神经内窥镜下经鼻蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术（附49例报告）

目的 总结神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤的经验及体会。方法 对49例垂体腺瘤病人行神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术。结果 肿瘤全切45例，次全切3例，大部分切除1例。无死亡病例，无视神经损伤，1例出现脑脊液漏，40例术后出现一过性多尿，2例多尿持续3个月。随访5个月～3年，所有症状均有所改善。36例激素水平异常病人中29例恢复正常，2例术后行γ-刀治疗。结论 神经内镜经鼻蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤损伤小，疗效满意，术中通过内镜变换角度有助于更安全彻底地切除肿瘤。     

经鼻中隔-蝶窦入路神经内镜手术切除垂体肿瘤

目的 总结经鼻中隔-蝶窦入路神经内镜手术切除垂体肿瘤的经验。方法 回顾性分析2019年3月至2022年1月经鼻中隔-蝶窦入路神经内镜手术切除的70例垂体肿瘤的临床资料。结果 术后病理显示垂体腺瘤62例,Rathke囊肿4例,颅咽管瘤、脊索瘤、垂体脓肿和垂体细胞瘤各1例。肿瘤全切除58例（82.9%）,垂体腺瘤全切除率为80.6%(50/62),其他肿瘤全切除率为100.0%(8/8)。Knosp分级≤2级肿瘤全切除率为94.7%(36/38),Knosp分级≥3级肿瘤全切除率为58.3%(14/24)。27例（38.6%）术中出现脑脊液漏,3例高流量脑脊液漏（Kelly分级3级）用鼻中隔瓣重建。1例（1.4%）Knosp分级4级巨大腺瘤术后出现脑脊液漏,腰大池引流术后恢复正常。术后3例出现尿崩症（6个月内全部康复）,4例（5.7%）出现垂体前叶功能不全（接受激素替代治疗）。术后鼻腔并发症：头痛10例,嗅觉减退6例,鼻腔粘连1例,鼻出血1例。术后随访3～57个月,中位数12.8个月;无肿瘤复发,无病人死亡;末次随访改良Rankin量表评分0～1分。结论 经鼻中隔-蝶窦入路神经内镜手术是一...     

内镜经鼻蝶入路手术治疗不同Knosp分级垂体瘤的疗效分析

目的探讨内镜经鼻蝶扩大入路手术治疗不同Knosp分级垂体瘤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析徐州医科大学附属医院神经外科自2016年9月—2018年2月,应用内镜经鼻蝶扩大入路手术治疗92例不同Knosp分级垂体瘤患者的临床资料;比较不同Knosp分级患者的垂体瘤切除程度及并发症发生率及功能型垂体瘤患者激素水平缓解情况。结果本组患者中全切者69例,近全切患者17例,次全切患者5例,部分切除患者1例; Knosp分级0～2级垂体瘤患者的全切率(90. 5%)明显高于Knosp分级3～4级患者(41. 4%),差异具有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。Knosp分级0～2级患者的手术并发症发生率明显低于3～4级患者; Knosp分级0～2级和3～4级功能型垂体瘤患者的术后激素水平总的治愈率无明显差异。结论内镜经鼻蝶扩大入路治疗不同Knosp分级垂体瘤是一种安全、有效的手术方法,尤其是对于Knosp分级0～2级的患者。     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术(附36例报告)

目的总结单纯神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤的经验及体会。方法对36例垂体腺瘤病人行单纯神经内镜肿瘤切除术,其中3例辅以神经导航。4例侵犯海绵窦,3例为复发性垂体腺瘤。结果肿瘤全切除28例,次全切(>80%)5例,大部切除3例;手术时间1￣3.5h,平均2h。手术后平均住院4.6d。无死亡,无视神经损伤、脑脊液鼻漏发生;1例手术后3个月证实慢性蝶窦炎症;13例术后出现一过性多尿,2例多尿持续3￣6个月。随访1个月￣2.5年,原有症状均有所改善,19例视力受损病人中改善18例,28例激素水平异常增高病人中降至正常19例。2例手术后接受了γ-刀治疗,15例手术后3个月行普通放疗。1例术后1年后复发,再次行导航辅助下内镜手术。结论神经内镜经鼻蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤疗效满意,损伤小;神经导航提供实时定位,可选择性采用。     

