羞怯与非羞怯大学生的情绪调节方式及内隐态度

目的探讨羞怯与非羞怯大学生的情绪调节方式及情绪调节的内隐态度。方法在武汉某高校通过羞怯量表选出羞怯大学生77名,非羞怯大学生79名,分别用情绪调节策略问卷和情绪调节版内隐联想测验进行调查。结果①在情绪类别上,羞怯大学生在痛苦、厌恶、内疚、害羞、羞愧、恐惧的得分显著高于非羞怯大学生(t=2.738,2.309,2.587,6.663,3.531,5.385;P0.05);②羞怯大学生在调节正性情绪时,在抑制这种情绪调节方式上的得分显著高于非羞怯大学生(t=2.35;P0.001);在对负性情绪的忽视、重视、宣泄及自然调节这几种情绪调节方式上的得分,与非羞怯大学生存在显著性差异(t=-3.20,10.30,3.39,2.38;P0.05);③羞怯与非羞怯大学生在情绪调节内隐态度的得分无显著性差异。结论羞怯大学生对负性情绪的调节量显著多于非羞怯大学生,羞怯大学生在情绪调节方式上存在一定的不适用性。     

驾驶疲劳对情绪的影响

目的：探讨驾驶疲劳对于情绪的影响.方法：采用组间对照,对照组为12名充分休息的出租车司机,实验组为27名连续驾驶10h的出租车司机.采用简明心境量表（POMS）和困倦/清醒量表（Visual Analogue Scales,VAS）进行测评.结果：驾驶疲劳后愤怒-敌意、疲惫-惰性、紧张-焦虑等负性情绪增加显著;主观自评清醒程度降低,困倦程度增加.结论：驾驶疲劳后负性情绪增加.     

大肠癌患者个性行为特征及心理社会因素的研究

目的探讨个性行为特征,情绪状态和生活事件等心理社会因素对大肠癌患者的影响,为心理干预提供理论依据,完善综合诊治方案。方法采用C型行为量表、自评抑郁量表（SDS）和生活事件量表（LES）分别对经临床病理诊断的大肠癌患者150例（病例组）和健康正常人（对照组）进行评定。结果C型行为量表评定结果显示,病例组在焦虑,抑郁,愤怒（向内）理智和控制上的得分高于对照组,在愤怒（向外）和社会支持上的得分低于对照组,二者差异具有显著性（P〈0．05或〈0．01）。SDS结果袁明,病例组的得分显著高于对照组,具有明显差异（P〈0．01）。LES结果显示,病例纽的正性生活事件总分与对照组无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,负性生活事件总分显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。主成分logistic回归分析结果显示,C型行为中焦虑、抑郁、愤怒、愤怒向内、理智、控制、经历过多的负性生活事件与大肠癌的发生有联系。结论大肠癌患者具有浓厚的C型行为,具有较高的抑郁情绪发生率和经历过多的负性生活事件。     

军队离退休干部幸福度及健康自评的影响因素

目的：了解影响军队离退休干部幸福度及健康自评的因素，为改善其生活质量提供依据。方法：应用纽芬兰纪念大学幸福度量表、老年抑郁量表、社会支持量表、日常生活能力量表和健康自我评价，调查驻南方地区军队离退休干部心理状况。结果：（1）调查对象幸福度得分较高，影响因素依次是抑郁情绪、社会支持、健康自评、文化程度和日常生活能力；（2）影响健康自评得分的因素依次是抑郁、正性体验、生活能力、主观社会支持、正性情感、负性情感、负性体验和幸福度。（3）幸福度和健康自评得分与增龄、婚姻状况无显著相关性。结论：军队离退休干部总体上对生活较为满意，今后应重视负性情绪的克服和正性情绪的培养。     

