两种术式治疗胸腰椎结核的疗效观察

目的　比较病灶清除术与前路病灶清除椎间植骨内固定术治疗胸腰椎结核的临床疗效。方法　全组 6 8例 ,平均年龄 37岁。病灶清除术组 33例 ,病灶清除植骨内固定术组 35例 ;其中胸椎结核 2 1例 ,胸腰段结核 18例 ,腰椎结核 2 9例。病灶清除术采用经胸、胸膜外或腹膜外入路 ,清除病灶后 ,骨缺损大于 5 mm者取髂骨植骨 ;小于 5 mm者不植骨。病灶清除植骨内固定术采用经胸或腹膜外入路 ,彻底清除病灶 ,髂骨或填塞自体肋骨粒的钛网椎间植骨融合 ,一期前路内固定。术后抗结核治疗 12～ 18个月。结果　平均随访 2 7个月。病灶清除术组中 5例术后结核局部复发 ,再次手术治疗。病灶清除植骨内固定术组无结核局部复发 ,脊柱后凸畸形改善 ,矫正角度 15°;无内固定器械断裂。结论　前路病灶清除植骨内固定术 ,可重建脊柱的稳定性 ,利于结核病灶的稳定与修复 ,减少结核复发 ,矫正后凸畸形 ,较病灶清除术能取得更好的临床疗效。     

经腹直肌内缘腹膜后入路行L3～S1结核病灶清除术

目的：探讨旁正中切口经腹直肌内侧缘腹膜后入路行下腰椎结核病灶清除、自体髂骨植骨融合术的可行性及疗效。方法：1998年10月～2006年1月，采用旁正中切口腹直肌内侧缘腹膜后入路对32例L3～S1结核患者行前路结核病灶清除、自体髂骨植骨融合术。其中男19例，女13例，年龄28～64岁。结核病灶累及部位：L3～L4 2例，L3～L5 5例，L4～L5 5例，L4～S1 13例，L5～S1 7例。6例伴硬膜外脓肿。23例在前路病灶清除术前先行后路短节段经椎弓根内固定、植骨融合术。结果：所有患者手术顺利，病椎显露时间平均23min．显露过程平均出血量45ml。无手术死亡，无感染，无神经损伤并发症，2例术中腹膜撕裂，成功修补后无并发症。18例获得1年以上随访的患者中，除1例椎体间可疑假关节外，其余病例均获骨性融合。结论：旁正中切口腹直肌内侧缘腹膜后入路可满意显露病灶，操作简便，对支配腹直肌的神经血管损伤小，是一种值得推广的下腰椎结核前路病灶清除手术入路。     

经前路病灶清除一期椎间植骨内固定治疗上胸椎结核并截瘫

目的探讨一期前路病灶清除、椎间植骨治疗上胸椎结核的手术术式及疗效。方法手术治疗上胸椎结核病人5例,采用一期经颈胸前路病灶清除、椎间植骨融合术,其中3例同时行钛板内固定术。结果平均随访26个月,所有患者上胸椎结核均治愈,无局部结核复发,植骨全部骨性融合,无手术并发症。结论根据患者具体情况选择恰当术式,在结核病灶局部植骨及植入钛质内固定器械是安全和有效的。     

右侧颈前路清除结核病灶取髂骨钛板固定治疗中下颈椎结核疗效分析

[目的]研究经右侧颈前路切口清理结核自取髂骨植骨前路钛板固定治疗颈椎结核的手术方法、疗效及5年随访结果.[方法]收集2008年4月～2013年4月全部采用右侧颈前路病灶清除自体髂骨植骨内固定治疗颈椎结核病例,共10例,平均31岁.C45例,C53例,C62例.所有病例均采用一期病灶清除髂骨植骨内固定术,抗结核治疗9～12个月.[结果]平均随访30个月.颈椎生理弧度得以恢复,术后随访未见矫正角度明显丢失;神经功能恢复良好;术后3～6个月植骨融合,内固定器械无断裂,无结核病灶局部复发.[结论]在抗痨治疗的基础上,右侧颈前路手术清除结核病灶取髂骨钛板固定治疗中下颈椎结核,恢复病灶破坏椎体的高度、同时达到矫正后凸畸形的目的、解除结核病灶对脊髓神经的压迫、重建颈椎的稳定,有利于结核病灶的愈合.     

