β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药机制及儿科临床对策

β 内酰胺类抗生素的耐药性问题 ,已成为儿科临床医师每天都要遇到的难题。近年来 ,社区获得性感染耐药菌常见的有流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌、沙门菌属和志贺杆菌 ;院内感染常与抗生素治疗失败有关 ,常见的细菌以金葡菌、革兰阴性杆菌 (大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、阴沟杆菌、绿脓杆菌、沙雷菌 )和肠球菌为主[1] 。1　β 内酰胺类抗生素的作用机制　　β 内酰胺类抗生素对各种细菌的抗菌作用是阻碍细菌细胞壁的合成以表现其抗菌活性 ,其作用机制为 ,细菌具有特有的细胞壁合成所需要的合成酶 ,即青霉素结合蛋白(ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｎｂｉｎｄ…     

呼吸道感染常见细菌病原的变迁及对策

呼吸道感染依然是小儿最常见的感染性疾病,其中肺炎仍是威胁儿童健康的第一杀手.呼吸道感染细菌病原及其耐药的变迁是动态的,肺炎链球菌是呼吸道感染的首位病原菌,其对青霉素、大环内酯类等抗生素的耐药性急剧上升.流感嗜血杆菌是又一重要病原菌,感染人群主要是婴幼儿和有基础肺部疾病者.卡他莫拉菌高产β-内酰胺酶,给抗生素的选择带来困难.金黄色葡萄球菌是社区和院内呼吸道感染的重要致病菌,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌等革兰阴性杆菌是院内呼吸道感染的重要病原菌,这些病原菌耐药机制的多重性和复杂性值得临床关注.     

儿童肺炎克雷白杆菌感染的危险因素及耐药性变迁

肺炎克雷白杆菌属于肠杆菌科克雷白菌属,也是重要的条件致病菌与医院内感染的病原菌,可以引起严重或致死性感染.肺炎克雷白杆菌院内感染比例逐年增加,其对多种抗生素耐药,并且其耐药性不断变迁.临床耐药株包括耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷白杆菌、多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌、广泛耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌和全耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌.肺炎克雷白杆菌的医院感染危险因素主要为基础疾病严重程度及住院时间、机械通气、抗生素使用种类和数量等.     

先天性心脏病并下呼吸道感染患儿病原学及细菌耐药性分析

目的了解先天性心脏病(CHD)并下呼吸道感染的病原学组成及细菌耐药情况,以指导临床治疗。方法回顾性分析2006年8月-2011年3月本科收治的156例CHD并下呼吸道感染患儿的鼻咽分泌物病毒、细菌检测结果和药敏试验报告。采用直接免疫荧光法检测呼吸道合胞病毒、副流感病毒3等7种常见呼吸道病毒,K-B法进行细菌药敏试验。结果 156例CHD并下呼吸道感染患儿中,病毒感染29例(18.6%),以呼吸道合胞病毒(14.7%)为主;细菌感染97例(62.2%),以革兰阴性杆菌为主,前3位细菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌(19.9%)、大肠埃希菌(17.9%)和肺炎链球菌(7.7%);检出真菌(白色假丝酵母菌)7例(4.5%);混合感染36例(23.1%)。肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性菌株合计检出率为23.7%;肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林的耐药率分别达100%和96.4%,对头孢类抗生素耐药率达50.0%以上,而对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦有效,对亚胺培南高度敏感;肺炎链球菌对氨苄西林、红霉素耐药率达60.0%以上,对头孢类抗生素有效,对亚胺培南、万古霉素高度敏感。结论 CHD并下呼吸道感染患儿的主要病原为细菌,以革兰阴性杆菌为主,混合感染多见,并检出有真菌,主要细菌的耐药性及革兰阴性杆菌产ESBLs率均较高。应加强CHD下呼吸道感染病原学检测,以指导合理用药,减少耐药菌株的产生和真菌感染的发生。     

新生儿重症监护病房细菌感染及耐药性监测

目的 探讨新生儿重症监护病房细菌感染及其对抗生素的耐药情况.方法 对646株培养阳性菌株以VITEK全自动微生物分析仪进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验.结果 646株培养阳性标本中,革兰阴性菌380株,占58.8％,革兰阳性菌254株,占39.3％.革兰阴性杆菌以肺炎克雷白杆菌最常见,其次为大肠埃希菌;革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌最常见.产ESBL阳性菌株73株,包括肺炎克雷白杆菌50株,大肠杆菌23株.常见革兰阴性细菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、头孢唑啉耐药率高,对头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率低.ESBL阳性肺炎克雷白杆菌及大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢菌素类耐药显著高于亚胺培南及哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(P＜0.01).常见革兰阳性细菌对青霉素耐药率高达74.6％～ 91.7％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、红霉素、亚胺培南、苯唑西林、青霉素耐药率均高,达80％ ～ 100％,目前未发现耐万古霉素、利奈唑胺革兰阳性细菌.结论 我院新生儿重症监护病房细菌以肺炎克雷白杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌最常见,对常用抗生素的耐药现象需重视,尤其ESBL阳性细菌及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现象更严重,应尽早根据药敏试验调整抗生素.     

