垂体脓肿的临床诊断与治疗

目的 总结垂体脓肿的临床特征与治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析7例垂体脓肿病人的临床资料,均采用显微外科手术治疗,其中经额下入路3例,经鼻蝶入路4例.结果 本组垂体脓肿合并垂体腺瘤2例,合并颅咽管瘤1例,单纯垂体脓肿4例.术后出现尿崩症和低钠血症2例,无其他严重并发症.随访1～3年,均未见肿瘤及脓肿复发;临床症状不同程度改善.结论 垂体脓肿容易误诊,综合影像学表现和临床表现有助于早期诊断,手术以经蝶入路为首选,术后予抗炎、激素替代治疗.     

淋巴细胞性垂体炎和肉芽肿性垂体炎的诊断和治疗

目的分析淋巴细胞性垂体炎和肉芽肿性垂体炎的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性总结病理证实为淋巴细胞性垂体炎7例和肉芽肿性垂体炎2例。平均年龄28．2岁，平均病程5．5个月。临床表现为头痛、尿崩症、垂体功能低下、视功能障碍和动眼神经麻痹。MRI示蝶鞍区肿物，呈等或低信号，增强后均匀强化。结果经蝶窦手术全切除6例，部分切除3例。随诊1—6年，术前头痛、尿崩症、视功能障碍明显改善，但垂体功能低下部分改善。结论垂体炎术前较难明确诊断，对出现症状者，应及时手术探查，术中尽量切除病变组织，术后补充激素。     

垂体脓肿的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨垂体脓肿的临床特点、诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析15例垂体脓肿患者的临床表现、影像学特征、诊断和治疗.结果 15例垂体脓肿术前误诊13例,9例经鼻蝶窦入路,2例经额下入路后改为经鼻蝶窦入路,4例行额下入路.15例患者术后均恢复良好,随诊未见复发.结论 早期出现视力和视野改变、尿崩和环形强化的鞍区囊性病灶应首先怀疑垂体脓肿,早诊断,合理应用抗生素,正确选择手术入路,及时手术治疗是改善预后的关键.     

垂体脓肿的诊断和治疗

目的 为提高对垂体脓肿的诊治水平。方法 报道9例垂体脓肿,结合文献对其临床表现、影像学特征、诊断和治疗进行分析讨论。结果 9例中2例术前诊断为垂体脓肿,7例诊断为其它鞍区病变。5例经鼻蝶手术,4例经额下或翼点入路手术。术后均给予抗菌素治疗。术后视神经功能障碍恢复不理想,其它症状均改善,无脓肿复发。结论 早期诊断、及时手术清除脓肿和术后应用抗菌素是治疗垂体脓肿的关键。     

经鼻蝶入路显微手术治疗垂体卒中的临床分析

目的总结55例垂体卒中患者的临床表现特征，分析经鼻蝶入路显微手术的疗效。方法回顾性分析经鼻蝶入路显微手术治疗的55例垂体卒中患者的临床和影像学资料。结果本组55例垂体腺瘤中，48例全切除，7例次全切，肿瘤全切率为87．3％。51例视力障碍、视野缺损的患者中46例术后恢复正常（90．2％），5例恢复欠佳；32例伴有内分泌症状的患者中29例明显缓解（90．6％），3例无明显变化。术后一过性尿崩症7例，脑脊液漏5例。无死亡病例5例。结论根据突发头痛及视路症状等相关症状、体征下并结合影像学检查一般可确诊垂体卒中；经鼻蝶入路显微手术和／或内窥镜手术可做为治疗垂体卒中的首选方法。     

垂体脓肿的诊断和治疗(附2例报告及文献复习)

目的探讨垂体脓肿的临床、影像学特点及治疗,提高对垂体脓肿的认识和诊治水平。方法回顾性分析2例垂体脓肿患者的临床表现、影像学特征、诊断和治疗经过,并结合相关文献分析垂体脓肿的诊断和鉴别诊断。结果 2例中年女性患者,主要临床症状为头痛、发热、视觉障碍、多饮多尿、闭经和全身乏力。MRI增强扫描示垂体病灶环形强化伴垂体柄明显强化。例1患者经额下入路清除脓肿,术后使用抗生素和对症治疗,恢复良好。例2患者经鼻蝶入路清除脓肿,术后2个月复发,再次经鼻蝶入路清除脓肿,术后恢复良好。结论垂体脓肿术前诊断困难,早期出现视力和视野改变、尿崩,以及影像学检查出现鞍区环形强化的囊性病灶应考虑垂体脓肿的可能性。早诊断、围手术期合理应用抗生素、及时手术和适当的对症治疗是治疗的关键。     

