儿童气管支气管异物的临床特征分析

目的 了解儿童气管支气管异物的临床特征,为实施切实可行的预防措施提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2012年2月至2013年2月114例经纤维支气管镜确诊的气管支气管异物患儿的临床资料。结果 儿童气管支气管异物主要发生在1~3岁（71.9%）,男童多于女童,性别比为2：1。冬季发生比例高于夏季。农村儿童气管支气管异物的发生比例较城市高。不同部位气管、支气管异物的CT阳性率存在明显差异,气管异物病例的胸部CT阳性率明显低于左、右主支气管异物（PP结论 儿童气管支气管异物的预防相关健康教育应以农村地区为重点;气管支气管异物多发于1~3岁幼儿;对于气管支气管异物疑诊病例,需尽早行支气管镜检查确诊。     

Tracheobronchial foreign bodies

Ojective : Foreign body inhalation is an extremely serious problem in children and sometimes result in sudden death. The current mortality rate from foreign body inhalation is between 0% and 1.8% according to various studies. In spite of this, undiagnosed and unsuspected foreign bodies still occur in the airway.dMethods : Pediatric patients with documented foreign body inhalation, treated in the Department of Pediatrics, Bapuji Hospital, JJM Medical College during 1997-2000 are included in the analysis. Children with or without positive history of aspiration were examined and the diagnosis was made on the basis of history, clinical findings, radilogic evaluation and strong index of suspicion in those children where reasonable appropriate treatment failed to resolve the respiratory symptoms. Bronchoscopy was performed for a suspected foreign body on 165 children.Result : A review of 165 pediatric cases of suspected foreign body aspiration revealed, children between 1 and 3 years were found to be very vulnerable for aspiration. Majority of children were boys. Over 70% of the patients had positive history of inhalation. Only 60% of the patients presented immediately, that is within 24 hours after aspiration. Common symptoms were cough and respiratory distress. Physical examination showed abnormal finding in 91% of cases. Decreased air entry was the significant clinical sign. Obstructive emphysema was found in majority of the cases (49.5%). Rigid bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia was the preferred method for removal of aspirated foreign body. In 65 (61.9%) cases foreign body was lodged in the right main bronchus and majority of these were organic in nature, that is 96(91.43%).Conclusion : Tracheobronchial foreign bodies should be strongly suspected in pediatric age group who present with a suggestive history, even when physical and radiographie evidence is absent. The modalities of diagnosis, management and outcome are discussed.     

儿童支气管异物147 例临床诊治分析

目的分析儿童支气管异物的临床特点。方法回顾分析2014-2016年间收治的147例外源性支气管异物患儿的临床资料,并对硬质支气管镜、软式支气管镜取异物的应用进行比较。结果 147例患儿均由胸部CT、胸透或呼吸内镜诊断为支气管异物,其中男104例、女43例,1～3岁幼儿占87.8%。支气管异物种类以坚果类食物最为多见。常见并发症依次为支气管黏膜肉芽组织增生88例(59.86%)、肺炎56例(38.1%)、肺不张15例(10.2%)、呼吸衰竭14例(9.52%),支气管扩张4例(2.72%)。141例经呼吸内镜取出异物,其中106例(72.11%)为软式支气管镜,一次性成功取出者100例(94.34%);35例(23.81%)为硬质支气管镜,一次性成功取出者28例(80.0%)。结论儿童支气管异物以男性幼儿居多,软式支气管镜与硬质支气管镜均可取出儿童外源性下呼吸道异物。     

Removal of blunt oesophageal foreign bodies in children using a Foley catheter

ABSTRACT. In the 3 years between January 1978 and December 1980, 25 children with an ingested blunt foreign body lodged in the oesophagus were treated using a Foley catheter to remove it. In only 2 cases the procedure was performed under fluoroscopic control. In 23 of the 25 cases, the oesophageal foreign body was successfully removed; in 2 instances the foreign body was pushed down into the stomach and subsequently passed out spontaneously without complications. Successful extraction can be acheved at the first attempt, without fluoroscopic control, if the Foley catheter is introduced all the way into the stomach before inflating the balloon and withdrawing the catheter, with the patient in the lateral position.     