小儿下呼吸道感染常见致病菌及其耐药性分析

目的 了解小儿下呼吸道感染常见致病菌及耐药情况的变化,指导合理用药.方法 分析兰州大学第一医院2008年1月至2010年12月住院患儿下呼吸道感染病例共997例,无菌留取呼吸道分泌物,进行常规细菌培养及药敏试验,总结致病菌构成情况及耐药性变化.结果 997例下呼吸道感染患儿的呼吸道分泌物标本中有425份培养出致病菌,共分离到菌株498株,总阳性率42.73％,其中革兰阳性球菌151株,占30.32％,革兰阴性杆菌321株,占64.46％,真菌26株,占5.62％.2008至2010年分离率位于前6位的致病菌有变化,铜绿假单胞菌(2.70％、0.42％、0)和副流感嗜血杆菌(2.03％、2.92％、8.24％)3年检出率比较差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05),铜绿假单胞菌检出率有降低趋势,而副流感嗜血杆菌检出率有增高趋势,肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌和真菌在各年度检出率比较差异无统计学意义.铜绿假单胞菌在各年龄段之间的检出率无差异,肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和副流感嗜血杆菌随年龄增大检出率增高,金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌随年龄增大检出率降低.金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和副流感嗜血杆菌3年间耐药表型检出率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素及利奈唑胺最敏感,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌对碳青霉烯类最敏感,流感嗜血杆菌和副流感嗜血杆菌对常用抗生素均敏感.结论 住院小儿下呼吸道感染致病菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,检出率较高的细菌有肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、流感嗜血杆菌及副流感嗜血杆菌.细菌在不同年龄组间检出率比较差异有统计学意义.不同细菌对常用抗生素的敏感率不同.临床应以微生物培养及药敏试验为依据,合理选用抗生素,减缓耐药菌株的产生.     

儿科重症监护病房内感染及抗生素应用

PICU内感染通常是指院内感染,发生率高达50%以上。病原分布以G-杆菌为主,其中以铜绿假单胞菌最常见,感染部位最常见的是下呼吸道。PICU内细菌的耐药情况较普通病房更严重。抗感染策略是早期应用抗生素和降阶梯治疗,初始抗生素可根据患儿的临床表现、感染部位及本地区细菌的流行病学特点来选择。     

儿童下呼吸道感染产超广谱β-内酰胺酶病原菌检测分析

目的了解儿童下呼吸道感染病原菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)病原菌感染情况及耐药特征,指导临床合理治疗。方法采集2006年1月-2007年12月本院呼吸科下呼吸道感染住院患儿鼻咽分泌物2696份,培养分离大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯杆菌,对2种细菌采用双纸片法及纸片扩散法(K-B法)检测ESBLs;采用K-B法行药敏试验,检测2种细菌对18种抗菌药物的耐药性,结果采用耐药、中介、敏感表示,并对药敏试验结果进行χ2检验。结果共检测135株菌株,其中大肠埃希菌73株,产ESBLs54株(74.0%);肺炎克雷伯杆菌62株,产ESBLs33株(53.2%)。1～6个月婴儿2种细菌的检出率较其他年龄组高,分别为50株和41株(Pa<0.05)。大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯杆菌产ESBLs株检出率在2a间及各年龄组间均无统计学差异(Pa>0.05)。2种细菌产ESBLs株对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类及磺胺类抗生素的不敏感率均高于非产ESBLs株,且对大多数β-内酰胺酶类抗生素普遍耐药。无论产酶与否,2种细菌对阿米卡星、头孢西丁、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南仍有较高的敏感性。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌检出率极高,且对多种抗生素耐药。应严格控制抗生素用药指征,重视产ESBLs菌的监测和药敏试验结果,合理选用抗生素。     

了解耐药酶,用好抗生素

临床上细菌耐药现象很严重,合理应用抗生素可以延缓细菌耐药的产生.超广谱β-内酰胺酶和高产AmpC酶是导致革兰阴性菌耐药的主要酶.嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌等具有多种耐药机制.合理选择抗菌药物,及时有效地切断耐药菌株的传播,对于降低嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌引起的医院感染非常重要.加强临床耐药检测,按照药敏结果合理选用抗生素十分重要.     