非适应性认知情绪调节策略对高中生抑郁的影响：经验回避和认知融合的链式中介作用

目的：探讨非适应性认知情绪调节策略与高中生抑郁情绪的关系,并考量经验回避和认知融合在其中的作用机制。方法：采用认知情绪调节策略问卷（CERQ）、流调中心用抑郁量表（CES-D）、接纳与行动量表（AAQ-II）及认知融合量表（CFQ）对3040名高中生进行问卷调查。结果：（1）非适应性认知情绪调节策略与抑郁、经验回避及认知融合呈显著正相关（r=0.43、0.49和0.45,P<0.01）,经验回避、认知融合与抑郁呈显著正相关（r=0.69和0.58,P<0.01）。（2）经验回避、认知融合分别在非适应性认知情绪调节策略与抑郁间起部分中介作用;经验回避和认知融合在非适应性认知情绪调节策略与抑郁间起链式中介作用。结论：本研究提示可通过改善非适应性认知情绪调节策略及提高心理灵活性来降低高中生的抑郁水平。     

负性生活事件对初中生睡眠质量的影响：有调节的中介作用

目的：探讨负性生活事件对初中生睡眠质量的影响以及抑郁的中介作用和心理韧性的调节作用。方法：采用青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、匹兹堡睡眠指数量表(PSQI)、青少年心理韧性量表(RSCA)、儿童抑郁量表(CDI)对随机抽取的1440名初中生进行调查。结果：（1）负性生活事件能够显著负向预测初中生睡眠质量；（2）抑郁部分中介了负性生活事件与初中生睡眠质量之间的关系；（3）抑郁的中介作用受到心理韧性的负向调节，即中介效应对于心理韧性水平低的初中生更大。结论：负性生活事件通过抑郁影响初中生睡眠质量，且抑郁的中介作用受到心理韧性的调节。     

睡眠剥夺对值班医生情绪的影响

目的：研究一夜睡眠缺失及恢复睡眠后对外科值班医生情绪的影响。方法：采用简明心境量表、状态焦虑问卷及斯坦福困倦量表，对23名外科医生进行值班前后及恢复一夜睡眠后情绪变化的研究。结果：外科医生在值班后，负性情绪增加，正性情绪减少，其中以愤怒-敌意、疲惫-惰性、困惑-迷茫、有力-好动为显著；焦虑和困倦程度增加；恢复1d后，负性情绪有所减少，但同值班前相比，有所增加，以疲惫-惰性为显著。结论：医生在值夜班后负性情绪增加，正性情绪减少。恢复睡眠后有所恢复。     

大学生情绪调节自我效能感在虐待与抑郁间的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生情绪调节自我效能感与儿童期虐待经历的关系,以及情绪调节自我效能感在虐待与抑郁间的中介作用。方法:从哈尔滨市4所高校选取475名大学生,采用情绪调节自我效能感量表(RES)的中文版、儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ)、流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)进行测查,其中CTQ采用回顾性调查。结果:躯体忽视和躯体虐待负向预测调节积极情绪效能感(POS)(β=-0.38、-0.52);情感忽视和性虐待负向预测调节沮丧/痛苦情绪效能感(DES)(β=-0.35、-0.31);躯体忽视负向预测调节生气/愤怒情绪效能感(ANG)(β=-0.23);躯体忽视和躯体虐待正向预测抑郁(β=0.78、3.20)。POS在情感忽视、躯体忽视、性虐待与抑郁之间具有中介作用(中介效应介于0.021~0.029);DES在情感忽视、躯体忽视、躯体虐待、性虐待与抑郁之间起着中介作用(中介效应介于0.017~0.040);ANG在情感忽视、躯体忽视与抑郁之间存在中介作用(中介效应介于0.016~0.019)。结论:低情绪调节自我效能感可能与儿童期虐待经历有关,情绪调节自我效能感在虐待与抑郁之间具有中介作用。     