Tracheobronchial aspiration of foreign bodies and rigid bronchoscopy in children

Background: A significant proportion of cases of tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration due to life‐threatening condition is observed during childhood. The aim of the present study was to describe our experience with the diagnosis and treatment of foreign body aspirations during childhood and review published literature. Methods: One hundred and eighty‐four patients under 16 years of age with a tentative diagnosis of foreign body aspiration were retrospectively evaluated according to age, sex, patient delay symptoms at presentation, foreign body type, localization and the diagnostic and therapeutic methods used. Results: The most frequently aspirated objects were shelled nuts and seeds such as sunflower seeds, pistachio and hazelnuts. The chief symptom was cough. On physical examination, the most frequent findings were unilateral decrease of respiratory sound on the affected side with coarsening and bronchi. While 51% of cases presented a radiological finding, chest X‐ray was normal in the other. All patients underwent rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia and a foreign body was identified in 137 (74.3%). The rigid bronchoscopy intervention was used in some cases, especially in the presence of tracheal foreign bodies of organic origin. Conclusions: Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration is a significant cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment is of utmost importance. Rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia should be performed in all patients suspected of foreign body aspiration, which could minimize mortality and morbidity if performed by experienced personnel with safe methods.     

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??Objective To evaluate the clinical characteristics of children with trachea or bronchus foreign body. Methods The data of 84 children with confirmed diagnosis of trachea or bronchus foreign body was retrospectively analyzed in this study form Jun 2011 to Jun 2016 in Tianjin Children Hospital??including general situation??history of foreign body aspiration??medical history??course of disease??foreign body property??clinical and imaging characteristics. Results The rate for tracheobronchial foreign body occurring in boys and girls were 2.23??1 with the main incidence age of 6 months to 3 years old. The incidence rate in countryside was higher than that in city??69.05% vs. 30.95%????especially boys in countryside. Children who are able to provide an accurate history of foreign body aspiration may be helpful in early diagnosis and treatment of trachea or bronchus foreign body??P??0.05??. The main type of foreign body was food??especially nuts. The proportion of bronchial foreign body which remained in the left or right main bronchial tubes was not different??but the number of cases in right lobe was higher than that in the left. The clinical symptom was different according to the different lesions with block of foreign bodies. The main symptom was cough??98.81%?? and breezing??58.33%????with the imaging characteristics of emphysema ??55.95%??. Conclusion In prevention and control of tracheobronchial foreign bodies??boys under the age of 3 should be paid most attention to in rural areas. The children should be reduced contact with nuts food. The guardian must attach more importance to tracheobronchial foreign body. For children with symptom of cough and wheezing weakening breathing sounds on single side by physical examination??emphysema and pulmonary atelectasis on imaging??health providers should pay attention to the history of foreign body aspiration or cough history??and should actively perform bronchoscopy for early diagnosis and treatment.     

Ingestion of multiple magnets: hazardous foreign bodies for children

We report a case of perforation, fistula formation, and small bowel obstruction in a 2-year-old child who had ingested 32 small magnets. Multiple magnets will attract one another through the bowel wall and lead to pressure necrosis with complications. We recommend early surgical intervention before the onset of gastrointestinal complications if ingested multiple magnets have not moved on the follow-up radiograph. Both clinicians and the lay population need to be aware that multiple magnets can be hazardous foreign bodies for children.     

Laryngeal foreign bodies: management in children in Senegal]

Inhalation of foreign bodies is a frequent accident in children. It remains severe in the case of laryngeal foreign bodies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospectively, for a 16-year period, 65 laryngeal foreign bodies have been treated (44.8%), among 145 cases of airway foreign bodies, in the ENT department of Dakar University hospital. Etiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects were reviewed. RESULTS: Average age was 36 months, with a sex-ratio of 2.42 in favour of males. The time lag (time between the accident and admission to the department) was particularly long; 73.33% of the children were admitted more than 24 hours after the event. Eighty-three percent of the patients presented greater or lesser laryngeal dyspnea. Tracheostomy was performed in 55.4% of the patients. Average duration for abiation of the canula was ten days. Three cases of death were recorded (4.16%). DISCUSSION: The frequency of 44.8% for laryngeal localization of foreign bodies appears to be the highest in the literature. If the appropriate treatment for foreign bodies in the respiratory tract is endoscopic removal, the tracheostomy nevertheless occupies a central place in the management of the disease. This procedure may be recommended to all ENT specialists working in similar conditions. In spite of its inherent complications, tracheostomy allows reduction of mortality in relation to laryngeal foreign bodies. Improvement of prognosis requires prevention based on widespread public information and improving technical infrastructures.     