重庆地区小儿肺炎下呼吸道分泌物病原耐药性分析

目的了解重庆地区小儿肺炎常见病原及细菌的耐药性,以便合理应用抗生素。方法吸取780例肺炎患儿下呼吸道分泌物,用Microscan全自动微生物分析仪进行细菌培养、鉴定及药敏试验,同时行呼吸道常见病毒、衣原体抗原、肺炎支原体抗体测定。结果780例中有明确病原者433例,共培养出细菌364株,病毒阳性116例,肺炎支原体阳性26例,其中混合感染73例。细菌病原中葡萄球菌与肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药率较高,肺炎链球菌对青霉素等的耐药率较高。副流感嗜血杆菌对头孢菌素较敏感。结论重庆地区小儿肺炎病原以细菌为主,不同细菌对抗生素的敏感性差异较大。积极寻找病原并监测细菌的耐药性,有助于合理选择抗生素,避免耐药菌株的快速增长。     

Identité et spécificité du « pédantisme » dans le syndrome d’Asperger

The purpose of this work is to better understand pedantic speech in Asperger syndrome as a pervasive developmental disorder. Often mentioned, unlike echolalia in studies on typical autism, this symptom questions the possible specificity of Asperger syndrome. From a review of literature and clinical examples, we propose an interpretation of this speech style as unified and coherent as possible. This clinical feature includes an overly precise vocabulary or overly favourite topic (which can be explained by a more general sameness) in the context of a one-side interaction (which can be explained by a more general impairment of influence). We suggest that the tendency to speak in a pedantic manner may be specific despite a generic disorder shared with typical autism.     

Autisme du nourrisson : quoi de neuf dans le diagnostic et l'accompagnement ?

The field of knowledge on autism has deeply changed within a decade. We know more about the different kinds of pervasive developmental disorders, on their incidence, on the clinical aspects of onset of autism, on the possibility of early detection, as soon as 18 months of age, on the frequency of neurological and genetic disorders which may be associated with autism, and on the necessity of an early intervention. New media, as video, are useful to enhance assessment and therapeutic follow-up. Research allow for a therapeutic follow-up that goes further than the splitting between educative and psychodynamic trends of thoughts. However, prognosis in autism is still a difficult issue, and therapeutic efficiency is still globally low. This paper is not a literature review on pervasive disorders in general or particularly in autism, but aims at highlighting some new aspects which may be of interest for both clinicians and researchers on these several issues, about children up to 3 years of age.     

Activités à médiation : de l’occupationnel au thérapeutique

This reports deals with reflections by the medical staff of the Child and Teenager Care Centre about the therapeutic interest of mediator-supervised activities. This Care Centre, which is set within the university department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry of Brest Hospital, receives mainly difficult teenagers. This study is in line with a redevelopment, at constant means, of our care offer because of the gradual changes observed in the issues and requests we have to cope with. This clinical evolution marked by deep societal motions has imposed us to modify our analysis of psychic suffering expression. The difficult teenager shows us to which extent our therapeutic and institutional tools may sometimes prove to be inadequate: indeed, his/her difficult behaviour means that we have failed. This finding drove us led us to take an interest in mediator-supervised activities that we needed to rediscover prior to appropriating them. As they proved to be better suited to difficult teenagers than “classical” approaches, we will try to highlight the ins and outs while underlining how an efficient therapy can emerge from a thorough organisation of occupations. The experience we have acquired through sailing activities will be used as illustration of our reflection.     

Suicide des jeunes et crise de la famille : la question de l'anomie

Suicide in young people, new phenomenon in Occident, coincides with the actual family crisis. Based on the anomy concept, the author shows that youth symbolically ended in the family institution, conducting “domestic society” to play an anti-anomic role, identified by Durkheim, and proved by a series of interviews with relatives of young who has committed suicide. It is depicted that in plenty of adolescents, lost in the darkness of their adolescence, grows an aversion to themselves which leads them to death.     

Le syndrome de Prader-Willi : à propos d'un cas au Burkina Faso

A male infant was born at term after a normal pregnancy, without any evidence of prenatal asphyxia. On neonatal examination hypotonia was noticed, as well as on excessive weight at one month of age. The diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome was given and reinforced by the clinical evolution of the child's condition with time: persistant hypotonia, cryptorchidism, small penis and retardation of bone growth. A cranio-encephalic scan and transfontanel echography were normal at three months of age. The diagnosis was confirmed by analysis of the chromosomes, which showed a male karyotype with a microdélétion on chromosome 15 (q11.2q11.2).