垂体脓肿8例临床分析

目的探讨垂体脓肿的临床特征和治疗.方法回顾性分析8例垂体脓肿患者的临床表现、影像学特征、诊断和治疗,并结合文献进行分析.结果8例患者中仅1例有明显颅内感染征象,视力视野障碍者5例,尿崩者4例,垂体功能低下者4例,影像学常无特征性改变.4例经开颅手术,4例经蝶手术治疗.术后随访5例患者中4例脓肿无复发,视力视野改善者2例,尿崩者2例恢复正常,垂体功能低下者随访2例患者中1例恢复正常,1例经翼点入路手术者脓肿复发.结论垂体脓肿术前诊断困难,对鞍区囊性病变应考虑到垂体脓肿的可能,及早手术、正确地选择手术入路、合理应用抗生素和适当的对症治疗是治疗垂体脓肿的关键.     

垂体脓肿的诊断与治疗（附9例临床分析）

目的探讨垂体脓肿的临床特点和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析9例垂体脓肿患者的临床表现、影像学特征、诊断和治疗,并结合文献进行分析。结果9例患者中有8例经鼻蝶入路手术,1例行大脑开颅手术。视功能改善77.8%（7/9）,头痛缓解83.3%（5/6）,垂体功能低下改善25%（1/4）,尿崩症缓解33.3%（1/3）。结论垂体脓肿的发生有增多趋势;当患者头痛、视力视野障碍、垂体功能低下,尤其有尿崩的出现,结合影像学检查,鞍区磁共振及增强示类圆形囊状占位性病变,等或长T1,长T2,囊壁呈环形强化（＂鸭梨＂征）等,应考虑垂体脓肿的诊断。诊断一旦确定,应尽早行手术治疗,入路以经蝶为首选;术后予抗感染、补充激素及对症等治疗。     

淋巴细胞性垂体炎的诊断与治疗(附4例报道)

目的探讨淋巴性垂体炎的临床特点、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析福建医科大学附属福州市第一医院神经外科自2010年2月至2019年2月收治的淋巴性垂体炎患者临床资料,结合相关文献,介绍其临床特征、影像学特点、治疗及预后。结果 4例患者,男性3例,女性1例;2例头痛,1例性欲减退,1例多尿多饮;术前MRI显示,3例垂体弥漫对称性增大,1例见垂体柄增粗;3例经术后病理证实,1例经临床确诊;所有患者给予激素冲击治疗,影像学随访均缓解,2例临床症状及垂体功能低下恢复,1例靶激素替代治疗中,1例尿崩患者仍口服去氨加压素片控制。结论淋巴细胞性垂体炎为鞍区罕见病变,激素冲击治疗对该疾病效果确切,手术仅限于明确病理及迅速减压,长期内分泌学随访至关重要。     

垂体Rathke囊肿的诊断和手术治疗

目的分析和讨论垂体Rathke囊肿的诊断和手术治疗。方法回顾分析41例经手术和病理证实的垂体Rathke囊肿的病例,男性16例,女性25例,平均年龄32.8岁,平均病程为20.6月。主要临床表现包括头痛(62.5%)、垂体功能紊乱(55%)、视功能障碍(32%)等。CT及MR检查发现鞍区囊性肿物。39例采用经口鼻蝶窦入路显微外科手术,2例采用开颅手术,切除部分囊壁,敞开囊腔,清除囊肿内容物。结果术前正确诊断为垂体Rathke囊肿的仅为7例,术后随诊3月至8年,头痛病人的症状全部缓解,垂体功能紊乱病人55%得到改善,视功能障碍病人75%得到改善。41例病人术后均无复发。结论垂体Rathke囊肿术前较难明确诊断,MR检查信号呈多样性,无特异性。经口鼻蝶窦入路显微外科手术可以明确诊断,缓解症状,患者预后良好,是治疗垂体Rathke囊肿的有效方法。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.