小儿内生性支气管异物的临床特点及支气管镜术的应用

目的：探讨小儿内生性支气管异物的临床特点及支气管镜术应用的意义。方法：经胸部X 线片检查提示肺叶或肺段不张,支气管镜检查除外外界性支气管异物患儿106例,原发病：支原体肺炎62例,支气管结核24例,支气管肺炎16例,肾病综合征2例,喉气管支气管炎1例,毛细支气管炎1例;全部病例在原发病常规治疗的基础上进行支气管镜术;与同期住院80例外界性支气管异物的临床特点进行对比分析。结果：内生性异物性质：黏液栓子77例,干酪样物质24例,树枝状白色胶冻状物4例,血栓1例,片状伪膜1例;其中25例可见肉芽组织增生,原发病以支气管结核为主。外界性支气管异物组并发纵膈气肿、气胸4例,内生性支气管异物组无一例合并纵膈气肿、气胸;内生性支气管异物组需要重复行支气管镜术的次数较外界性支气管异物组高(P＜0.01)。结论：对内生性支气管异物行支气管镜术,其诊断及治疗意义肯定。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（9）：712-714］     

Vaginal foreign bodies

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical features and outcome in girls with a vaginal foreign body. METHODS: Retrospective review of medical records of 35 girls with a vaginal foreign body seen in an outpatient clinic for paediatric and adolescent gynaecology between 1980 and 2000. RESULTS: The ages ranged from 2.6 to 9.2 years. The most common symptom was blood-stained vaginal discharge/vaginal bleeding (49%). Duration of symptoms varied from 1 day to 2 years. Fifty-four percent of the patients recalled insertion of the foreign object, usually by the girl herself. All but three patients (91%) either recalled insertion of the foreign object and/or had vaginal bleeding or blood-stained or foul-smelling vaginal discharge, and/or visualization or palpation of the foreign body in physical examination. Symptoms resolved after removal of the foreign body followed by a single irrigation with Providon-Iod (Betadine). CONCLUSION: In the majority of patients a carefully obtained history and physical examination suggest the diagnosis of a vaginal foreign object. The leading symptoms are vaginal bleeding and blood-stained or foul smelling vaginal discharge. Removal of the foreign object followed by a single irrigation with Providon-Iod is the definitive treatment and does not require additional measures.     

Ingested foreign bodies causing complications and requiring hospitalization in European children: Results from the ESFBI study

Background:  In young children, particularly those aged 1–3 years, aerodigestive tract foreign bodies (FB) are a common pediatric problem. The aim of the present study was therefore to characterize the risk of complications and prolonged hospitalization due to FB in the upper digestive tract in terms of the characteristics of the injured patients (age, gender), typology and features of the FB, the circumstances of the accident and hospitalization details.
Methods:  A retrospective study was done in 19 hospitals in 19 corresponding European countries of 186 cases of injury due to the presence of an FB in the mouth, esophagus and stomach (ICD935), out of the 2103 overall cases of FB reported in other locations.
Results:  Complications arose in 14 cases and hospitalization was required in 164 cases. No deaths were observed. A higher incidence of hospitalization in male patients (61%) was observed. Median age for children who experienced complications was 2 years old. The most common FB removal technique was esophagoscopy. In the majority of cases the children were treated by the ENT Department. The most common FB were coins, batteries and fish bones among food.
Conclusion:  Because batteries, as well as coins and fish bones among food were the most common type of FB encountered, and because recent development of technology has accelerated broad use of disk-type batteries, parents should be aware of this hazard, and an educational campaign for public education for this serious problem is advisable.     

Lead foreign body ingestion in children

Abstract: Foreign body ingestion is seen commonly in paediatric surgical practice and the vast majority of ingested foreign bodies will pass spontaneously once they have made their way into the stomach. Lead foreign body ingestion in children represents a special case in view of the potential for acute lead intoxication secondary to dissolution and absorption of the ingested lead. Lead dissolves poorly in physiological solutions with the exception of the acid environment of the stomach. We report a case of a 4-year-old child who ingested a lead sinker which was removed from the stomach by emergency endoscopy. This case stimulated a review of the relevant literature and the formulation of a management plan for lead foreign body ingestion in children. The principles of this management plan are observation of the child in hospital and use of a protein pump inhibitor until the foreign body has passed out of the stomach.     

