒体膜电位。【结果】100μmol／L谷氨酸作用下，视网膜神经细胞的吸光度值降低至0．50±0．07，凋亡率为52．4％，JC-1的红／绿比值为1．77。10～100μmol／L银杏内酯B作用下神经细胞的吸光度值分别为0．52±0．09、0．64±0．15和0．74±0．11，细胞的凋亡率分别下降至36．7％，12．4％和2．1％，JC-1的红／绿比值则分别上升为1．898、2．089、2．276（P〈0．05）。【结论】银杏内酯B可以拮抗谷氨酸诱导的视网膜神经细胞凋亡。其作用机制可能与提高线粒体膜机能有关。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.