经皮经肝食管胃底静脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化静脉曲张的疗效评价

目的评价经皮经肝食管胃底静脉栓塞术(PTO)在治疗肝硬化静脉曲张的应用价值。方法对56例肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张患者施行PTO治疗,其中35例因急性上消化道出血行急症止血治疗,10例为消化道出血停止后择期栓塞,11例肝硬化伴重度食管静脉曲张行预防性PTO治疗。结果56例患者食管胃底曲张静脉插管、栓塞成功率达100%。35例急性上消化道出血患者,急症栓塞术后均止血成功;11例行预防性PTO治疗病例,术后复查食管静脉曲张7例接近正常,4例静脉曲张程度由重度降为轻度。47例接受2～60个月随访,再出血5例,死亡4例,原因分别为再发消化道出血(1例),肝功能衰竭(1例),合并肝癌(2例)。结论对于肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张患者,PTD是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,值得推广应用。     

经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉介入栓塞技术的探讨

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉栓塞治疗和预防肝硬化、门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的介入栓塞技术的临床应用。方法对48例肝硬化门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张患者,采用经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉栓塞或联合脾动脉部分栓塞术预防和控制上消化道出血。结果经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉栓塞手术成功率97.9%,止血率达100%。术中弹簧圈移位1例,发生以血压下降、心率减慢为特点的迷走反射4例;术后出现顽固性(胸)腹水4例,腹腔内出血导致死亡1例。术后连续随访1年:在前6个月内2例死于肝衰竭,再出血2例;在后6个月内3例失访,再出血5例。结论经皮肝穿刺食管胃底静脉栓塞技术是一种微创、有效的方法。注意手术操作细节对提高手术成功率、降低手术并发症有重要意义。     

经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术的临床应用

目的评价经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术的临床应用价值。方法肝硬化门静脉高压合并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者30例(24例为食管静脉套扎及硬化治疗术后再次出血；6例为消化道出血未行内镜治疗者)。电视透视下取右腋中线或剑突下方穿刺进入门静脉分支。用弹簧钢圈、无水乙醇和明胶海绵栓塞食管胃底静脉。2例栓塞后门静脉内留置导管-药盒系统行区域性药物灌注治疗。结果30例患者胃冠状静脉超选择插管、栓塞全部成功。胃短静脉超选择插管栓塞成功率90％。27例患者术后得到随访，随访2～18个月。17例患者术后胃镜复查显示胃底曲张静脉完全消失者13例，明显改善者4例。2例于栓塞术后1周、2个月再出血，再次栓塞后无再出血。2例门静脉留置药盒行区域性中西药物灌注者治疗后门静脉压力分别下降10cmH2O(1cmH2O=0．098kPa)和8cmH2O。结论经皮经肝食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞术创伤小、止血效果肯定，在急诊止血方面更具优势，应该成为门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的常规治疗方法之一。经留置药盒行门静脉区域性中西药物灌注治疗肝硬化值得进一步探讨。     

胃冠状静脉栓塞术治疗门脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效分析

目的探讨应用胃冠状静脉栓塞术治疗门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效。方法回顾分析1998年7月—2004年2月间,42例门脉高压症患者(栓塞组)行胃冠状静脉栓塞术治疗门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效,并与20例同期仅行贲门周围血管离断术(对照组)的疗效进行比较,分别观察食管及胃底静脉曲张的消除率、再出血率及手术死亡率。结果术后平均随访23.5月,栓塞组再出血率为0,对照组再出血率为25%。两组患者均无死亡。结论胃冠状静脉栓塞术是安全、可靠的,可使贲门周围血管阻断更为彻底,降低复发,从而进一步提高周围血管离断的疗效。     

