整体和离体照射致大鼠淋巴细胞T细胞受体基因突变的一致性研究

目的 探讨整体和离体照射所致的大鼠淋巴细胞T细胞受体(TCR)基因突变的一致性。方法 48只雌性大鼠随机分为6组,每组8只,分别取外周静脉血标本,经0、0.5、0.75、1.0、2.0和3.0 Gy照射。用相同方法照射各组大鼠,照后取外周血标本。所有淋巴细胞体外培养7 d后,用单克隆抗体直接免疫荧光标记流式细胞术检测TCR突变频率(TCRMF)。 结果 整体和离体照射组TCR基因突变频率均呈剂量依赖性增高,两组间TCRMF比较,差异无统计学意义(t=-1.1～0.3,P＞0.05)。 结论 整体和离体照射所致的大鼠淋巴细胞TCR基因突变频率一致,即外周血淋巴细胞经X射线照射体外培养后,流式细胞术检测,可客观准确的反映全身照射的情况。     

人工智能识别60Co γ射线照射诱导人外周血微核的剂量-效应曲线建立

目的 根据扫描显微镜搭配玻片扫描软件(Metafer 4),在松弛素B(CB)阻断微核法试验中识别和鉴定微核,建立⁶⁰Co γ射线照射剂量与人外周血淋巴细胞微核率的剂量-效应曲线。方法 采集4名健康人(2男2女)肘静脉血样品,用0、0.25、0.5、1、2、3、4和5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ射线(剂量率0.74 Gy/min)离体照射,胞质分裂阻断微核法培养、收获和制备标本玻片,人工智能彩色识别分析系统分析并记录双核细胞和微核数。应用CABAS 软件拟合基于微核率的剂量-效应曲线。2份照射后的盲样进行生物剂量估算验证。结果 在0~5 Gy 剂量范围内,拟合的微核剂量-效应曲线符合二次多项式模型,回归方程为y=0.0321D²+0.0237D+0.0127(R²=0.998,D为剂量)。用拟合曲线对验证样本的剂量估算结果与实际照射剂量基本接近。结论 成功建立基于人工智能识别微核的剂量-效应曲线,为估算辐射生物剂量提供了可行方法。     

不同剂量率γ射线照射诱发淋巴细胞早熟凝集染色体环产额的研究

目的 比较不同剂量率γ射线照射诱发的淋巴细胞早熟凝集染色体环(PCC-R)的产额,建立不同剂量率的人外周血早熟凝集染色体环与辐射剂量之间的剂量效应曲线。方法 取健康成年人外周血,分别用吸收剂量率为0.5和1.0Gy/min的 ⁶⁰Co γ 射线照射,吸收剂量为 0、 1、 2、 5、 10、 15、 20和25Gy。培养48h,终止培养前1h加入冈田酸(okadaic acid)诱导早熟凝集染色体,观察人外周血淋巴细胞PCC-R产额与照射剂量的关系。结果 在20 Gy剂量范围内,人外周血淋巴细胞PCC-R产额随着剂量的增加而增加。在25 Gy剂量范围内,在相同剂量情况下,吸收剂量率为1.0 Gy/min的PCC-R产额都要高于0.5 Gy/min的产额,且在20和25 Gy剂量点的差异有统计学意义。结论 PCC-R作为大剂量受照情况下的生物剂量指示剂,基于不同剂量率建立的剂量效应关系曲线所估算剂量的结果会有所不同。     

人参皂苷Rh2对小鼠X射线辐射损伤的防护作用

目的 旨在探讨人参皂苷Rh2对X射线辐射损伤所致遗传毒性和免疫损伤的保护作用。方法 小鼠接受4 Gy X射线全身照射后,灌胃给予5、10和20 mg/kg剂量的人参皂苷Rh2,24 h后以碱性彗星电泳方法观察小鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤程度,以吖啶橙荧光染色法观察小鼠骨髓微核形成情况,以MTT法测定刀豆球蛋白和脂多糖诱导的脾淋巴细胞转化率。结果 人参皂苷Rh2剂量依赖性地抑制了X射线所致小鼠外周血DNA损伤和骨髓微核形成,对辐射所致脾淋巴细胞转化能力下降也有明显的防护作用。结论 人参皂苷Rh2对X射线所致遗传损伤和辐射防护均有明显保护作用,有望成为辐射防护药物。     