神经内镜及导航辅助下垂体腺瘤切除

目的 总结神经内镜和导航技术结合切除垂体腺瘤的经验。方法在神经内镜和导航辅助下经鼻蝶入路显微切除垂体腺瘤47例,其中垂体微腺瘤4例,小腺瘤7例,大腺瘤31例和巨大腺瘤5例。结果肿瘤全切37例,次全切7例,部分切除3例。术后1例巨大垂体腺瘤病人因出血死亡。结论神经内镜和导航结合显微切除垂体腺瘤,术中定位准确,视野清晰,损伤小,提高了肿瘤的切除程度．且术后恢复快．减少手术并发症的发生。     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤

随着神经内镜技术的发展,神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体瘤切除术得到广泛开展,我们自2007年至今对病人行经鼻蝶内镜下垂体瘤切除术,疗效较满意,现报告如下. 1 对象与方法 1.1 临床资料男11例,女16例;年龄23～79岁,平均48岁.其中泌乳素腺瘤9例,生长激素腺瘤2例,非功能腺瘤16例.头痛11例,视力减退22例.闭经、泌乳13例,肢端肥大4例.垂体瘤卒中4例,均出现视力、视野障碍.术前均行MRI确定蝶窦界限,评估蝶窦的对称性和通气情况,辨认蝶窦与鞍底的关系.     

神经导航辅助内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术治疗垂体腺瘤的疗效观察

目的 探讨神经导航辅助内镜下经鼻蝶入路切除垂体腺瘤的疗效。方法 2014年1月至2014年8月在神经导航系统引导下对49例垂体瘤患者行神经内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路肿瘤切除术。术中实时导航定位相关解剖结构,内镜下切除肿瘤。术中均使用磨钻磨除骨质结构。术后随访1~6个月。结果 本组49例患者在导航辅助下均准确定位,术中未出现大血管及静脉窦损伤出血。肿瘤全切除35例（71.4%）,次全切除10例（20.4%）,大部分切除4例（2.2%）。术后绝大部分患者恢复良好,症状较术前明显改善,少数患者出现短期并发症。结论 内镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体瘤切除术中应用神经导航技术,有助于术中精确定位,快速而准确的找到病灶,减少局部重要结构的损伤,是一种安全、有效的手术方法。     

内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体瘤切除术的改良手术配合

目的 通过手术器械的改进与应用,提高神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体瘤切除术的手术效率,总结手术配合的经验.方法 南方医科大学南方医院神经外科自2004年3月至2009年4月采用经单鼻孔鼻中隔蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤288例,术前改进各种手术器械(单极电凝器、吸引器的形状和功用)并应用,总结分析手术的疗效.结果 本组垂体瘤全切除204例,次全切54例,大部分切除30例.手术时间最短30 min,术中无脑脊液漏患者手术时间平均70 min;术后并发脑脊液漏3例,鼻黏膜迟发性出血3例,经治疗后控制.结论 手术器械的改进与正确应用,加上默契的手术配合,可以提高神经内镜下经单鼻孔鼻中隔蝶窦入路垂体瘤切除术的效率.     

神经内镜与神经导航辅助显微镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术的临床疗效对比分析

目的探讨神经内镜与神经导航辅助显微镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术的临床疗效及优缺点。方法将54例垂体腺瘤病人随机分两组,其中30例病人行神经内镜下单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术(神经内镜组),24例病人行神经导航辅助显微镜下单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术(导航显微镜组)。分析两组病人的术后并发症发生率、住院时间、手术时间和肿瘤全切率。结果神经内镜组与导航显微镜组在术后并发症发生率、肿瘤全切率方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。导航显微镜组手术时间短于神经内镜组,而神经内镜组术后住院时间明显短于导航显微镜组(P0.05)。结论神经内镜与神经导航辅助显微镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术的临床疗效相当,需结合病人情况实施治疗。     

神经内镜下经鼻-蝶窦入路手术切除垂体腺瘤(附128例报告)

目的 探讨神经内镜下经鼻-蝶窦入路手术治疗垂体腺瘤的方法.方法 回顾性总结经神经内镜下切除垂体腺瘤128例的效果.结果 经标准的神经内镜下单鼻孔-蝶窦入路84例;简化的经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路28例;经双侧鼻孔-蝶窦入路16例.肿瘤全切除99例,次全切除23例,部分切除6例.术后脑脊液漏6例,保守治疗后痊愈.72例患者随访6个月至3年,70例激素水半明显增高的病人中,41例降至正常,18例术后复发.结论 神经内镜下经鼻-蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤,手术创伤小,安全且并发症少,是垂体瘤手术的理想术式.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.