胸腔入口区肿瘤影像诊断的评价

目的：评价Ｘ线、ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ等影像检查在胸腔入口区肿瘤的诊断价值。材料与方法：回顾性分析４４例经病理证实的神经源性肿瘤、肺上沟癌、甲状腺瘤、支气管囊肿、脂肪瘤等肿瘤。所有病人均有正侧位Ｘ线平片检查；２８例行ＣＴ检查；４０例行ＭＲＩ检查。结果：４２例经Ｘ线发现肿瘤阴影。２８例行ＣＴ检查，定位正确者２７例；定性正确者２５例，定性诊断正确率为８９％。４０例ＭＲＩ定位均正确；定性正确者３６例，定性诊断正确率为９０％。结论：Ｘ线平片仍是首选方法，是发现肿瘤的重要手段。ＣＴ检查对组织成分的显示优于Ｘ线检查，显示钙化、骨质破坏、坏死及脂肪等均较满意。非侵袭性的ＭＲＩ检查对胸腔入口区肿瘤诊断准确性高，是最佳的影像学检查方法，但不应列为首选检查。ＭＲＩ显示血管及臂丛神经受侵是其特有表现，显示钙化及骨质受侵不如ＣＴ扫描。     

甲状腺癌的MRI表现与病理改变的对照分析

目的：评价MRI对甲状腺癌的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析了经手术病理证实的27例甲状腺癌病例，术前均采用行MR检查，对照分析MRI表现与病理改变。结果：MRI对甲状腺癌囊变、钙化、出血、侵犯周围结构和颈部淋巴结转移等病理改变的显示率分别为94％、45％、86％、77％和88％。结论：MR检查在显示肿瘤内囊变、出血，评价肿瘤对周围结构的侵犯和有无颈部淋巴结转移，以及判断术后复发与瘢痕等方面有较大的应用价值。     

儿童后颅凹肿瘤的CT, MRI诊断

目的：分析儿童后颅凹常见肿瘤的ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ影像学表现,提高诊断该病的准确性。材料和方法：收集儿童后颅凹常见肿瘤４０例,其中髓母细胞瘤１８例,星形细胞瘤１３例,室管膜瘤９例。行ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ检查。ＣＴ平扫４０例,增强扫描３２例;ＭＲＩ平扫２８例,增强扫描１６例。将其结果与手术病理对照。结果：４０例儿童后颅凹常见肿瘤ＣＴ显示率为９７５％,ＭＲＩ显示率为１００％。术前ＣＴ定性误诊１１例,准确率为７２５％。术前ＭＲＩ定性误诊４例,准确率为８５７％。ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ联合检查,能对后颅凹多数常见肿瘤作出定位及定性诊断。ＭＲＩ能多方位成像,去除后颅凹颅骨伪影的干扰,对该病的定位定性诊断明显优于ＣＴ。结论：ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ检查相结合,能提高诊断儿童后颅凹常见肿瘤的准确率,为临床提供更准确的诊疗信息。     

甲状腺癌的CT诊断

目的分析甲状腺癌及其颈部转移淋巴结的ＣＴ表现，探讨肿瘤侵犯周围重要器官的诊断指征。方法回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的５２例甲状腺癌的术前ＣＴ表现。结果５２例原发肿瘤均密度不均，３２例边缘不规则（８２．５％），１１例原发肿物及５例转移淋巴结内有细颗粒状钙化，４例原发肿瘤及６例转移淋巴结内有囊性变伴囊壁高密度乳头状结节，手术证实气管受侵２２例；１０例ＣＴ示气管内壁呈锯齿状，５例肿物突入气管腔内而明确诊断。食管受侵２１例，颈动脉受侵１０例。以肿物包绕食管１／２周或颈动脉１／３周以上为侵犯的诊断指标，敏感性分别为７１．４％、１００．０％；特异性分别为９６．３％、９５．２％。结论原发肿物及转移淋巴结内颗粒状钙化及囊性变伴高密度乳头状结节是甲状腺癌（特别是乳头状癌）的特征性密度变化。ＣＴ增强扫描对诊断甲状腺癌及评价其与周围结构的关系和制定手术方案十分重要     