γ射线诱发人外周血淋巴细胞T细胞受体基因突变剂量-效应和时间-效应关系

目的 初步建立T细胞受体(TCR)突变频率的剂量-效应和时间-效应模型,为探讨TCR作为估算辐射生物剂量计提供依据.方法 将10名健康成年人的外周血淋巴细胞分成两组.第1组4人(男性)的外周血淋巴细胞分别给予0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0和5.0 Gv γ射线照射,用于拟合剂量-效应曲线,第2组6人(男女各半)的外周血淋巴细胞给予2 Gy γ射线照射,用于拟合时间-效应曲线.用流式细胞仪进行计数检测,计算TCR基因突变频率.结果 γ射线照射诱发TCR MF的辐射剂量-效应曲线,拟合最佳的模型为二次方程模型:TCR MF=92.14+22·61D2(R2adj=0.65);γ射线照射诱发TCR MF的辐射时间-效应曲线,拟合最佳的模型为二次多项式方程模型:TCR MF=3.74+743.66T+308.64T2(R2adj=0.79).结论 0～5 Gy范围内TCR基因突变频率与辐射剂量存在剂量-效应关系.照后4 d内TCR基因突变频率随时间的延长而继续增加,存在时间-效应关系.

Abstract：

Objective To study the dose-effect relationship and time-effect relationship of T cell receptor (TCR) gene mutation induced by γ-rays in lymphocytes of human peripheral blood.Methods Samples of peripheral blood were collected from 10 healthy adults and lymphocytes were separated.Four samples from males used to fit time-effect curve were exposed to γ-rays at the doses of 0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,and 5.0 Gy,respectively,and 6 samples from 3 males and 3 females used to fit dose-effect curves were exposed to γ-rays of the dose of 2 Gy.Flow cytometry was used to detect the mutation frequency of TCR gene (TCR MF).Radiation dose-effect curves and time-effect curves were fitted and optimal mathematical models were selected respectively.Results The optimal mathematical model for radiation dose-effect was quadratic equation model:TCR MF = 92.14 + 22.61D2 (R2adj = 0.65).The optimal mathematical model for radiation time-effect was quadratic polynomial equation model:TCR MF = 3.74 + 743.66T + 308.64T2 (R2adj = 0.79).Conclusions TCR MF is increased as the γ-rayirradiation dose increases within the range of 0-5 Gy,and TCR MF is increased with the lapse of time within the range of 4 days after γ-ray radiation.     

60Coγ射线超大剂量照射离体人外周血染色体畸变的剂量-效应研究

目的 探讨超大剂量γ射线离体照射后人外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变的量效关系,建立双+环(dic+r)大剂量-效应曲线。方法 外周静脉血样采自3名健康男性,经 ⁶⁰Co γ线(0~50 Gy,剂量率2.35Gy/min)照射。采用即刻加秋水仙素的微量全血法,分别培养52、72及96h。计数有丝分裂指数(MI)、双着丝粒体(dic)和环(r)畸变数,拟合dic+r剂量-效应曲线,对2例受大剂量照射的事故患者进行剂量估算。结果 MI随照射剂量的增加而逐渐减少。每细胞dic+r频率随照射剂量增加而增加直到23Gy(5Gy之后增加幅度较前变小),＞23Gy后趋于饱和。对所获数据进行回归分析,拟合dic+r大剂量-效应曲线(5~23Gy):每细胞dic+r频率y=-1.608(±0.300)+0.830 (±0.051)D-0.013(±0.002) D² (R²=0.998)。用拟合曲线对2例受照患者剂量的估算结果与用物理方法和电子自旋共振(ESR)法估算的剂量及临床表现基本一致。结论 本研究建立的dic+r大剂量-效应曲线, 可估计的上限剂量达23Gy,有可能提高常规染色体畸变分析用作生物剂量计的实用价值。     

单细胞凝胶电泳检测辐射诱导的DNA双链 断裂修复时效性研究

目的 探讨细胞DNA辐射损伤修复时效性,拟合修复曲线和修复平面模型,提高其在辐射生物剂量估算中应用的准确性。方法 通过对离体外周血淋巴细胞用不同剂量γ射线照射后3、24、48 和72 h进行中性单细胞凝胶电泳实验,检测辐射诱导的DNA双链断裂修复程度。结果 照射后不同时间点的剂量-效应曲线和不同剂量点的修复曲线拟合度均较高(r >0.98, P <0.01),将两者结合后,拟合的曲面光滑度较好。结论 不同剂量下的损伤修复呈线性关系,修复曲面模型可用于辐射原发损伤估算。     