负性情绪对运动专业大学生进食障碍症状的影响——强迫运动与自尊的中介效应

目的：本研究以运动专业大学生为对象,考察强迫运动、自尊在负性情绪与进食障碍症状之间的中介效应。方法：采用抑郁-焦虑-压力量表（DASS-21）、强迫运动量表（CET）、罗森伯格自尊量表（SES）和进食障碍问卷（EDI）对566名在校运动专业大学生进行调查。结果：负性情绪可显著预测进食障碍症状;强迫运动在负性情绪与进食障碍症状之间存在显著的部分中介作用;自尊也在负性情绪与进食障碍症状之间起部分中介作用。结论：负性情绪是进食障碍症状的重要风险因子,负性情绪也可以通过强迫运动、自尊的中介作用间接预测进食障碍症状。     

乳腺癌患者个性特点研究

使用行为特征问卷调查了６４名乳腺癌患者和４７名健康已婚女性，结果表明：（１）乳腺癌患者比健康组在抑郁、愤怒内泄、合理化、控制和社会支持等方面得分高，在愤怒外泄方面得分低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（２）多因素判别分析结果表明，此量表可极显著地区分这两组（ｐ＜０．００１），标准典则判别函数（选择对照组）为：０．７１（愤怒内泄）＋０．４５（社会支持）－０．４１（愤怒外泄）＋０．２９（愤怒）＋０．２８（焦虑）．其击中率为７８．１％，虚报率为２３．４％，通过分析初步可得出乳腺癌患者主要表现为通过合理化效应而否定自己的愤怒、抑郁、焦虑和悲观等负性情绪，从而获得社会支持，给人以社会关系良好的感觉，这些结论是支持“Ｃ”型行为模式的概念的     

Attachment and emotion experience in later life: the view from emotions theory

Despite the large volume of research on attachment over the past three decades based on work with children and young adults, there has been scant attention to later life. As such, Bowlby's claim that attachment theory has implications for the entire lifespan remains relatively untested. In this paper we present exploratory data documenting the relations between attachment and emotion in older adults. A sample of 1118 community-dwelling adults ranging in age from 65 to 86 years completed measures of attachment and Izard's (1972) Differential Emotions Scale. Consistent with a developmental-functionalist theory of emotions, different dimensions of attachment were associated with different emotion profiles, even when background variables were controlled. Attachment security was associated with less guilt, contempt, and shame, and with greater joy, sadness interest, fear and anger. Dismissingness, in contrast, was associated with greater interest and with less joy, shame, and fear. Finally, fearful avoidance was associated with greater joy, disgust, shame and anxiety. Taken together, our data suggest that the later life relations between emotion and attachment are similar to those documented in younger samples, although there appear to be some important developmental differences. The data are interpreted in the context of developmental-functionalist theories of emotions and implications for how emotions function within attachment systems and moderate social relations across the lifespan are discussed.     

Attachment and emotion experience in later life: The view from emotions theory

Despite the large volume of research on attachment over the past three decades based on work with children and young adults, there has been scant attention to later life. As such, Bowlby's claim that attachment theory has implications for the entire lifespan remains relatively untested. In this paper we present exploratory data documenting the relations between attachment and emotion in older adults. A sample of 1118 community-dwelling adults ranging in age from 65 to 86 years completed measures of attachment and Izard's (1972) Differential Emotions Scale. Consistent with a developmental-functionalist theory of emotions, different dimensions of attachment were associated with different emotion profiles, even when background variables were controlled. Attachment security was associated with less guilt, contempt, and shame, and with greater joy, sadness interest, fear and anger. Dismissingness, in contrast, was associated with greater interest and with less joy, shame, and fear. Finally, fearful avoidance was associated with greater joy, disgust, shame and anxiety. Taken together, our data suggest that the later life relations between emotion and attachment are similar to those documented in younger samples, although there appear to be some important developmental differences. The data are interpreted in the context of developmental-functionalist theories of emotions and implications for how emotions function within attachment systems and moderate social relations across the lifespan are discussed.     