肝癌的影像学评价:1.5T MRI与常规CT、US比较

目的：探讨三种非创伤性影像检查方法ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ和ＵＳ在肝癌诊断中的敏感性和准确性。方法：５２例经病理及临床证实的ＨＣＣ行ＭＲＩ,ＣＴ和ＵＳ检查。结果：ＭＲＩ常规序列与ＦＭＰＳＰＧＲ相比,敏感性以ＳＥＴ２Ｗ及ＦＭＰＳＰＧＲ序列为高。对ＨＣＣ检出总的敏感性依次为ＭＲＩ（ＳＥ＋ＦＭＰＳＰＧＲ）８５．８９％,ＣＴ７５．６４％,ＵＳ７１．７９％,＜３ｃｍＨＣＣ,ＭＲＩ检出的敏感性为７１．４２％明显高于ＣＴ（５１．４２％）和ＵＳ（４５．７１％）,对于＞３ｃｍＨＣＣ,三者敏感性相似。ＨＣＣ定性准确性依次为动态增强ＦＭＰＳＰＧＲ（９２．０６％）,常规ＳＥ序列（８５．９３％）,ＣＴ（８４．７４％）,ＵＳ（７５．００％）,ＳＥ序列结合动态增强ＦＭＰＳＰＧＲ对肝癌定性准确性可达９５％,明显优于ＣＴ和ＵＳ。结论：在ＨＣＣ的检出敏感性和定性诊断上,１．５ＴＭＲＩＳＥ序列结合动态增强ＦＭＰＳＰＧＲ明显优于常规ＣＴ和ＵＳ,为肝癌重要的影像学检查手段。     

眼眶海绵状血管瘤的MRI,CT及超声诊断评价

目的：比较ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ和超声在诊断眼眶海绵状血管瘤中的作用。材料和方法：对２１例眼眶海绵状血管瘤进行ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ及超声检查。结果：超声能够揭示海绵状血管瘤的病理组织学类型；ＭＲＩ及ＣＴ可反映肿瘤的良性特征，根据肿瘤的影像学表现及临床特点可对大多数眼眶海绵状血管瘤作出定性诊断。两种方法均有助于肿瘤的准确定位，ＭＲＩ可明确肿瘤与视神经的关系。结论：ＭＲＩ及ＣＴ对本病的诊断均有重要作用，但ＭＲＩ除能直接形成三种位置图像外，其他方面并不优于ＣＴ；超声对眼眶海绵状血管瘤的定性诊断有重要作用     

早期脑动脉硬化的MRI和CT诊断

目的：本文旨在研究ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ对早期脑动脉硬化诊断价值。材料和方法：对７０例早期脑动脉硬化的患者进行ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ检查。结果：６２例ＭＲＩ检查阳性，Ｔ２ＷＩ发现斑点状高信号２８０个，其中额叶１２１个（４３．２％），顶叶２０个（７．１％），基底节７５个（２６．８％），丘脑２６个（９．３％），脑干１５个（５Ａ％），其它部位２４个（８．６％）。ＣＴ对早期脑动脉硬化的敏感性为１２．５％，定性诊断准确率为９４．３％。ＭＲＩ则分别为１００％和９６．４％，ＭＲＩ对微小病变的显示较ＣＴ更优越。结论：ＭＲＩ应作为早期脑动脉硬化的首选检查方法。     

CT对头颈部恶性肿瘤颈淋巴结转移的诊断价值——临床／CT／病理对照研究

对３９例头颈部恶性肿瘤患者的５０例拟行预防性颈淋巴清扫术的颈部，术前应用ＣＴ扫描其颈部前瞻性评估其颈淋巴结内是否有肿瘤转移，并与颈部触诊检查及术后颈清标本的病理检查结果对照。结果表明：ＣＴ对头颈部恶性肿瘤颈淋巴结转移诊断的准确率（９０．００％，４５／５０）显著地高于（Ｐ＜０．００５）触诊检查的结果（６６．００％，３３／５０）。这表明：在诊断头颈部恶性肿瘤颈淋巴结转移方面，颈部ＣＴ扫描比颈部触诊检查更准确、可靠，并能提供更多有关淋巴结的融合、被膜外转移的资料，从而有助于临床医生术前为病人制定出更加准确、合理的治疗方案。     