X射线照射对人外周血淋巴细胞mIL-2R表达的影响

目的 观察X射线照射对人外周血淋巴细胞mIL-2R表达的影响。方法 采用单克隆抗体间接免疫荧光标记FCM检测。结果 4Gy和6Gy单次照射组mIL-2R表达明显低于对照组(分别P<0.01).75mGy及100mGy单次照射组mIL2R表达明显高于对照组(分别P<0.01).预先给予75mGy照射, 继之又给予4Gy组mIL-2R表达明显高于单纯4Gy照射组。结论 ①4Gy以上X射线照射使mIL-2R的表达明显降低。②75mGy及100mGy小剂量照射后人外周血淋巴细胞mIL-2R表达显着增高。③75mGy预照射可诱导mIL-2R表达对其后4Gy照射的适应性反应。     

应用脉冲电场凝胶电泳分析X射线诱发人骨肉瘤细胞DNA双链断裂与损伤修复效应

目的 研究电离辐射诱发人骨肉瘤肿瘤细胞DNA双链断裂与辐射损伤修复效应, 观察辐射损伤、损伤修复效应与肿瘤细胞辐射敏感性之间的关系。方法 选用强制均匀电场电泳, 分别测定经不同剂量X射线照射和相同剂量照射后培养不同时间, 人骨肉瘤Rho0和143.B肿瘤细胞株DNA双链断裂。结果 (1)X射线诱发人骨肉瘤肿瘤细胞的DNA双链断裂与辐射剂量呈线性正比关系; (2)培养后的人骨肉瘤肿瘤细胞对辐射诱发的DNA双链断裂具有一定修复能力; (3)Rho0比143.B细胞株具有更高的辐射敏感性; (4)脉冲电场凝胶电泳技术是分析人肿瘤细胞DNA双链断裂的敏感方法。结论 脉冲电场凝胶电泳是分析人肿瘤细胞DNA双链断裂的敏感方法; 电离辐射诱发人骨肉瘤细胞DNA双链断裂与损伤修复效应和肿瘤细胞的辐射敏感性有密切关系。     

60Co γ射线诱发小鼠外周血网织红细胞微核率的研究

目的 通过观察不同剂量⁶⁰Co γ射线照射后小鼠外周血网织红细胞微核率的变化,为使外周血网织红细胞微核成为探索快速高通量的生物剂量计提供科学依据。方法 ⁶⁰Co γ射线照射ICR小鼠,按不同照射剂量分为0、0.5、1、2、4和8 Gy组,眼球取血,流式细胞术(FCM)检测和显微镜观察小鼠外周血网织红细胞微核率的变化。结果 流式细胞术检测网织红细胞微核率随剂量增加逐渐增加,2 Gy达峰值,之后随剂量的增加而减少;显微镜观察的网织红细胞微核率变化趋势与流式细胞术检测结果基本一致。照射剂量在0~2 Gy剂量范围内,小鼠的外周血网织红细胞微核率的剂量-效应关系满足直线模型(R²=0.9063),并且2 Gy照射组与0 Gy组相比差异有统计学意义(t=-2.856,P<0.05)。结论 流式细胞术检测外周血网织红细胞微核率,在一定剂量范围内可成为早期快速、高通量的辐射损伤生物剂量计。     

放射性核素内照射诱发大鼠外周血淋巴细胞HPRT基因位点突变与染色体畸变的研究

目的 阐明放射性核素内照射诱发外周血淋巴细胞HPRT基因位点突变的剂量效应关系, 并与染色体畸变剂量效应关系进行比较。方法 给动物尾静脉注射放射性核素, 注射量为0.5ml/100g体重。剂量效应关系组动物注射活度为3.64×10⁵Bq/ml, 于注射后1、3、6和9d心脏穿刺取血。剂量率效应关系组动物注射活度分别为3.64×10⁵、1.82×10⁵、0.91×10⁵和0.445×10⁵Bq/ml, 于注射后3、6.7、17和42d心脏穿刺取血。应用多核细胞法及胞质分裂阻断法(CBMN)和常规染色体畸变分析法检测HPRT基因位点突变率和染色体畸变率。用计算机拟合剂量效应关系和剂量率效应关系函数。结果 淋巴细胞HPRT基因位点突变率不仅随内照射剂量和剂量率增加而增加, 呈现出良好的正相关, 而且与染色体畸变亦呈现出较好的相关性。结论 辐射诱发HPRT基因位点突变有可能成为有效的辐射生物剂量计。     

Ionizing radiation does not impair the mechanisms controlling genetic stability during T cell receptor gene rearrangement in mice

Purpose: To determine whether low dose/low dose rate radiation-induced genetic instability may result from radiation-induced inactivation of mechanisms induced by the ATM-dependent DNA damage response checkpoint. To this end, we analysed the faithfulness of T cell receptor (TR) gene rearrangement by V(D)J recombination in DNA from mice exposed to a single dose of X-ray or chronically exposed to low dose rate γ radiation.

