肾上腺偶发瘤39例

目的：提高对肾上腺偶发瘤的诊治水平。方法：对肾上腺偶发瘤３９例进行术后病理及随访结果分析。结果：３７例经手术治疗,效果满意：１例恶性肿瘤并有肺转移者无法切除,仅取活检：１例肿瘤直径２．０ｃｍ,本人及家属不愿手术而出院随诊。结论：在健康体检时应常规行肾上腺Ｂ超检查,ＣＴ,ＭＲＩ对确诊肾上腺占位病变有较高价值。恶性肿瘤、功能性肿瘤直径≥２．０ｃｍ者均应手术,〈２．０ｃｍ者可行Ｂ超、ＣＴ随诊。     

肾上腺偶发瘤的诊治

目的探讨肾上腺偶发瘤的诊断步骤和治疗方法的选择。方珐回顾性分析手术证实的129例肾上腺偶发瘤的临床资料。结果129例中125例完整切除肿瘤，肿瘤直径1．2—18cm。嗜铬细胞瘤31例，皮质腺瘤37例，皮质癌9例，转移癌4例，淋巴瘤3例，其他良性肿瘤45例。结论肾上腺偶发瘤中大部分为皮质和髓质肿瘤，因此需在术前做内分泌检查，确定有无功能；对直径大于3cm的无功能肿瘤及有功能或疑有恶变的需手术治疗；而小于3cm无功能肿瘤可定期随访。     

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺偶发瘤16例报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺偶发瘤的临床应用及疗效。方法采用后腹腔镜手术切除肾上腺偶发瘤16例。结果平均手术时间(133±19)min,平均出血量(67±23)mL,术后下床时间平均(3±0.8)d,术后恢复良好,4～12 d出院,平均(7±3)d,无严重并发症发生。结论后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺偶发瘤是一种安全、有效的术式,具有手术创伤小、并发症少及患者恢复快等优点。     

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺偶发瘤13例报告

目的:探讨后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺偶发瘤的临床应用及疗效。方法:采用后腹腔镜手术切除肾上腺偶发瘤13例。结果:平均手术时间135min,平均出血量67ml,术后下床时间平均2天。术后恢复良好,平均6天出院,无严重并发症发生。结论:后腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺偶发瘤是一种安全、有效的术式,具有手术创伤小、并发症少及患者恢复快等优点。     

肾上腺偶发瘤的现代处理

肾上腺偶发瘤目前已成为临床工作中比较常见的现象。如何处理这类无明显临床症状的肿物，是否需要手术治疗或何时手术，都是临床医生较为关注的问题。本文综述了国外近期有关肾上腺偶发瘤的发生概况，内分泌学状态，良性与恶性的鉴别与处理等方面的文献。     

肾上腺偶发瘤治疗的临床研究

目的 探讨肾上腺偶发瘤治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1996年1月至2006年1月156例肾上腺偶发瘤患者的临床资料及随访结果.结果 156例患者中1例因多器官转移行放疗、化疗,4例肿瘤较小者随诊观察,151例接受手术治疗.肿瘤直径1.3～15.0 cm.病理结果提示嗜铬细胞瘤34例,皮质腺瘤83例,皮质癌5例,转移癌3例,肾上腺囊肿等其他良性肿瘤26例.随访136例,随访时间1～7年,3例转移癌患者1.5年内均死亡;随访到的2例皮质癌患者分别于术后2.0、2.5年死于复发、转移.余131例均健康存活,其中3例口服地塞米松至术后1年.结论 恶性肿瘤、有功能肿瘤、亚临床型肾上腺皮质肿瘤、嗜铬细胞瘤、直径大于3cm的肿瘤应手术治疗;而小于3cm的无功能肿瘤可定期严密随访.     