聚桂醇经门静脉介入栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效观察

目的 探讨聚桂醇经皮经门静脉胃冠静脉栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的临床疗效.方法 2008年4月至2010年12月收治60例食管胃底静脉重度曲张出血患者.将患者随机分成两组行经门静脉介入栓塞治疗,A组30例,采用聚桂醇作为栓塞剂;B组30例,采用鱼肝油酸钠作为栓塞剂.比较两组治疗6个月后出血复发率和食管静脉曲张度.结果 栓塞后6个月,A组出血复发患者3例,复发率10.0％,B组10例,复发率33.3％,组间差异有统计学意义(x2=4.81,P＜0.05).术后6个月复查胃镜,A组食管胃底静脉曲张轻～中度20例,重度10例,有效率66.7％;B组轻～中度12例,重度18例,有效率40.0％,组间差异有统计学意义(x2=4.28,P＜0.05).不良反应A组3例,B组8例,组间差异有统计学意义(x2=4.32,P＜ 0.05).结论 聚桂醇经门静脉介入栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉出血具有确切的疗效.     

影响经皮经肝食管胃曲张静脉组织胶栓塞术远期疗效因素分析

目的：探讨提高经皮经肝曲张静脉栓塞术（PTVE）治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血远期疗效的相关因素。方法：192例肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张出血的患者,经皮经肝穿刺向食管下段胃底部曲张静脉、食管下段周围静脉丛、胃底贲门周围静脉丛内注入永久性栓塞剂TH胶（a-氰基丙烯酸酯）。结果：192例患者中188例成功施行了PTVE,成功率达97．8％。168例患者随访期6～64月,根据注入的TH胶分布的范围,168例患者分为3种栓塞类型：食管-胃底型82例,胃底型67例,主干型19例,135例患者PTVE后同时施行部分脾动脉栓塞,42例随访中施行了内镜下套扎或硬化治疗。静脉曲张复发率15．5％（26／168）。胃食管栓塞组静脉曲张复发率明显低于胃底贲门型及冠状静脉主干型（P〈0．0001,log-rank test）。随访期间21例患者再出血,总出血率12．5％（21／168）。其中食管胃底型再出血率3．7％（3／82）;胃底型再出血率10．4％（7／67）;主干型再出血率58．1％（11／19）。联合内镜治疗者再出血为2．4％（1／42）,联合脾动脉栓塞组再出血8．9％（12／135）明显低于单纯PTVE治疗的27．3％（9／33）。结论：TH胶栓塞范围与远期疗效密切相关,联合部分脾动脉栓塞和内镜下套扎治疗能明显降低食管胃静脉曲张复发和再出血。     

经脾穿刺插管栓塞治疗门静脉高压上消化道出血

目的 评价经脾入路栓塞治疗门静脉高压上消化道出血的临床疗效及安全性.方法 20例乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者,均出现门静脉高压性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血.8例为右叶巨大肝癌;10例为肝癌合并门静脉癌栓,门静脉主干闭塞;2例为肝硬化并发门静脉主干血栓性闭塞.所有患者采取经脾穿刺,脾静脉插管至胃冠状静脉,用液态栓塞剂加弹簧圈栓塞曲张的食管胃底静脉.结果 18例患者手术成功,2例失败;共栓塞35支胃冠状静脉,栓塞成功患者均获有效止血,未出现并发症.结论 经脾穿刺插管栓塞治疗门静脉高压上消化道出血的方法安全有效,适合于患有巨大肝癌及(或)门静脉主干闭塞等无法采用经皮经肝入路或TIPS栓塞食管胃底静脉曲张的患者.     

