胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对培养的背根神经节的影响

目的 探讨胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)在体外促进正常胚胎大鼠背根神经节(DRGn)的存活及突起生长情况。方法 用原代分离培养法建立体外胚胎大鼠背根神经节单细胞培养体系，通过活体观察、MTT微量比色法、NSE免疫组织化学染色观察不同浓度GDNF对体外培养的正常感觉神经元的影响。结果 GDNF组培养的DRG神经元存活数量增加，神经元突起的长度比对照组明显增长。结论 GDNF能明显促进体外培养的正常大鼠胚胎背根神经节感觉神经元的存活及突起生长，表明GDNF对正常大鼠胚胎发育期感觉神经元具有神经营养作用。     

神经再生素促大鼠背根神经节生长作用的研究

目的研究神经再生素（NRF）对体外培养新生大鼠背根神经节生长及NF—H表达的影响。方法体外大鼠背根神经节（DRG）培养;免疫荧光细胞化学、实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot等方法。结果免疫荧光细胞化学结果提示,NRF能促进背根神经节神经突起的生长,浓度为2．0mg／L时生长状况最佳;实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot结果提示,NRF能增加体外培养的背根神经节NF-H mRNA和蛋白的表达,在浓度为2．0mg／L时表达最高。结论NRF能促进体外培养背根神经节神经突起的生长和NF—H的表达,表明NRF对发育期感觉神经元具有神经营养作用。     

细胞外基质对培养神经元细胞存活和轴突生长的影响

目的：探讨不同的细胞外基质对体外培养胚胎大鼠脊髓运动神经元和背根神经节感觉神经元生长的影响。方法：取大鼠胚胎脊髓腹侧组织和背根神经节体外分离培养，选取不同生长底物包括多聚赖氮酸(PLL)、Ⅰ型胶原(CoⅠ)、层粘连蛋白(LN)、PLL联合LN进行包被培养板，观察运动神经元和感觉神经元的体外生长状况。结果：PLL和LN联合包被时，神经元存活率高，细胞分散良好。CoⅠ包被时细胞聚集成团．突起粗长。结论：不同的细胞外基质影响神经元的生长方式，PLL联合LN包被是体外研究单一神经元胞体和突起的较好方法。     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子体外对脊髓运动神经元的作用

目的 :观察不同浓度的胶质细胞源性神经营养因子 (GDNF) ,对大鼠胚胎脊髓运动神经元生长活性的作用。方法 :取大鼠胚胎脊髓腹侧组织体外分离 ,进行原代细胞培养 ,应用抗神经微丝单克隆抗体 (mAb)SMI32进行运动神经元的免疫细胞化学染色 ,从细胞形态学及应用MTT比色法 ,研究GDNF对大鼠脊髓运动神经元的影响。结果 :GDNF能明显促进体外培养的大鼠脊髓运动神经元存活及突起的生长 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且具有剂量依赖的趋势。结论 :不同浓度的GDNF对体外培养的大鼠胚胎脊髓运动神经元 ,有不同程度的促生长作用     

GDNFR-〆在体外培养的大鼠脊髓和背根节神经元中分布的免疫组织化学研究

目的　观察胶质细胞源性神经营养因子受体 - α(GDNFR- α)在体外培养的大鼠脊髓和背根节神经元中的分布 ,探讨 GDNF对脊髓运动神经元和感觉神经元的作用。　方法　原代培养脊髓和背根节神经元 ,5 d后行抗 GDNFR- α多克隆抗体免疫组织化学 SP法染色。　结果　 GDNF免疫反应存在于体外培养的脊髓神经元、背根节神经元以及胶质细胞中。　结论　 GDNF可能对脊髓神经元、背根节神经元和胶质细胞的生理功能具有一定的调节作用     

GDNFR-α在体外培养的大鼠脊髓和背根节神经元中分布的免疫组织化学研究

目的观察胶质细胞源性神经营养因子受体-α(GDNFR-α)在体外培养的大鼠脊髓和背根节神经元中的分布,探讨GDNF对脊髓运动神经元和感觉神经元的作用. 方法原代培养脊髓和背根节神经元,5d后行抗GDNFR-α多克隆抗体免疫组织化学SP法染色. 结果 GDNF免疫反应存在于体外培养的脊髓神经元、背根节神经元以及胶质细胞中. 结论 GDNF可能对脊髓神经元、背根节神经元和胶质细胞的生理功能具有一定的调节作用.     