肾上腺偶发瘤的诊治分析

目的：提高肾上腺偶发瘤的诊断和治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析1998年1月～2006年7月收治的48例肾上腺偶发瘤患者的临床资料,并进行术后病理及随访结果分析。46例患者行手术治疗,其中开放手术15例,经腹腔镜治疗31例。结果：手术效果满意。术后病理检查诊断为肾上腺皮质腺瘤27例,肾上腺囊肿5例,肾上腺皮质癌2例,肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤3例,肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤3例,原发性醛固酮瘤3例,腹膜后原发性淋巴瘤、皮质腺瘤伴灶状髓性脂肪瘤、转移癌各1例。影像学及实验室检查术前获正确诊断者32例（66．7％）。结论：所有肾上腺偶发瘤均应行内分泌功能检查。内分泌功能检查与CT或MRI联合应用对确诊肾上腺占位性病变有较高价值。对于确诊为恶性肿瘤、功能性肿瘤、转移性肿瘤及直径大于3cm的肿瘤,应积极采取手术治疗。腹腔镜手术创伤小,恢复快,为首选术式。对非功能性、直径小于3．0cm的肿瘤,可定期行生化和影像学检查。     

肾上腺偶发瘤的临床探讨(附50例报告)

目的：探讨肾上腺偶发瘤的诊治经验方法；对我院1984年1月－2001年2月收治的50例肾上腺偶发瘤患者进行回顾性分析。结果：50例患者经内分泌功能测定，CT，B超，MRI及同位素髓质扫描等检查，内分泌功能性肿瘤19例（38．0％），不论肿瘤大小均行手术切除；无功能性肿瘤31例（62．0％），其中26例手术切除，8例为恶性，其中原发腺癌5例，转移性肿瘤3例，结论：对于肾上腺偶发瘤必须结合的内分泌检查，影像学检查及同位素扫描，以排除有无内分泌功能及是否为恶性，对有内分泌功能亢进或直径≥4cm或有恶性征象的肾上腺偶发瘤均考虑手术治疗，对无内分泌功能亢进或直径＜4cm且无恶性征象的肾上腺偶发瘤患者可定期随访。     

肾上腺偶发瘤临床分析

目的 总结肾上腺偶发瘤的临床、内分泌及病理学特点. 方法回顾性分析97例病理确诊肾上腺偶发瘤患者的临床资料.男53例,女44例.平均年龄45岁.肿瘤位于左侧38例、右侧52例、双侧7例.有较完整内分泌检测资料者74例.肿瘤最大直径由B超确定8例、CT确定54例、MRI确定35例. 结果 97例中恶性肿瘤20例(20.6%),其中肾卜腺皮质癌12例、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤3例、转移癌2例,肉瘤、神经母细胞瘤、恶性神经鞘瘤各1例;肾上腺皮质腺瘤26例(26.8%),良性嗜铬细胞瘤21例(21.6%),髓脂肪瘤9例(9.3%),肾上腺囊肿13例(13.4%),节细胞神经瘤5例(5.2%),神经纤维瘤3例(3.1%).高血压病患者40例(41.2%),功能性偶发瘤21例(28.4%).肿瘤直径<4 cm者25例(25.8%)、4～6 cm者33例(34.0%)、>6 era者39例(40.2%).肿瘤直径<4 cm者中恶性肿瘤仅1例(4%).恶性肿瘤直径(9.9±4.6)cm,良性肿瘤直径(5.6±3.2)锄(P=0.01).恶性肿瘤中直径>6 cm者15例(75.0%),良性肿瘤中27例(35.1%,P=0.001).恶性肿瘤患者体质量减轻者5例(25.0%),良性肿瘤者中2例(2.6%,P==0.004). 结论 肾上腺偶发瘤中皮质腺瘤、良性嗜铬细胞瘤和恶性肿瘤居前3他,偶发瘤均应进行详细的内分泌检测,肿瘤直径<4 cm足筛选无内分泌异常的偶发瘤随访时的一项重要指标.     

肾上腺偶发瘤128例临床分析

目的 提高肾上腺偶发瘤的早期诊断与鉴别诊断水平,指导临床治疗.方法 回顾性分析1996年3月至2010年3月在我院健康体检或因肾上腺以外疾病就诊而发现的128例肾上腺偶发瘤患者的资料.男60例,女68例.年龄20～75岁,平均50岁.肿瘤直径＜3 cm者63例,3～6cm者56例,＞6 cm者10例.128例患者均行血生化、电解质和肾上腺皮、髓质代谢检测及腹部超声、CT检查;6例行MRI检查.128例均行手术治疗.结果 128例术后病理诊断肾上腺皮质腺瘤85例,嗜铬细胞瘤13例,肾上腺囊肿8例,神经节瘤、髓样脂肪瘤各7例,肾上腺皮质结节状增生4例,肾上腺皮质癌2例,肾上腺皮质嗜酸细胞瘤、神经鞘瘤、肾上腺脂肪肉瘤各1例.其中1例嗜铬细胞瘤患者术中死于低血压休克,未计入总例数.结论 肾上腺偶发瘤术前定性诊断困难,对于直径＞6 cm及功能性偶发瘤应积极手术治疗.