甲状腺病变的CT诊断（附30例分析）

目的：观察甲状腺病变的ＣＴ表现，重点研究ＣＴ检查对病变良恶性定性诊断的作用。材料与方法：总结３０例各种甲状腺病变的ＣＴ表现，并将其分为三大类型（局限型、弥漫肿大型、混合型）进行分析。结果：（１）局限型：８例甲状腺腺瘤，７例结节性甲状腺肿及１例甲状腺癌属此型；（２）弥漫肿大型：２例桥本甲状腺炎，１例Ｇｒａｖｅｓ病属此型；（３）混合型：６例结节性甲状腺肿，４例甲状腺癌属此型。本组病例中有１例为隐匿性甲状腺癌。ＣＴ对恶性组的定性诊断符合率达８３．３％；对良性组的定性诊断符合率为７５．０％。结论：ＣＴ对甲状腺病变的良恶性定性诊断具有很高价值（良性组符合率不够高的主要原因是对病变的ＣＴ表现特点掌握不够）；在判断混合型病变的良恶性时，观察重点应是病变与腺外结构的分界情况而非腺内结构的边缘。并强调了增强扫描对诊断的重要性。     

鼻咽癌的MRI诊断

目的：分析鼻咽部的ＭＲＩ表现,探讨ＭＲＩ在鼻咽癌诊断中的作用。材料与方法：本组经活检病理证实的初治鼻咽癌者（ＮＰＣ）４０例,鼻咽癌放疗后复发（ＲＮＰＣ）者１０例。５０例口才均于ＭＲ平扫后行ＭＲ增强扫描。结果：ＭＲＩ能较早地显示鼻咽的顶后壁及侧壁的增厚,咽隐窝的变钝、闭塞,咽旁间隙、颅底及颅内的健儿侵犯及颈部淋巴结转移等。ＭＲＩ在鼻咽癌的定位及定性诊断中有重要的价值;ＭＲＩ增强扫描能明显增加患者的诊     

彩色多普勒超声评价肿瘤血管在甲状腺结节诊断中的应用

目的:研究甲状腺结节内肿瘤血管及颈部转移淋巴结的彩色多普勒超声表现。方法:分析42例甲状腺癌和46例甲状腺良性结节的血管形态及血流动力学特征。结果:甲状腺癌及甲状腺癌复发病例中,69.0%(29/42)血流为Alder2级或3级,38.1%(16/42)可见穿入性或分支异常的血管,71.4%(30/42)血流为高阻力型(RI>0.7)。甲状腺良性结节中,上述表现发生率分别为39.1%(18/46)、6.5%(3/46)、10.9%(5/46)。23例甲状腺癌可见颈部转移性淋巴结,其中82.6%(19/23)的血流形态表现为紊乱分布的包膜下血流。结论:甲状腺癌肿瘤血管的发现及颈部淋巴结的血流表现有助于甲状腺癌的正确诊断。     

喉及下咽癌的MRI评价(兼与CT比较)

目的：探讨MRI对喉及下咽癌术前分期及术后评价中的临床应用价值。方法：26例喉及下咽癌患者(原发性肿瘤23例、术后复发3例)进行MRI扫描，分析其MRI表现，将结果与手术病理及CT扫描作比较。结果：MRI能较好地显示肿瘤的部位、大小及其侵犯范围。MRI对术前肿瘤分期及诊断颈部淋巴结转移的准确性为91％。高于CT扫描的87％及83％。结论：MRI扫描喉及下咽癌术前分期及术后评价有较大的帮助。     

甲状腺癌术后复发的CT表现

目的 分析甲状腺癌术后复发的ＣＴ表现,了解甲状腺术后复发的特点。方法 回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的甲状腺癌主后复发患者４２例,包括乳头状癌２５例,滤泡癌９例,髓样癌６例,透明细胞癌２例。结果 甲状腺床局部复发２３例,其中侵犯颈动脉１０例,气管、食管１７例,喉及下咽２例,９例滤泡癌中８例局部复发,７例肿特明显强化。对侧甲状腺复发１２例,病理类型与原发甲状腺癌一致。颈部淋巴结转移３１例,乳头状癌颈剖淋     