经皮穿肝食管曲张静脉栓塞术的实验研究和临床应用

无水酒精和明胶海绵联合栓塞门脉高压食管静脉曲张模型犬5条,栓塞后即刻和栓塞后1～8个月随访,门脉造影复查示胃冠状静脉均已闭塞或仅留近端主干显影.病理检查见胃冠状静脉完全闭塞,食管胃底粘膜下静脉数减少,静脉壁增厚纤维化,静脉腔变小甚至萎陷,粘膜下大量纤维化.而对照组3条犬见胃冠状静脉血流仍通畅曲张。病理检查见胃冠状静脉极度扩张,食管胃底粘膜下充血扩张,静脉腔内淤血,静脉数量多,粘膜下组织疏松.临床应用8例,5例成功,其中2例随访至今分别31和10个月未再出血,1例术后3个月因肝功能衰竭死亡,但未见出血.2例术后4天和1个月再出血.动物实验和临床应用结果表明 PTVO 具有明确栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉作用,是治疗门脉高压食管静脉曲张出血的新的非手术治疗方法.     

TH胶栓塞胃冠状静脉曲张在门静脉高压治疗中的应用

目的:探讨α氰基丙烯酸正辛酯(TH胶)在胃冠状静脉栓塞术联合部分脾脏栓塞术治疗门脉高压胃底食管曲张静脉破裂出血的可行性和疗效。方法:对27例门脉高压胃底食管曲张静脉破裂出血的病人应用TH胶为栓塞剂经皮肝穿行胃冠状静脉栓塞术联合部分脾脏栓塞术。结果:所有患者均手术成功,止血率达100%。1月后,胃镜及钡餐检查,食道静脉曲张消失率为70.4%。随访6~12个月1例因胃粘膜病变出血,余者病情好转或稳定。结论:应用TH胶胃冠状静脉栓塞联合部分脾栓塞手术安全,创伤小,止血率高,再出血率低,是治疗门脉高压并食道胃底静脉曲张理想方法。     

应用NBCA行食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术的并发症观察与护理

目的 探讨应用组织粘合剂正丁基-2-氰丙烯酸盐(NBCA)栓塞治疗门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉曲张患者的护理.方法 回顾性分析28例经皮肝穿应用NBCA栓塞治疗门静脉高压症食管胃底静脉曲张患者在介入术中、术后的临床资料和护理.结果 27例成功栓塞达到止血效果,1例栓塞失败;少量肺栓塞4例,其中2例出现一次性咳嗽,24例患者出现不同程度疼痛,20例出现呕吐,轻微腹痛,无穿刺口出血及腹腔出血并发症,全部患者能顺利配合完成手术.结论 做好栓塞术前的心理干预,术中病情的密切观察,术后的观察护理,早期预防及处理并发症对手术的顺利进行及减少并发症发生具有一定意义.     

B超导向经皮脾穿刺脾静脉行食管胃底静脉栓塞

目的 探讨B超导向经皮经脾穿刺脾静脉行食管胃底静脉栓塞术的安全性及其临床疗效.方法 本组14例,在B超导向下穿刺脾静脉栓塞胃底静脉曲张,随访4周,4周末行胃镜检查,确定有无再次出血.结果 14例均无再次出血及严重并发症发生.结论 B超导向下经皮经脾穿刺脾静脉行食管胃底静脉栓塞创伤小,效果确切,可有效降低上消化道出血.     