前后联合入路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗腰骶椎结核

目的探讨前后联合入路行结核病灶清除、椎间植骨、后路椎弓根钉系统内固定治疗腰骶椎结核的疗效。方法 2005年1月-2010年5月,采用经腹膜外入路行结核病灶清除,取自体或同种异体髂骨植骨,后路内固定重建脊柱稳定性治疗腰骶椎结核16例。男12例,女4例;年龄38～65岁,平均48岁。病程6～24个月,平均10个月。患者主要临床症状为持续性下腰痛。病变节段:L4、5 3例,L5、S1 8例,L4～S1 5例。腰骶角18～32°,平均22°。术前红细胞沉降率为15～55 mm/1 h,平均25 mm/1 h。术后抗结核治疗12个月。结果手术时间120～240 min,平均180 min;出血量300～600 mL,平均420 mL。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无相关并发症发生。16例均获随访,随访时间12～24个月,平均16个月。随访期间结核病灶无复发,红细胞沉降率均恢复正常,术前下腰痛或下肢放射痛等症状均消失。X线片检查示,患者均于术后8～12个月植骨融合。末次随访时腰骶角为16～31°,平均21°。结论经腹膜外前方入路暴露腰骶椎结核病灶安全可靠,病灶清除后行椎间植骨,后路椎弓根钉内固定系统可有效重建腰骶段的稳定性。     

前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的探讨经前路一期病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的临床疗效。方法2004年10月-2009年3月,采用前路一期病灶清除椎间植骨融合内固定的手术方式治疗胸腰椎结核31例。术前正规抗结核化疗3-5周,术中彻底的清除病灶,对于骨缺损采用自体髂骨或多根肋骨支撑植骨修复,同时行前路钉板或钉棒系统内固定,术后卧床4-6周,继续正规化疗12个月左右。结果所有患者均获得6-37个月的随访,结核病灶顺利愈合,植骨稳定、融合,内固定无失效,脊柱后凸畸形得到矫正和预防,术前伴有神经症状者神经症状基本消失。结论对胸腰椎结核行前路一期病灶清除植骨融合内固定可有效地重建脊柱稳定性、矫正和预防脊柱后凸畸形,获得良好的骨性融合,临床疗效可靠。     

经前后路联合手术治疗L5S1椎体结核

目的 探讨一期经前路病灶清除后路植骨内固定治疗L5S1椎体结核的临床疗效.方法 对40例L5S1椎体结核患者,采用一期经前路病灶清除椎体间植骨加后路椎弓根螺钉内固定植骨融合治疗.结果 所有患者随访6～24个月,35例植骨融合良好,5例融合欠佳;有1例出现尿路感染.结论 一期经前路病灶清除椎体间植骨加后路椎弓根螺钉内固定椎板植骨治疗L5S1椎体结核能在彻底清除病灶的前提下保证脊柱的稳定性,提高植骨块的融合率和缩短患者卧床时间.     

一期后路固定前路病灶清除植骨治疗胸腰段椎体结核

目的探讨一期后路内固定联合前路病灶清除植骨融合治疗胸腰段椎体结核。方法2003年2月至2011年2月手术治疗胸腰段椎体结核23例,应用一期后路内固定联合经前路结核病灶清除植骨融合治疗胸腰椎体结核,根据术前、术后X线片分析植骨融合及术后畸形矫正效果。结果经14～54个月随访,脊髓功能得到不同程度的恢复,植骨融合满意,无内固定失败和脊柱结核病灶复发。结论一期后路内固定联合经前路结核病灶清除植骨融合治疗胸腰段椎体结核具有脊柱后凸侧弯畸形易于矫正、前路结核病灶减压彻底、内固定远离病灶等优点,是治疗脊柱胸腰段结核的一种有效手术方法。其缺点是手术创伤较大、时间较长、操作相对繁杂。     

一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的:总结一期前路病灶清除、自体骨椎间植骨融合、前路或后路内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的临床效果。方法:2002年2月～2006年2月手术治疗胸、腰椎结核86例,均采用一期前路病灶清除、自体骨椎间植骨,侧前方内固定52例,后路内固定34例。根据术前、术后X线平片分析植骨融合及脊柱后凸畸形矫正效果。结果:随访8个月～4年,平均23个月。除1例术后2周出现切口皮下血肿、4例1年后仍存在髂骨供骨区疼痛外,无其他并发症;无复发。均获骨性愈合,愈合时间3～7个月,平均4.5个月,无内固定松动、脱出及断裂;术前Cobb角平均为33.6°,术后1周及末次随访时Cobb角分别为平均15.6°、18.6°。结论:对胸、腰椎结核患者行一期前路病灶清除、自体骨椎间植骨融合、前路或后路内固定治疗可有效矫正脊柱后凸畸形,重建脊柱稳定性,获得良好的骨性融合,临床效果良好。     

前后路联合手术治疗下腰椎结核

目的：探讨一期前路病灶清除，惟体问植骨的同时行后路惟弓根钉内固定治疗下腰惟结核的临床疗效及其适应证。方法：回顾总结我院运用一期前路病灶清除．惟体间植骨的同时行后路惟弓根钉内固定治疗下腰惟结核患8例，平均随访6～15个月。结果：术后6～15个月，患无一例术后局部复发，植骨块均骨性融合，神经功能均有不同程度恢复；结论：一期前路病灶清除，惟体间植骨的同时行后路僬弓根钉内固定治疗下腰惟结核能在不影响结核病灶的前提下保证脊柱的稳定性，促进植骨块的骨性融合和病灶的愈合。但该手术创伤较大，应选择全身情况较好的病例，并进行充分的术前准备。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.