GDNF对羟基自由基损伤的体外培养新生大鼠背根节神经元的作用

目的:通过运用体外培养·OH(羟基)自由基(Free radical FR)损伤的细胞模型,研究CDNF对损伤的背根节神经元的各种作用,并研究GDNF对神经元作用机理及检测方法。方法:采用原代培养的方法,用N_1无血清培养基分离培养DRG神经元,然后用100μM FeSO_4,50μM H_2O_2形成的·OH自由基作用20min,弃去培养液,再用无血清DF_(12)培养基洗2次,最后加上含有GDNF的无血清培养基,继续培养24hrs。然后用MTT法检测反映细胞的活性OD值,胎盘蓝染色记数。细胞总蛋白测定以及形态学观察突起地生长状况。结果:(1)GDNF浓度为20μg/ml,10/μg/ml对·OH自由基损伤的背根节神经元活性及存活有促进作用。(2)细胞的总蛋白及DRG突起长度:实验组与对照组不明显,GDNF组与空白对照组不明显。结论:在正常无血清体外培养情况下GDNF对DRG神经元作用不明显,在·OH自由基损伤后,对细胞的活性,存活有明显的保护作用,而对总蛋白合成及突起的生长则没有明显的促进作用。     

神经生长颗粒含药血清对大鼠背根神经节生长的影响

目的: 研究神经生长颗粒(NGG)含药血清对体外培养新生大鼠背根神经节生长及高分子量神经丝蛋白(NF-H)和生长相关蛋白43(GAP43)表达的影响.方法: 采用体外大鼠背根神经节(DRG)植块培养,通过免疫荧光细胞化学法,观察不同剂量的含药血清对DRG神经突起生长的影响;采用DRG单细胞分离培养,通过实时荧光定量PCR和免疫印迹法分别观察不同剂量的含药血清对DRG细胞NF-H和GAP43基因及蛋白表达的影响.结果: 免疫荧光细胞化学法提示NGG含药血清能促进DRG神经突起的生长;实时荧光定量PCR和免疫印迹法结果提示NGG含药血清能增加体外培养的DRG细胞NF-H、 GAP43 mRNA和蛋白的表达.结论: NGG含药血清能促进体外培养DRG神经突起的生长并促进NF-H和GAP43的表达,表明NGG对发育期感觉神经元具有一定的神经营养作用.     

体外获得高纯度大鼠背根神经节神经元的原代培养

目的：建立一种切实可行的胚胎大鼠背根神经节神经元培养及纯化方法。方法：用显微解剖获取足够数量的胚胎大鼠背根神经节,通过胰蛋白酶+EDTA消化、交替使用NB培养基与加入了5-氟-2-脱氧尿嘧啶核苷酸/尿苷的抗有丝分裂NB培养基等方法,在体外获得纯化的背根神经节神经元,采用神经丝蛋白免疫细胞化学染色法与DAPI染核的方法鉴定并测定神经元的纯度。结果：获得的背根神经节神经元在体外生长良好,纯度可达到96%以上。结论：本实验方法可以获得大量高度纯化的大鼠背根神经节神经元。     

NGF、CNTF和GDNF对感觉和运动神经元的协同作用研究

为探讨神经生长因子(NGF)、睫状神经营养因子(CNTF)和胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)对感觉和运动神经元的协同作用机制,本研究采用免疫组织化学技术对脊髓背根节感觉神经元和脊髓运动神经元经特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)和胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)染色后,通过图像分析测量阳性神经元数量、胞体直径、突起数量及长度。结果表明:NGF能明显促进感觉神经元的存活,对突起发育有轻微作用,对胞体发育的作用不显著,对运动神经元的存活无明显作用;CNTF对感觉和运动神经元的胞体发育均有很强的作用,对感觉和运动神经元的存活有一定的作用;GDNF对感觉和运动神经元的突起发育和延伸作用最强,对运动神经元的存活有很强的促进作用,对胞体发育的作用不如CNTF显著。本研究结果提示:联合应用上述三种神经营养因子,可克服单一因子功能的局限,全面促进感觉和运动神经元的存活和生长。     

On the possible origin of extra-epithelial enterochromaffin cells by budding from the crypts of Lieberkuhn

This study was undertaken to test Pierre Masson's still unconfirmed theory that extra-epithelial enterochromaffin cells in the gut arise in adult life by budding from the crypts of Lieberkuhn under conditions of low grade inflammation. Appendices (900) were reviewed and 19 were selected for serial section study because in random sections they showed lateral fusion of the crypts, one of the key features described by Masson. Ten specimens without crypt fusion served as controls. Sixteen of the 19 study specimens and one of the control specimens showed budding, averaging one bud in every 88 sections. Most buds were in direct contact with Schwann cells in the adjacent lamina propria and 45 per cent of them contained enterochromaffin cells. There was also histologic evidence linking buds and lateral crypt fusion to low grade inflammation. Masson's ideas are, therefore, confirmed insofar as the existence of buds and their relationship to enterochromaffin cells, Schwann cells, and inflammation is concerned. The actual separation of buds from the crypts to form extra-epithelial enterochromaffin cells has yet to be proved.     