大学生的一般学业情绪现状及其与大学适应的关系研究

目的了解大学生的一般学业情绪特点及其与大学适应的关系。方法用大学生一般学业情绪量表和中国大学生适应量表对学生进行测验。结果男女生在焦虑、放松、羞愧、气愤和兴趣5种情绪上有显著的差异，男生比女生体验到较多的正性情绪和较少的负性情绪；不同的年级在气愤（F（2，320）=3．40，P〈0．05）和兴趣（F（2，320）=3．63，P〈0．05）2种情绪上有显著的差异。二年级比一、三年级体验到较多的负性情绪和较少的正性情绪；不同生源学生的自豪（F（2，320）=5．38，P〈0．01）有极显著的差异，城市学生比农村学生体验到较多的正性情绪；大学生适应的总分及各维度得分与正性学业情绪呈显著正相关，与负性学业情绪呈显著负相关。结论大学生的一般学业情绪以正性情绪体验为主；大学生的学业情绪存在性别、年级和城乡差异；大学生的一般学业情绪与大学适应之间相互影响。     

Basic emotion profiles in healthy, chronic pain, depressed and PTSD individuals

Objectives: To compare self‐reports of five basic emotions across four samples: healthy, chronic pain, depressed and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and to investigate the extent to which basic emotion reports discriminate between individuals in healthy or clinical groups. Methods: In total, 439 participants took part in this study: healthy (n = 131), chronic pain (n = 220), depressed (n = 24) and PTSD (n = 64). The participants completed the trait version of the Basic Emotion Scale. Basic emotion profiles were compared both within each group and between the healthy group and each of the three other groups. Discriminant analysis was used to assess the extent to which basic emotions can be used to classify the participants as belonging to the healthy group or one of the clinical groups. Results: In the healthy group, happiness was experienced more than any other basic emotion. This was not found in the clinical groups. In comparison to the healthy participants, the chronic pain group experienced more fear, anger and sadness, the depressed group reported more sadness and the PTSD group experienced all of the negative emotions more frequently. Discriminant analysis revealed that happiness was the most important variable in determining whether an individual belonged to the healthy group or one of the clinical groups. Anger was found to further discriminate between depressed and chronic pain individuals. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that basic emotion profile analysis can provide a useful foundation for the exploration of emotional experience both within and between healthy and clinical groups. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message: ? More frequent experiences of happiness relative to discrete negative emotions most clearly discriminate between individuals in healthy and clinical groups. More frequent anger experiences further discriminate between individuals with chronic pain and those with depression while disgust levels help discriminate between those with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. ? More frequent experiences of high arousal negative emotions—fear, anger and disgust—are characteristic of individuals with PTSD. ? Fear is the most frequently experienced negative emotion in both healthy and clinical groups. Higher levels of fear compared with other discrete negative emotions are not necessarily an indicator of psychopathology. Consideration of emotional profiles more generally and the relative frequency with which happiness is experienced relative to negative emotions may be more useful in delineating between healthy individuals and those with chronic pain, depression or PTSD.     

The psychophysiology of disgust: Differentiating negative emotional contexts with facial EMG

The goals of this study were (a) to examine differing views on the relationship between self-report of emotion and physiological expression of emotion, (b) to differentiate between negative emotional contexts during imagery using facial electromyogram (EMG), and (c) to describe the facial muscle patterning and autonomic physiology of situations that involve expelling or avoiding disgusting sensory stimulation. Fifty subjects imagined situations eliciting disgust, anger, pleasure, and joy in 8-s trials using a tone-cued imagery procedure. Heart rate, skin conductance level, and facial EMG at the corrugator, zygomatic, and levator labii superioris/alesque muscle regions were recorded during imagery, and self-reports of emotion were collected after imagery trials. Self-reports of emotion produced results consistent with the affective categorization of the images. Activity at the levator labii region was higher during disgust than during anger imagery. Corrugator region increase characterized the negative as compared with the positive emotional contents, and activity at the zygomatic region was higher during joy imagery than during the other three emotions. Heart rate acceleration was greater during disgust, anger, and joy imagery than during pleasant imagery. Disgust imagery could be discriminated from anger imagery using facial EMG, and the expressive physiology of disgust was occasioned by the action set of active avoidance or rejection of sensory stimulation.     

