多普勒超声预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血的研究

目的探讨多普勒超声观察肝硬化食管静脉曲张反映门脉系统血流动力学指标与内镜下食管静脉曲张程度的关系,预测食管静脉曲张出血有意义的多普勒超声指标.方法对120例以往无出血史的肝硬化食管静脉曲张患者和30例年龄及性别相匹配的健康志愿者在超声检查前或后均行内镜检查.超声检测门静脉和胃左静脉内径、平均流速及血流方向.并观察60例食管静脉曲张和1 5例对照组在口服葡萄糖30 min后上述指标的变化.结果①与正常对照组比较,肝硬化组门静脉血流速度明显减慢,门静脉和胃左静脉内径增宽,胃左静脉离肝血流速度显著增高;②所有对照组均呈向肝型血流,口服葡萄糖后,胃左静脉和门静脉血管内径及血流方向无明显变化.食管静脉曲张患者胃左静脉可出现向肝、离肝或双向血流;口服葡萄糖后,胃左静脉11例向肝型和5例双向型血流,其中9例（56%）转变为离肝型;44例离肝型血流中38例（86%）血流速度明显增加;胃左静脉和门静脉内径无明显变化.结论门静脉血流动力学指标与内镜所示食管静脉曲张程度一致性差;胃左静脉相关血流动力学指标在预测曲张出血方面优于门静脉;内镜检查联合应用胃左静脉血流动力学指标可能对预测食管静脉曲张出血有重要价值.     

彩超检测胃左静脉参数预测肝硬化胃底出血的价值

目的通过彩色多普勒测定胃左静脉内径、血流速度、血流量、血流方向等指标，探讨其预测食管静脉曲张出血风险的价值。方法肝硬化门静脉高压症86例，均接受彩色多普勒、电子胃镜及肝炎标志物、肝功能等检查，评价标准：随访24个月内经内镜检查确定为食道胃底静脉曲张破裂出血对比分析出血组与非出血组的胃左静脉血流动力学特点。结果胃左静脉呈离肝血流的患者中发生食管静脉破裂出血者多于向肝血流患者，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．01）；随着肝功能损害加重，胃左静脉内径呈增宽趋势，Child B、C级肝功能患者中，出血与非出血组间比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；在不同Child级别中，出血与非出血组患者在肝动脉血流峰速度（Vmax）、Q上无显著差异。结论彩色多普勒测定胃左静脉血流方向、内径能预测食管静脉曲张出血。     

彩色多普勒超声在评价自发性脾肾静脉分流中的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在自发性脾肾静脉分流（SSRS）中的价值。方法应用彩色多普勒超声对25例经临床证实为肝硬化门静脉高压伴SSRS患者进行研究,并与25例肝硬化门静脉高压不伴SSRS患者进行对照。结果25例SSRS患者,均可见脾门及胃后方扩张扭曲血管;20例在肾动脉的前方发现脾肾静脉间的交通支;近肝段脾静脉11例血流方向朝向肝,4例双向血流,10例血流方向离肝;左肾静脉内径较对照组增宽,血流速度较对照组增快（均P〈0．01）。结论彩色多普勒超声能较好地显示脾肾静脉分流时的直接和间接征象,以及血流动力学的改变,是诊断脾肾静脉分流的好方法。     

部分脾栓塞术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的临床研究

目的：探讨部分脾栓塞术（PartialSplenicEmbolization,PSE）治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的临床疗效及机制。方法：52例肝硬化并发门脉高压及脾功能亢进患者,采用seldinger技术行PSE,用明胶海绵作栓塞剂。术前、术后彩色多普勒分别检测患者门静脉和脾静脉内径、血流速度及血流量,脾脏长径、厚度;内镜检查食管静脉曲张的变化。结果：栓塞面积〉60％,80％者42例,〉80％者10例。术后患者门静脉主于及脾静脉内径较术前减小（P〈0．01）,血流速度和血流量较术前降低（P〈0．01）;脾脏长径和厚度较术前缩小（P〈0．01）;食管静脉曲张程度较术前减轻（P〈0．01）;肝、肾功能较术前无明显变化（P〉0．05）。术后52例患者均出现发热、腹痛,40例患者出现其它并发症。主要有胸水、腹水、顽固性呃逆、左下肺炎、脾脓肿,膈下脓肿,脾囊肿等。结论：通过PSE术,能有效降低门静脉的血流速度及血流量,减轻食管静脉曲张程度,缓解肝硬化患者的门脉高压。     

应用彩超探讨肝硬化血流动力学改变与食道静脉曲张及破裂出血的关系

目的：探讨肝硬化血流动力学改变与食道静脉曲张及破裂出血的关系。方法：应用彩色多普勒血流显像对44例肝硬化患者进行门脉系统管腔内经及血流动力学检测，并将一般肝硬化患者与合并食道静脉曲张及破裂出血者比较，同时与30例健康者作比较。结果：与健康者比较：肝硬化患者门静脉内径（Dpv）脾静脉内径（Dsv）明显增宽，门静脉流速（Vpv）减慢，脾静脉流量（Qsv）增多，伴食道静脉曲张及其破裂出血者与一般肝硬化比较，门静脉流速更低，脾静脉流量大于门静脉流量（Qsv〉Qpv）高发（75％）。结论：门静脉流速明显减低，脾静脉血流量超过门静脉血流量，这一血流动力学改变与食道静脉曲张及破裂出血密切相关。     