球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞治疗伴胃肾分流道的胃静脉曲张

目的 评价球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞,治疗自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张的临床疗效和安全性.方法 8例男性自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张患者,年龄40～61岁,平均(50±8)岁,行经股静脉球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞治疗.结果 8例患者于术成功,术后门静脉压力平均增高5.5 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa,手术前为35.0～41.0 cm H2O,手术后为39.0～45.5 cm H2O).本组患者术后随访1～46个月,随访期内均未再发消化道出血.结论 球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞,治疗自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张是安全可行的,可作为治疗难以采用内镜下硬化止血治疗的自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张的有效方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and the safety of retrograde gastrorenal shunt balloon occlusion combined with percutaneous transhepatic gastric varices embolization to treat the gastric varices with spontaneous gastrorenal shunt. Methods From Nov. 2006 to Jun. 2010, retrograde gastrorenal shunt balloon occlusion combined with percutaneous transhepatic gastric varices embolization was performed on 8 patients who had gastric varices with spontaneous gastrorenal shunt. All the patients were men and the age ranged from 40 to 61 years. The balloon catheter was inserted into the spontaneous gastrorenal shunt through the right femoral vein, then percutaneous transhepatic splenic vein venograghy was performed to identify the number and morphology of gastric varices. After that gastric varices embolization was performed while the balloon catheter was dilated, which was withdrawn one day after the procedure. Results Technical success of interventional treatment was achieved in all 8 cases with no significant complications. The increase of average portal venous pressure was 5.5 cm H2O (1 cm H2O = 0. 098 kPa,preoperative 35.0 to 41.0 cm H2O,postoperative 39.0 to 45.5 cm H2O). After follow up of 1 to 46 months, no recurrence haemorrhage occurred. Conclusion Retrograde gastrorenal shunt balloon occlusion combined with percutaneous transhepatie gastric variees embolization can be safely performed and could be one of the effective choices for patients who had gastric varices with spontaneous gastrorenal shunt, which is not suitable to treat by the endoscopic sclerotherapy.     

球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞治疗伴胃肾分流道的胃静脉曲张

目的 评价球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞,治疗自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张的临床疗效和安全性.方法 8例男性自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张患者,年龄40～61岁,平均(50±8)岁,行经股静脉球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞治疗.结果 8例患者于术成功,术后门静脉压力平均增高5.5 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa,手术前为35.0～41.0 cm H2O,手术后为39.0～45.5 cm H2O).本组患者术后随访1～46个月,随访期内均未再发消化道出血.结论 球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞,治疗自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张是安全可行的,可作为治疗难以采用内镜下硬化止血治疗的自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张的有效方法.     

球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞治疗伴胃肾分流道的胃静脉曲张

目的 评价球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞,治疗自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张的临床疗效和安全性.方法 8例男性自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张患者,年龄40～61岁,平均(50±8)岁,行经股静脉球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞治疗.结果 8例患者于术成功,术后门静脉压力平均增高5.5 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa,手术前为35.0～41.0 cm H2O,手术后为39.0～45.5 cm H2O).本组患者术后随访1～46个月,随访期内均未再发消化道出血.结论 球囊逆行阻断胃肾分流道联合经皮肝穿胃静脉栓塞,治疗自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张是安全可行的,可作为治疗难以采用内镜下硬化止血治疗的自发胃肾分流道形成的胃静脉曲张的有效方法.     

Combined Transmesenteric and Transhepatic Recanalization of Chronic Portal and Mesenteric Vein Occlusion to Treat Bleeding Duodenal Varices

Two patients presented with bleeding duodenal varices secondary to mesenteric and portal vein chronic occlusion. After a failed transhepatic recanalization, a combined transmesenteric and transhepatic approach was used to recanalize the chronic portal and mesenteric venous obstruction. The occluded segment was treated with transmesenteric stent placement in one patient and stent placement and coil embolization of varices in the second patient. Follow-up imaging and endoscopy showed decompression of the duodenal varices in both patients and absence of further bleeding episodes.     

介入治疗8例肝豆状核变性并发严重门静脉高压的疗效

目的 评价介入治疗肝豆状核变性所致门脉高压的疗效.方法 分析世纪坛医院介入治疗科8例合并严重门静脉高压的肝豆状核变性患者治疗情况,采用经皮穿刺胃冠状静脉栓塞或部分脾动脉栓塞治疗,比较手术前后血象和门脉压力变化.结果 所有病例均未再出现严重门静脉高压的表现,白细胞于术后1周内明显升高,2周后恢复至正常范围;血小板于术后第...     