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??The foreign body of digestive tract is a kind of object which is swallowed by mistake or deliberately swallowed into the digestive tract??which can not be digested??nor can it pass through the digestive tract in time??so it belongs to the emergency department of children. One of the main causes of accidental injury is children’s curiosity. Diagnosis depends on history??clinical manifestation and X-ray examination. Special foreign body needs CT and endoscopy diagnosis. For foreign bodies which can not be discharged by themselves??endoscopic therapy has been the primary method of diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies in digestive tract. The success rate of the treatment is high??the complications are less??and it is easy to implement??which has been more and more widely used.     

经软式支气管镜异物取出术不同麻醉方式的研究

目的 探讨两种麻醉方式对于儿童支气管异物取出的临床疗效.方法 回顾性研究甘肃省妇幼保健院自2010年9月至2013年7月经软式支气管镜行异物取出术的56例住院患儿,均明确诊断为气管-支气管异物,年龄8个月～11岁,男32例,女24例;深度镇静麻醉30例,全身麻醉26例,对比两种麻醉方式的临床效果.结果 深度镇静麻醉组和全身麻醉组异物取出成功率分别为83.33％和96.15％ (P＞ 0.05),两组在血氧饱和度下降(86.67％ vs 92.31％)、发绀(30.00％ vs26.92％)、出血(16.67％ vs 15.38％)、发热(6.67％ vs3.85％)、声音嘶哑(40.00％ vs 34.62％)、呕吐(26.67％ vs 19.23％)等并发症几率方面差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);全身麻醉组出现呛咳(11.54％ vs 93.33％)及抵抗(0 vs 73.33％)的几率明显小于深度镇静麻醉组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).与深度镇静麻醉组患儿比较,全身麻醉组患儿的平均住院费用高[(4 050.25±1 176.75)元Vs(4 718.73±1 02.61)元],平均麻醉准备时间长[(6.50±1.70) rmin vs(18.54±3.46)min],但平均取异物时间短[(39.52±15.68) min vs(13.32±6.38) min],两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05),而平均住院天数[(5.67±1.65) dvs (5.46±1.65)d]差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 全身麻醉异物取出成功率高,在取异物时间、患儿舒适度等方面有明显改善,但平均住院费用、平均麻醉准备时间要多于深度镇静麻醉.     

Haemoptysis in healthy children due to unsuspected foreign body

Abstract: Haemoptysis in otherwise healthy children is an uncommon event. Two cases of massive haemoptysis, subsequently requiring lobectomy, are discussed. In each case, foreign vegetable matter was identified despite previously normal bronchoscopy and minimal changes on chest radiograph.     

小儿食管异物71例临床分析

目的：探讨小儿食管异物及其并发症的特点及治疗方法以指导临床诊治。方法对2009年1月至2014年12月我院耳鼻喉科收治的71例食管异物患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果食管异物患儿71例,其中男42例,女29例;年龄2个月~14岁,1~3岁发病率最高。在食管内异物存留时间短者2 h,长者15 d。吞入金属性异物43例,植物性异物12例,动物性异物9例,化学性异物7例;异物位于食管上段51例,中段9例,下段7例,食管入口上3例,入胃1例。71例患儿中发生并发症9例。71例患儿治愈69例,好转2例,治愈率为97.2%,平均治愈时间4 d。结论及早诊治、避免食管穿孔是预防小儿食管异物并发症的关键,及时准确处理食管穿孔等并发症是提高治愈率的有力举措。     

内镜在小儿上消化道异物中的应用价值

目的探讨内镜在小儿上消化道异物中的诊断和治疗价值。方法取自2002年1月-2005年12月我院收治的42例异物摄入患儿。年龄6个月-9岁。摄入的物体包括硬币、戒指、钥匙、铁钉、鱼刺、纽扣、核桃果、回形针、围棋子、蜡烛、槟榔等，选用Olympus GIF—XQ230电子胃镜和相关器械对42例上消化道异物患儿做内镜检查和治疗。结果食管6例，胃内26例，幽门管3例（并引起嵌顿2例）、十二指肠7例。37例患儿在内镜直视下成功取出各类型异物，分别采用活检钳、鳄鱼钳、圈套器、网篮、鼠齿钳等，2例特殊异物在静脉麻醉下顺利取出，自然排出3例，无一例有严重并发症。结论经内镜取出上消化道异物是一种创伤小、安全可靠、简单有效的方法。特殊异物在静脉麻醉配合下行内镜检查及治疗会更安全。