大鼠肝卵圆细胞的诱导、分离及鉴定

目的建立大鼠肝卵圆细胞的增殖模型,并探索其分离及鉴定方法。方法雄性Wistar大鼠每天1次连续灌胃给予不同剂量二乙酰氨基芴(2-AAF熏5、10、15、20、25mg/kgBW),第5天行标准的2/3肝切除术,术后按各自剂量继续给予11天,不同时间取肝脏组织,行甲胎蛋白、细胞角蛋白18及19染色并观察。以确定的2-AAF最佳剂量制备大鼠肝干细胞增殖模型,Seglen胶原酶原位灌注结合Percoll密度梯度离心分离纯化大鼠肝卵圆细胞,光镜、电镜下观察细胞特点,并进行上述细胞表型标志免疫组化染色。结果2-AAF15mg/kgBW能建立较理想的肝卵圆细胞增殖模型。HE染色可见汇管区及中央静脉周围大量增殖的嗜碱性小细胞,电镜下观察此种细胞具有卵圆形细胞核、细胞质少而淡、核/浆比例较大等特点,免疫组化染色证实甲胎蛋白、细胞角蛋白18和19染色阳性,白蛋白及白细胞共同抗原(LCA)染色阴性。分离所得底层细胞,光镜下表现大小不等、不规则圆形细胞,体积较小,细胞核/浆比例较大,电镜下细胞表面可见少量短而小的微绒毛状突起,余同增殖细胞特点,免疫组化染色与增殖细胞表现相同细胞表型特点。结论本方法可成功诱导、分离、纯化大鼠肝卵圆细胞,符合肝卵圆细胞的形态特点、超微结构及细胞表型标志特点。     

两种不同纯度的嗅鞘细胞在体外存活与生长的比较

比较80%和50%两种纯度的嗅鞘细胞在体外培养条件下的存活与生长,为嗅鞘细胞体内移植选用最佳纯度提供依据。分离、培养并纯化成年SD大鼠嗅鞘细胞,将纯化的嗅鞘细胞和收集到的贴壁成纤维细胞进行约80%和50%的比例混合后接种,继续培养1d或3d。所有细胞于不同时间点行P75免疫细胞化学荧光染色,以鉴定嗅鞘细胞的初始及其后培养过程中数量和纯度的变化。观察细胞状态,计数细胞总数和P75免疫阳性细胞数目,求得各组嗅鞘细胞数量和纯度并行统计学分析。结果显示:两种不同纯度嗅鞘细胞在培养1d时形态正常,3d时纯度为50%的嗅鞘细胞胞体依然饱满,突起更加纤长,数量和纯度亦无明显下降。而纯度为80%的嗅鞘细胞在培养3d时已出现胞体萎缩和突起变短,数量从1d时每一观察区域内的35±13显著下降为23±5(P=0.02),但纯度未发生明显变化。结果表明50%纯度嗅鞘细胞的存活及生长状态优于80%者,提示细胞体内移植时应考虑选取50%纯度的嗅鞘细胞。     

Diversity of tissue-resident NK cells

Although natural killer (NK) cells were initially named for their spontaneous tumor-killing capacity, their concept has been greatly expanded with more than 40 years of extensive investigation. Currently, NK cells are known as a heterogeneous population of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family, consisting of different subsets with unique phenotypic and functional features. Recent studies have shown that tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells, which are distinct from conventional NK (cNK) cells, preferentially distribute in non-lymphoid tissues, such as the liver, uterus, salivary gland, and adipose. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge about the phenotype, function and development of trNK cells across different tissues and describe the similarities and differences between diverse trNK cells and cNK cells, with a particular focus on the tissue-specific characteristics of different trNK cells.     