彩色多普勒超声评价奥曲肽对肝硬化门脉高压症断流术后的血流动力学影响

目的应用彩色多普勒超声研究奥曲肽对肝硬化门静脉高压症患者脾切除加断流术后血流动力学的影响。方法肝硬化门静脉高压症行脾切除加门奇静脉断流术患者28例,分别于术前,术后1周及静滴奥曲肽72h后应用彩色多普勒超声测定门静脉及肝动脉内径、最大血流速度、平均血流速度、血流量参数。结果术前与术后1周比较,门静脉流速、血流量参数差异有显著性（P〈0．01）,且肝动脉流速及血流量增加（P〈0．01）;静滴奥曲肽72h后与术后1周比较,门静脉最大流速、平均流速、血流量参数均降低,差异有显著性（P〈0．05．0．01）。结论奥曲肽可降低断流术后患者门静脉血流量参数及血流速度。彩色多普勒超声测定门静脉血液动力学指标可间接估测门脉压力,作为无创评价药物治疗门脉高压的方法。     

多层螺旋CT门静脉成像对肝硬化分级及食管静脉曲张出血分析

目的分析肝硬化门脉高压患者门静脉系统血管径线变化及与食管静脉曲张出血的关系,探讨多层螺旋CT门静脉成像（MSCTP）在肝硬化分级及食管静脉曲张出血中的临床价值。方法使用多层螺旋CT对200例对照组及63例肝硬化患者（出血组31例、非出血组32例）的门静脉、脾静脉和肠系膜上静脉直径及门静脉长度的测定,比较门静脉诸血管参数在对照组与肝硬化组、不同肝硬化分级间及食管静脉曲张出血间有无差异。结果肝硬化组门静脉上述参数均大于对照组（P〈0．01）,但在肝硬化分级中除肠系膜上静脉Child—Pugh C级较A与B级增宽外,其他参数差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。出血组的门静脉参数较非出血组除门静脉长度外均有增大（P〈0．05）。结论MSCTP能够反映肝硬化门静脉高压的程度,并对预测食管静脉出血有重要临床意义。     

多普勒超声检测慢性乙型肝炎及肝硬化患者门静脉和脾静脉血流的临床意义

目的评价各型慢性乙型肝炎及肝硬化患者门静脉、脾静脉的血流动力学改变。方法将111例慢性乙型肝炎患者分成轻度组、中度组、重度组及肝硬化组。选取22例健康人为对照组。超声检测门、脾静脉内径及平均流速,计算二者血流量及血流量比值,并行组间比较。结果轻度组与对照组比较,门静脉平均流速（Vpv）、门静脉内径（Dpv）、脾静脉内径（Dsv）无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。中度组的Vpv较对照组、轻度组减慢（P〈0．05）。重度组和肝硬化组的Vpv较轻、中度组及对照组减慢（P〈0．05）。重度组Dpv、Dsv较对照组增大（P〈0．05）。肝硬化组的Dpv、Dsv较其他组增大（P〈0．01）。肝硬化组脾静脉血流量（Qsv）和脾、门静脉流量比值（Qsv／Qpv）较其他组增高（P〈0．01）。结论慢性乙型肝炎及肝硬化患者Vpv、Dpv、Dsv能反应肝脏功能损害程度,Qsv、Qsv／Qpv是反映门静脉压力的较好指标,为慢性乙型肝炎及肝硬化的临床诊断及治疗评价提供了一定帮助。     

肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血危险因素分析

目的探讨肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的危险因素。方法 2014年1～8月我院肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者99例(出血组)和肝硬化合并食管静脉曲张未破裂出血患者99例(未出血组),分析肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的危险因素。结果出血组白蛋白、血小板计数低于未出血组,上消化道出血史、凝血酶原时间、门静脉主干内径、脾静脉主干内径、肝硬度、脾硬度、Child-Pugh C级肝功比例、重度食管静脉曲张比例及合并胃底静脉曲张比例高于未出血组(P 0. 05)。多因素分析显示,门静脉主干内径、脾静脉主干内径、Child-Pugh评分、肝硬度、脾硬度、食管静脉曲张分级是肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的独立危险因素(P 0. 05)。肝硬度、脾硬度及肝静脉压力梯度能预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血,曲线下面积分别为0. 787、0. 815和0. 804。结论肝硬度、脾硬度是肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的危险因素,能预测肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血。     

柔肝化纤颗粒对肝硬化门静脉高压的影响及可能机制研究

目的：探讨柔肝化纤颗粒对肝硬化门静脉高压的影响及可能机制。方法回顾性分析60例肝硬化门静脉高压所致食管胃底静脉曲张患者的临床资料,给予柔肝化纤颗粒进行治疗。比较治疗前后肝静脉自由压（FHVP）、肝静脉楔压（WHVP）、肝静脉压力梯度（HVPG）、血流动力学及心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）的变化情况。结果柔肝化纤颗粒治疗前后肝静脉自由压（FHVP）、脾静脉内径（Dsv）及肠系膜上静脉血流动力学各指标变化相比,差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）,而治疗前后肝静脉楔压（WHVP）、肝静脉压力梯度（HVPG）、静脉主干血流动力学各指标变化、脾静脉流速（Vsv）及流量（Qsv）、心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）相比,差异均具有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。结论柔肝化纤颗粒可显著地降低肝硬化患者脾静脉与门静脉主干的血流速度及血流量,从而减少门静脉的血流灌注,且能显著降低患者肝静脉压力梯度,对食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血及腹水的防治具有重要的临床价值。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.