PTVE联合PSE治疗胃底曲张静脉出血的疗效观察

目的探讨经皮胃底曲张静脉栓塞术(PTVE)联合部分脾动脉栓塞术(PSE)治疗胃底曲张静脉出血的疗效。资料与方法27例肝硬化合并食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血患者(18例急性出血,9例择期手术),21例患者同时实施PTVE+PSE,6例患者PTVE后5～7天再行PSE。对术前、术后门静脉压力变化进行测量;术后1～24个月观察再出血的发生率及胃镜随访胃底曲张静脉消退情况。结果18例急诊手术患者术后出血即刻停止,即时止血率100%。PTVE栓塞后门静脉压升高,同术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PTVE+PSE后门静脉压有所降低,但同术前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。23例术后胃镜随访,显示胃底曲张静脉完全消失9例,部分消失14例,4例门静脉高压性胃病表现。随访期间1～12个月内再出血率为11.11%(3/27),12～24个月因肝功能衰竭死亡2例,再出血率为28.0%(7/25)。6例为曲张静脉出血,其中1例再次行PTVE栓塞曲张静脉后止血,4例为门静脉高压性胃病出血。结论PTVE具有满意的止血效果和消除胃底曲张静脉,联合PSE能抵消PTVE所致的门静脉压升高。PTVE联合PSE既可行急诊止血,亦可作为...     

Percutaneous transhepatic embolization as treatment for bleeding ileostomy varices

We report two patients with bleeding stomal varices following total colectomy and ileostomy. The varices were demonstrated by superior mesenteric angiography and percutaneous transhepatic mesenteric venography; dilated ileal veins drained via the stomal varices into abdominal wall veins. Bleeding from the stomal varices was treated by transhepatic embolization. The first patient required three transhepatic embolizations after recurrent bleeding due to recanalization of the embolized ileal vein and the development of collaterals from the adjacent ileal veins over a one-year period. The second patient died of respiratory failure 1 week after embolization. Neither patient developed mesenteric or stomal ischemia.     

Contrast echocardiography in detection of portopulmonary venous anastomosis

Portopulmonary venous anastomosis is a potential channel for systemic arterial embolization during embolization procedures for bleeding esophageal varices. To document the presence of such anastomoses, 15 patients with esophageal varices were studied by real-time contrast echocardiography combined with transhepatic cineportography. Cinefluorographic technique, which was applied for this purpose, occasionally failed to demonstrate the dynamic events in the left atrium because of rapid dilution of contrast medium. Echocardiography after the injection of dextrose solution into the gastric coronary vein allowed two-dimensional real-time images of contrast echoes in the left cardiac chambers. By combining these two methods, more reliable diagnostic information was obtained in five of the 15 patients studied.     

Embolization of portal-systemic shunts in cirrhotic patients with chronic recurrent hepatic encephalopathy

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of embolization of portal-systemic shunts in cirrhotic patients with chronic recurrent hepatic encephalopathy (CRHE). Methods Seven cirrhotic patients with CRHE refractory to medical treatment (3 men and 4 women, mean age 66 years) were studied. Five patients had splenorenal shunts, 1 had a gastrorenal shunt, and 1 had an intrahepatic portal vein-hepatic vein shunt. Shunt embolization was performed using stainless steel coils, with a percutaneous transhepatic portal vein approach in 4 patients and a transrenal vein approach in 3 patients. Results After embolization, the shunt disappeared in 4 patients on either ultrasound pulsed Doppler monitoring or portography. Complications observed in the 7 patients were fever, transient pleural effusion, ascites, and mild esophageal varices. For 3–6 months after embolization, the 4 patients whose shunts disappeared showed minimal or no reappearance of a shunt, and had no recurrence of encephalopathy. The serum ammonia levels decreased and electroencephalograms also improved. One of the 4 patients, who developed mild esophageal varices, required no treatment. Treatment was effective in 3 of the 4 patients (75%) who underwent embolization via a transhepatic portal vein. Conclusion Transvascular embolization of shunts improved the outcome in 4 of 7 patients. The most effective embolization was achieved via the percutaneous transhepatic portal vein approach.