Abstract：

Objective To improve the early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of adrenal incidentalomas to guide clinical management of this disease. Methods One hundred and twenty-eight cases were diagnosed as adrenal incidentalomas due to health examination or treatment of other than adrenal disease,including 60 males and 68 females,whose ages were between 20 and 75 years,with a mean age of 50 years.Tumor diamer:＜3 cm 63 cases,3-6 cm 6 cases,＞6 cm 10 cases.128 patients all had biochemical and electrolyte examination,adrenal cortex and medulla biochemical testing,abdominal ultrasound and CT examination,6 cases with MRI examination.Surgery and post operative pathological examination were performed in all patients. Results Post operative pathology finally diagnosed adrenocortical adenoma in 85 cases,pheochromocytoma in 13 cases,adrenal cyst in 8 cases,paraganglioma and myeiolipoma in 7 eases respectively,adrenal nodular hyperplasia in 4 cases,adrenocortical carcinoma in 2 cases,adrenoconical oncocytoma,cellular Schwannoma and adrenal liposarcoma in 1 case,respectively.One case of pheochromocytoma patients died of intraoperative hypotension,which is not included in the total number. Conclusions The preperative diagnosis of adrenal incidentalomas is difficult.For adrenal incidentalomas with diameter more than 6 cm and those with endocrine function,early surgicM treatment is recommended.     

肾上腺偶发瘤52例临床分析

目的 提高肾上腺偶发瘤早期诊断与鉴别诊断水平，指导临床治疗。方法 本组52例均为健康体检发现的肾上腺偶发瘤。男35例，女17例，年龄23～65岁，平均42岁。均无高血压及内分泌紊乱的临床症状和体征。肿瘤直径≥3．0cm者33例。52例均行血生化、电解质检查，肾上腺皮、髓质代谢的生化检测及腹部超声、CT检查；6例行MRI检查，2例行PET检查，1例行肾上腺I—MIBG核素扫描。52例均行手术治疗。结果 肾上腺偶发瘤52例经病理证实皮质腺瘤27例，转移瘤7例，嗜铬细胞瘤5例，囊肿4例，原发性醛固酮瘤3例，神经鞘瘤2例，皮质癌1例，腹膜后神经母细胞瘤1例，腹膜后原发性淋巴瘤1例，神经节纤维瘤1例。影像学及实验室检查术前获正确诊断者14例(27％)。10例恶性肿瘤者中，5例肾上腺转移瘤者术后行化疗，6—10个月内死亡，余5例失访。42例良性病变者随访6个月～9年，未见肿瘤复发。结论 肾上腺偶发瘤术前定性诊断困难，应积极手术治疗。     

Risk of concomitant malignancy in hyperfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas

Background

Adrenal masses are common incidental findings on radiologic imaging. The association between malignancy and hormonal hyperactivity found in incidentally discovered adrenal tumors, however, remains unclear.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from patients who underwent adrenalectomy for incidentally discovered adrenal tumors at a single institution. Outcomes and operative data were compared by univariate analysis. Area under the curve was used to analyze the effect of tumor size in predicting malignancy.

Results

There were 49 patients who initially presented with adrenal incidentalomas that underwent adrenalectomy. Most patients were Caucasian women with an average age of 51 ± 14 years. Of this group, 24 patients underwent resection for hyperfunctioning adrenal glands. There were no significant differences in malignancy rates between hyperfunctional and nonfunctional tumors (4.1% vs. 12.0%, P = 0.32). On final histopathology, there were four patients with adrenal malignancies: two adrenocortical carcinomas and two metastatic from renal carcinoma. Only one patient with a hyperfunctioning adrenal tumor had underlying malignancy. Overall, invasion of adjacent structures (P < 0.001), presence of lymphadenopathy (P = 0.02), metastasis (P = 0.03), irregular tumor margins (P = 0.01), heterogeneity (P = 0.05), and tumor size >6 cm (P = 0.04) on radiologic imaging were strongly associated with malignancy in adrenal incidentalomas.