Comparison of dynamic helical CT and dynamic MR imaging in the evaluation of pelvic lymph nodes in cervical carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: This study compares dynamic helical CT with dynamic MR imaging in the evaluation of pelvic lymph nodes in cervical carcinoma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Women with biopsy-proven cervical carcinoma prospectively underwent dynamic helical CT and MR imaging before surgery. A metastatic node on CT and MR imaging was defined as a rounded soft-tissue structure greater than 10 mm in maximal axial diameter or a node with central necrosis. Imaging results were compared with pathology, and receiver operating characteristic curves for size and shape were plotted on a hemipelvis basis. Nodal density and signal intensity on CT and MR images, respectively, were reviewed for differences between benign and malignant disease. RESULTS: A total of 949 lymph nodes were found at pathology in 76 hemipelves in 43 women, of which 69 lymph nodes (7%) in 17 hemipelves (22%) were metastatic. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of helical CT and MR imaging in the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis on a hemipelvis basis was 64.7%, 96.6%, 84.6%, 90.5%, and 89.5% and 70.6%, 89.8%, 66. 7%, 91.4%, and 85.5%, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curves for helical CT and MR imaging gave cutoff values of 9 and 12 mm in maximal axial diameter, respectively, in the prediction of metastasis. Central necrosis had a positive predictive value of 100% in the diagnosis of metastasis. Signal intensity on MR imaging and density-enhancement pattern on CT in patients with metastatic nodes did not differ from those in patients with negative nodes. CONCLUSION: Helical CT and MR imaging show similar accuracy in the evaluation of pelvic lymph nodes in patients with cervical carcinoma. Central necrosis is useful in the diagnosis of metastasis in pelvic lymph nodes in cervical cancer.     

Value of FDG PET in papillary thyroid carcinoma with negative 131I whole-body scan.

The management of metastatic thyroid carcinoma patients with a negative 131I scan presents considerable problems. Fifty-four athyrotic papillary thyroid carcinoma patients whose 1311 whole-body scans were negative underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET; the purpose was to determine whether this procedure could localize metastatic sites. We also assessed its usefulness in the management of these patients. METHODS: Whole-body emission scan was performed 60 min after the injection of 370-555 MBq 18F-FDG, and additional regional attenuation-corrected scans were obtained. Metastasis was pathologically confirmed in 12 patients and was confirmed in other patients by overall clinical evaluation of the findings of other imaging studies and of the subsequent clinical course. RESULTS: In 33 patients, tumor had metastasized, whereas 21 patients were in remission. FDG PET revealed metastases in 31 patients (sensitivity 93.9%), whereas thyroglobulin levels were elevated in 18 patients (sensitivity 54.5%). FDG PET was positive in 14 of 15 metastatic cancer patients with normal thyroglobulin levels. In 20 of 21 patients in remission, FDG PET was negative (specificity 95.2%), whereas thyroglobulin levels were normal in 16 patients (specificity 76.1%). The sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET were significantly higher than those of serum thyroglobulin. In patients with negative 1311 scans, FDG PET detected cervical lymph node metastasis in 87.9%, lung metastasis in 27.3%, mediastinal metastasis in 33.3% and bone metastasis in 9.1%. In contrast, among 117 patients with 131I scan-positive functional metastases, 131I scan detected cervical lymph node metastasis in 61.5%, lung metastasis in 56.4%, mediastinal metastasis in 22.2% and bone metastasis in 16.2%. In all 5 patients in whom thyroglobulin was false-negative with negative antithyroglobulin antibody, PET showed increased 18F-FDG uptake in cervical lymph nodes, mediastinal lymph nodes, or both. Among patients with increased 18F-FDG uptake only in the cervical lymph nodes, the nodes were dissected in 11. Metastasis was confirmed in all, even in normal-sized lymph nodes. CONCLUSION: FDG PET scan localized metastatic sites in 131I scan-negative thyroid carcinoma patients with high accuracy. In particular, it was superior to 131I whole-body scan and serum thyroglobulin measurement for detecting metastases to cervical lymph nodes. FDG PET was helpful for determining the surgical management of these patients.     