Emotion recognition: facial components associated with various emotions

This study examined the effect of the changes in facial expressions in different parts of the face on emotion recognition. Fifty-two university students participated in the study. Seven emotions were selected as being the most suitable for categorization and expression: namely, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, sadness, happiness, and neutrality. Picture of these emotions were used to create stimulus materials, composed facial expressions were created by combining the upper and the lower parts of the pictures expressing different emotions. The participants were asked to categorize the type of emotion represented by each picture. The results showed that the upper area of the face was more often associated with anger, fear, surprise, and sadness. On the contrary, the lower area was more often associated with disgust and happiness. There were no significant differences between parts of the face associated with neutral emotions. Based on these results, we conclude that affected areas of the face differed as a function of emotion being experienced. Finally, the relationship of our results with Yamada's model (1993) was discussed.     

Basic and complex emotions in depression and anxiety

The current study was designed to assess the emotion states that occur across the clinical disorders of depression, anxiety and mixed anxiety depression. The emotion states were assessed using the Basic Emotions Scale, which includes a set of simple and complex emotions rationally derived from the basic emotions of sadness, anger, fear, disgust and happiness. The profiles of emotion states across the clinical disorders and across a matched healthy control group supported an analysis in which emotions related to sadness and disgust were elevated in the depressed and mixed disorders, whereas increased levels of anger and fear, and decreased levels of happiness did not distinguish between clinical groups but were found in all disorders in comparison to healthy controls. Further factor analyses gave support for the proposed basic emotions model and did not support alternative models such as the Positive Affect‐Negative Affect model. The findings demonstrate how a theoretically based emotion analysis can provide a useful foundation from which to explore the emotional disorders. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relation between differential emotions and depression in emotionally disturbed children and adolescents

Differential emotions theory (Izard, 1972) provides a conceptual framework for the role of emotions in affective disorders. The present study investigated the relation of emotions to depression in a sample of child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients (N = 145). Findings indicate that shyness, anger, enjoyment, and shame explained 51.4% of the variance in depression scores. Furthermore, profiles of emotions experienced by youths with a depressive disorder differed significantly from emotion profiles of nondepressed youths on the following emotions: enjoyment, surprise, sadness, anger, shame, shyness, guilt, and self-directed hostility. Differential emotions also correctly classified 80.0% of depressed and nondepressed subjects into their respective groups.     

Recognition of Facial Expressions: Selective Impairment of Specific Emotions in Huntington's Disease

Recognition of facial expressions of basic emotions was investigated in HL and UJ, two people with Huntington's disease who showed little evidence of general cognitive deterioration. No impairments were found in tests of the perception of age, sex, familiar face identity, unfamiliar face identity, and gaze direction, indicating adequate processing of the face as a physical stimulus. Computer-interpolated ("morphed") images of facial expressions of basic emotions were used to demonstrate deficits in the recognition of disgust and fear for UJ. HL also showed a deficit in the recognition of disgust, and was not very adept (but not significantly impaired) at recognising fear. Other basic emotions (happiness, surprise, sadness, anger) were recognised atnormal levels of performance by HL and UJ. These results show that impairments of emotion recognition can be circumscribed; affecting some emotions more than others, and occurring in people who do not show pronounced perceptual or intellectual deterioration. Questionnaires examining self-assessed emotion indicated normal experience of anger by HL and UJ, but possible abnormalities for disgust and fear. The processes involved in recognising other people's emotions may therefore be linked to those involved in experiencing emotion, and the basic emotions of fear and disgust may have separable neural substrates.