Conclusions

The risk of concomitant malignancy and hormonal hyperactivity in adrenal incidentalomas is very low. Tumor size (>6 cm) and radiographic features remain the most important predictors of adrenal malignancy, regardless of tumor function.     

Adrenal incidentalomas: Surgical treatment in 28 patients and update of the literature

Introduction: Adrenal masses discovered by imaging techniques for reasons unrelated to adrenal diseases are called adrenal incidentalomas (AI). The aim of this study was to find out the clinical outcome of 28 patients operated for incidentally discovered adrenal mass and to update the literature concerning this topic. Patients and methods: From September 1976 to December 1999 we operated on 28 patients for adrenal incidentaloma. Adrenal masses were unilateral in 25 cases and bilateral in 5. Average age was 57 years (range 10–73). Hormonal study was performed in all patients. All patients underwent adrenalectomy by the transabdominal subcostal approach. Results: Histopathology assessed the adrenal masses as primary in 19 patients and secondary in 9. 24-hour urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) excretion was elevated in 2 patients. Adrenal insufficiency was detected in 1 case. Average tumor diameter resulted 5.8 cm (range 2–17). Histopathologic features of primary adrenal masses included pheochromocytoma in 5 cases,cysts in 4, myelolipomas in 3, nodular hyperplasia in 2,tuberculous mass in 1, cortical adenoma in 1, extra-bone marrow hemopoiesis in 1, cortical carcinoma in 1 and neuroendocrine tumor of the adrenal medulla in 1. The 9 adrenal metastasis resulted by renal cell carcinoma in 7 patients, urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract in 1 and primary renal lymphoma in 1. Average follow-up was 68 months (range 6–246). Patients alive were 18 (64%), deal 10 (36%). Of the 19 patients with primary adrenal tumors 16 (84%) were alive and disease free and 3 (16%) died (1 for disease and 2 for reasons unrelated to the primary tumor). Of the 9 patients with adrenal metastasis 2(22%) were alive (1 disease free and 1 with progression of the disease) and 7 (78%) died for disease. Replacement therapy for adrenocortical hormones was given 5 patients. Conclusions:Management of AI need CT or MRI and hormonal investigation in order to detect malignancy and subclinical hypersecretory syndromes. Subclinical functional adrenal masses, single adrenal metastasis and primary nonhypersecretory adrenal tumors sized 4cm are treated by surgery. A close morpho-functional follow-up is indicated for primary adrenal incidentalomas when nonhypersecretory and smaller than 4 cm. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

1,161 patients with adrenal incidentalomas: indications for surgery

Background and aims The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical data and criteria for surgery in a group of over 1,100 patients with adrenal incidentalomas (AI) observed at the Department of Endocrinology. Patients and methods The material consisted of 1,161 patients (842 women and 319 men, 10–87 years old) with AI ranging in size from 1.0 to 23.0 cm. The methods included clinical examination, imaging studies, hormonal determinations in the blood and in the urine as well as histological and immunocytochemical investigations in 390 patients treated by surgery. Results Basing on these studies, we diagnosed 112 patients with primary malignant adrenal tumors (100 with carcinoma), 45 with metastatic infiltrations, and 1,004 with probable benign AI. Imaging phenotypes (especially high density on computed tomography, CT) were characteristic of malignant and chromaffin tumors. Subclinical adrenal hyperactivity was found in 8% of the patients with pre-Cushing’s syndrome as the most frequent form (6.5%). Chromaffin tumors were detected in 3%. Conclusions (1) Indications for surgery include malignant tumors (both primary and metastatic), tumors with subclinical hyperfunction, and chromaffin tumors. High density on CT, >20 HU, appeared to be an important indication for surgery. (2) A slight prevalence of oncological indications over endocrinological indications (14 vs. 11%) was found. Supported by a 501-2-2-07-45/01 and 501-1-1-07-16/06 CMKP Grant.