颈部超声在分化型甲状腺癌131I治疗中的应用进展

分化型甲状腺癌是内分泌系统最常见的恶性肿瘤,其发病率呈逐年上升的趋势.其中,乳头状癌易发生颈部淋巴结转移.超声和超声引导下细针穿刺在颈部淋巴结转移检测方面具有很高的灵敏度和特异度.准确判断颈部淋巴结的性质对决定是否再次手术或131I治疗,以及131I治疗后的随访均有重要意义.     

甲状腺未分化癌的 CT 特点

目的：总结甲状腺未分化癌的 CT 特点。方法回顾性分析12例经手术或活检病理证实的甲状腺未分化癌的 CT 表现。结果单发病灶11例(91.7%),表现为低密度肿物伴条带状、絮状或斑片状高密度区。11例(91.7%)为轻~中度强化。8例(66.7%)可见粗大钙化灶,其中4例为不完整环状或蛋壳状钙化。11例(91.7%)侵犯周围结构：气管6例(50%),食管4例(33.3%),带状肌7例(58.3%),喉2例(16.7%),血管6例(50%)。5例(41.7%)出现颈内静脉瘤栓。10例(83.3%)病理证实淋巴结转移,强化形式为3种类型：较均匀轻度强化4例(40%)、轻度强化伴内部小片状低密度区7例(70%)、轻度环形强化伴内部无强化低密度区7例(70%)。结论甲状腺未分化癌的 CT 特点包括低密度肿物,内部或边缘絮状或斑片状高密度区,粗大钙化灶,轻度强化。常见侵犯周围结构及淋巴结坏死。     

MSCT和MRI对浸润性宫颈癌术前分期的价值对比

目的:对比浸润性宫颈癌在MSCT和MRI上表现差异及术前分期价值。方法:搜集有手术病理结果证实的宫颈癌82例,术前行CT检查74例,行MRI检查63例,以术后病理分期为标准,计算并比较CT、MRI对不同期宫颈癌的诊断符合率;对比分析两组图像上肿瘤大小、阴道或穹窿侵犯、宫体侵犯以及宫旁侵犯,分别计算并比较诊断符合率、敏感度及特异度。结果:对≤ⅠB1期宫颈癌,CT和MRI诊断符合率分别为47.56%、70.73%,ⅠB2～ⅡA期分别为80.49%、87.80%,≥ⅡB期分别为91.46%、82.93%。在显示肿瘤方面,MRI对≤4cm癌肿、阴道或穹窿侵犯方面的显示优于CT;CT对宫体侵犯诊断灵敏度高,对盆腔转移淋巴结的诊断优于MRI。结论:对≤ⅠB1和ⅠB2～ⅡA的早中期浸润性宫颈癌术前行MRI检查更有价值;而对于≥ⅡB的晚期浸润性宫颈癌行MSCT检查则更具有价值。     

CT evaluation of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

CT findings in 19 patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma were compared retrospectively with pathologic findings and the results of palpation. The carcinoma appeared as a large mass of low attenuation accompanied by dense calcification in 58% of the patients; there was necrosis in 74%. Often, adjacent structures were infiltrated. CT correctly showed tumor invasion of the carotid artery (7/7), internal jugular vein (9/10), larynx (5/6), trachea (8/10), esophagus (4/5), mediastinum (5/5), and regional lymph nodes (14/16). Seven patients (50%) had necrotic nodes. CT was superior to palpation in the detection of a primary tumor in one patient and of metastatic nodes in seven patients. It suggested a suitable place for biopsy in two patients, leading to a correct diagnosis. CT altered surgical planning in five patients with intrathoracic extension of the thyroid tumor, and in three patients with laryngeal or esophageal invasion of the tumor. CT can increase diagnostic accuracy in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma by suggesting a likely diagnosis and by indicating an appropriate site for biopsy. It is indispensable in the planning of surgery for patients with this disorder.