Materials and methods: Genomic DNA obtained from the blood or the thymus of wild type or Ogg1-deficient mice exposed to low (0.1) or intermediate/high (0.2–1?Gy) doses of radiation either by acute X-rays exposure or protracted exposure to low dose-rate γ-radiation was used to analyse by PCR the presence of illegitimate TR gene rearrangements.

Results: Radiation exposure does not increase the onset of TR gene trans-rearrangements in irradiated mice. In mice where it happens, trans-rearrangements remain sporadic events in developing T lymphocytes.

Conclusion: We concluded that low dose/low dose rate ionizing radiation (IR) exposure does not lead to widespread inactivation of ATM-dependent mechanisms, and therefore that the mechanisms enforcing genetic stability are not impaired by IR in developing lymphocytes and lymphocyte progenitors, including BM-derived hematopoietic stem cells, in low dose/low dose rate exposed mice.     

放射性核素内照射诱发大鼠外周血淋巴细胞HPRT基因突变

目的 用克隆法研究放射性核素内照射诱发的大鼠外周血淋巴细胞HPRT基因突变情况。方法 大鼠尾静脉注入晚期混合裂变产物，克隆法检测不同累积剂量和不同剂量率的内照射诱发的外周血淋巴细胞HPRT基因突变，并拟合剂量效应关系。结果 随着累积剂量和剂量率的增加，HPRT基因突变频率随之上升，其剂量效应关系符合线性平方模型。结论 克隆法是一种较敏感的检测辐射诱发HPRT基因突变的方法，HPRT基因突变可能作为辐射生物剂量计。     

BrdU法研究放射性核素内照射诱发HPRT基因突变

目的：研究放射性核素内照射诱发大鼠外周血淋巴细胞HPRT基因突变的剂量效应关系。方法：大鼠尾静脉注入晚期混合裂变产物，5－溴脱氧尿嘧啶（BrdU）法检测不同累积剂量和不同剂量率内照射诱发外周血淋巴细胞HPRT基因突变，并拟合剂量效应关系。结果：随着累积剂量和剂量率的增加，HPRT基因突变频率不断上升，其剂量效应关系符合线性模型，结论：BrdU法是一种快速，简便，较敏感的检测辐射诱发HPRT基因突变的方法，HPRT基因突变可以作为辐射生物剂量计。     

Evaluation of the premature chromosome condensation scoring protocol after proton and X-ray irradiation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes at high doses range

Purpose of the study: One of the main difficulties in radiation dose assessment is cells inability to reach mitosis after exposure to acute radiation. Premature chromosome condensation (PCC) has become an important method used in biological dosimetry in case of exposure to high doses. Various ways to induce PCC including mitotic cells fusion, chemical stimulation with calyculin A or okadaic acid give wide spectrum of application. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the utility of drug-induced PCC scoring procedure by testing 2 experimental modes where 150 and 75 G2/M-PCC phase cells were analyzed after exposure to high dose proton and X-ray radiation. Another aim is to determine the differences in cellular response induced by proton and photon radiation using a HPBL in vitro model as a further extension of our previous studies involving doses up to 4.0?Gy.

Materials and methods: Total body exposure was simulated by irradiating whole blood collected from a healthy donor. Whole blood samples were exposed to two radiation types: 60?MeV protons and 250 kVp X-rays in the dose range of 5.0–20.0?Gy, the dose rate for protons was 0.075 and 0.15?Gy/s for X-rays. Post 48?h of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL) culture, calyculin A was added. After Giemsa staining, chromosome spreads were photographed and manually analyzed by scorers in the G2/M-PCC phase. In order to check the consistency of obtained results all scorers followed identical scoring criteria. Additionally, PCC index kinetics was evaluated for first 500 cells scored.

Conclusions: Here we provide a different method of results analysis. Presented dose-response curves were obtained by calculating the value of counted excess chromosome fragments. The results indicated that obtained dose estimates as adequate in the high dose range till 18.0?Gy for both studied radiation types, giving an opportunity to further improve PCC assay procedure and shorten the analysis time i.e. in case of partial-body exposure. Moreover, the study presents preliminary results of HPBL cellular response after proton irradiation at high doses range showing differences of PCC index kinetics for different cell classes and cell distribution.     