The molecular makeup and function of regulatory and effector synapses

Summary:  Physical interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) form the basis of any specific immune response. Upon cognate contacts, a multimolecular assembly of receptors and adhesion molecules on both cells is created, termed the immunological synapse (IS). Very diverse structures of ISs have been described, yet the functional importance for T-cell differentiation is largely unclear. Here we discuss the principal structure and function of ISs. We then focus on two characteristic T-cell–APC pairs, namely T cells contacting dendritic cells (DCs) or naive B cells, for which extremely different patterns of the IS have been observed as well as fundamentally different effects on the function of the activated T cells. We provide a model on how differences in signaling and the involvement of adhesion molecules might lead to diverse interaction kinetics and, eventually, diverse T-cell differentiation. We hypothesize that the preferred activation of the adhesion molecule leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and of the negative regulator for T-cell activation, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), through contact with naive B cells, lead to prolonged cell–cell contacts and the generation of T cells with regulatory capacity. In contrast, DCs might have evolved mechanisms to avoid LFA-1 overactivation and CTLA-4 triggering, thereby promoting more dynamic contacts that lead to the preferential generation of effector cells.     

人外周血树突状细胞-乳腺癌细胞融合细胞

目的：探讨树突状细胞—肿瘤细胞融合细胞的形态特性，为研制融合细胞疫苗提供形态学依据。方法：将免疫磁珠法分离的人外周血树突状细胞与人乳腺癌细胞株MCF7融合，瑞氏—姬姆萨染色观察；扫描电镜观察树突状细胞、融合细胞的表面超微结构。结果：树突状细胞与MCF细胞按10：1比例融合后，一个乳腺癌细胞可以与一个或多个树突状细胞相融合；扫描电镜下可见分离的树突状细胞表面有突起，树突状细胞/MCF7融合细胞具两种亲代细胞的表面超微结构特点。结论：树突状细胞与人乳腺癌细胞融合后无明显的形态改变。     

人羊膜上皮细胞上清液对人肝癌BEL-7402细胞的体外抗肿瘤作用

目的探讨人羊膜上皮细胞(h AECs)上清液对体外培养的肝癌细胞系BEL-7402细胞迁移、增殖与凋亡的影响。方法 BEL-7402细胞随机分为5组,其中对照组不加h AECs上清液,其余4组加入体积分数分别为6.25%、12.5%、25%和50%的h AECs上清液作用24 h后,通过划痕实验、MTT试验和流式细胞术检测BEL-7402细胞迁移、增殖和凋亡;Western blot法检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达量。结果 h AECs上清液能剂量依赖性地抑制BEL-7402细胞迁移、增殖并诱导凋亡(P0.05);25%和50%h AECs上清液组BEL-7402细胞caspase-3和caspase-8蛋白的切割片断蛋白定量明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论 h AECs上清液对体外培养的BEL-7402细胞具有一定的抗肿瘤作用。     

Harnessing innate and adaptive immunity for adoptive cell therapy of renal cell carcinoma

The development of immunotherapies for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been the subject of research for several decades. In addition to cytokine therapy, the benefit of various adoptive cell therapies has again come into focus in the past several years. Nevertheless, success in fighting this immunogenic tumor is still disappointing. RCC can attract a multitude of different effector cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system, including natural killer (NK) cells, γδ T cells, NK-like T cells, peptide-specific T cells, dendritic cells (DC), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Based on intensive research on the biology and function of different immune cells, we now understand that individual cell types do not act in isolation but function within a complex network of intercellular interactions. These interactions play a pivotal role in the efficient activation and function of effector cells, which is a prerequisite for successful tumor elimination. This review provides a current overview of the diversity of effector cells having the capacity to recognize RCC. Aspects of the functions and anti-tumor properties that make them attractive candidates for adoptive cell therapies, as well as experience in clinical application are discussed. Improved knowledge of the biology of this immune network may help us to effectively harness various effector cells, placing us in a better position to develop new therapeutic strategies to successfully fight RCC.     

Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder with osteoclast-type giant cells: a report of two cases and review of the literature

We report two transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder containing numerous osteoclast-type giant cells that stained for vimentin and acid phosphatase (with and without tartrate) and were negative for cytokeratin and lysozyme. One tumour, in a 65-year-old man, was composed of papillary transitional cell carcinoma, invasive poorly differentiated carcinoma with a prominent spindle cell component and numerous osteoclast-type giant cells; repeat curettage 2 months later showed no residual tumour. The second tumour occurred in a 75-year-old woman who underwent a radical cystectomy for a deeply invasive transitional cell carcinoma with a spindle and anaplastic giant cell component and areas containing numerous osteoclast-type giant cells. Osteoclast-type giant cells, which appear to be reactive, should be distinguished from the neoplastic giant cells of giant cell carcinoma.