Chronic low dose exposure of hospital workers to ionizing radiation leads to increased micronuclei frequency and reduced antioxidants in their peripheral blood lymphocytes

Abstract

Purpose: The regular low dose occupational exposure to ionizing radiation may induce deleterious health effects, which may be of particular interest to medical radiation workers who daily handle X-ray machines. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes are able to retain the signature of radiation-induced DNA damage, therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the DNA damage and antioxidants status in hospital workers occupationally exposed to low doses of X-rays.

Materials and methods: The peripheral blood lymphocytes of the occupationally exposed and control groups matched for age, gender, tobacco usage, and alcohol consumption were cultured and micronuclei frequency was determined. Activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were also estimated in their plasma.

Results: The micronuclei frequency in the occupationally exposed group (n?=?33), increased significantly (p?<?.0001) followed by reduced glutathione-s-transferase (p?<?.01) and catalase (p?<?.001) activities, and increased lipid peroxidation (p?<?.05) when compared to the control group (n?=?33). Occupational exposure resulted in an effective dose ranging between 3.14 to 144.5 mSv (40.88?±?39.86mSv) depending on the employment duration of 3–29 years (10.33?±?7.05 years). A correlation between the micronuclei frequency (p?<?.05) and catalase activity (p?<?.05) existed in the occupationally exposed individuals depending on the smoking habit, age, duration of employment, cumulative exposure dose and number of patients handled per day.

Conclusions: We have observed that protracted low dose exposure to ionizing radiation is an inevitable occupational hazard leading to persistence of oxidative stress and increased genomic instability in the radiological technicians depending on the time spent with X-rays, cumulative dose received and the number of patients handled daily raising the risk of cancer development.     

急性放射病患者恢复期外周血淋巴细胞表型及功能分析

了解急性放射病患者恢复期间外周血淋巴细胞功能。方法用流式细胞仪分析淋巴细胞表型，３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入法分别分析Ｔ细胞和ＮＫ细胞功能。结果照后４．５年，患者外周血ＣＤ＋４Ｔ细胞仍有不同程度低于正常对照；受照剂量大于２Ｇｙ者ＣＤ＋８Ｔ细胞数明显高于正常，而受照时年龄为５４岁者ＣＤ＋８Ｔ细胞明显低于对照；多数患者外周血ＮＫ细胞数和功能都高于正常对照。结论受照者外周血Ｔ细胞功能恢复与受照剂量大小及年龄因素有关，恢复期ＮＫ细胞数量和活性增高，对于弥补Ｔ细胞功能不足具有积极意义     

Chromosome aberrations determined by sFISH and G-banding in lymphocytes from workers with internal deposits of plutonium

Purpose: To examine the influence of α-particle radiation exposure from internally deposited plutonium on chromosome aberration frequencies in peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers from the Sellafield nuclear facility, UK. Materials and methods: Chromosome aberration data from historical single colour fluorescence in situ hybridization (sFISH) and Giemsa banding (G-banding) analyses, together with more recent sFISH results, were assessed using common aberration analysis criteria and revised radiation dosimetry. The combined sFISH group comprised 29 men with a mean internal red bone marrow dose of 21.0 mGy and a mean external γ-ray dose of 541 mGy. The G-banding group comprised 23 men with a mean internal red bone marrow dose of 23.0 mGy and a mean external γ-ray dose of 315 mGy. Results: Observed translocation frequencies corresponded to expectations based on age and external γ-ray dose with no need to postulate a contribution from α-particle irradiation of the red bone marrow by internally deposited plutonium. Frequencies of stable cells with complex aberrations, including insertions, were similar to those in a group of controls and a group of workers with external radiation exposure only, who were studied concurrently. In a similar comparison there is some suggestion of an increase in cells with unstable complex aberrations and this may reflect recent direct exposure to circulating lymphocytes. Conclusions: Reference to in vitro dose response data for the induction of stable aberrant cells by α-particle irradiation indicates that the low red bone marrow α-particle radiation doses received by the Sellafield workers would not result in a discernible increase in translocations, thus supporting the in vivo findings. Therefore, the greater risk from occupational radiation exposure of the bone marrow resulting in viable chromosomally aberrant cells comes from, in general, much larger γ-ray exposure in comparison to α-particle exposure from plutonium.