不同个性甲亢患者心理状态调查分析

对比国内常模，甲亢患者的心理状态为心理正常但心理不健康，通过90项症状评分分析，甲亢患者在总分、阳性项目数、阳性项目均分方面都高于常模，在因子分方面，焦虑、抑郁、敌对、人际关系敏感方面都高于国内常模。因此，甲亢患者在进行服药以控制躯体症状的同时，需要介入专业的心理干预，尤其是艾森克人格理论为N分较高的胆汁质、抑郁质的个体应得到更加特别的关注。     

万古霉素敏感性减低葡萄球菌筛选及抗生素耐药相关基因检测

目的 了解万古霉素敏感性减低葡萄球菌临床分离株对-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、四环素以及万古霉素耐药相关基因存在状况.方法 采用含61tg/mL万古霉素脑心浸液琼脂从临床分离的葡萄球菌中筛选万古霉素中介葡萄球菌和万古霉素耐药葡萄球菌;采用菌谱分析法筛选异质性万古霉素耐药葡萄球菌:E-test法和琼脂稀释法检测其MIC值;PCR技术扩增mecA,aac(6')/aph(2'),aph(3)-Ⅲ,tetM,vanA.vanB和vanC基因,并对阳性扩增产物进行测序.结果 从100株临床分离葡萄球菌中检出7株异质性万古霉素耐药葡萄球菌,并从部分菌株中检出耐药基因,mecA,aac(6')/aph(2'),aph(3')-川基因检出率分别为85.7%,57.1%和85.7%,没有检出tetM,vanA,vanB和vanC.对PCR阳性扩增产物进行测序,BLASTn比对分析,与已登录基因库的相同基因序列具有高度同源性.结论 同甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌相似,万古霉素敏感性减低葡萄球菌携带多种耐药基因,耐药表型与基因分析支持该菌株多药耐药,该类菌株的检测对于指导临床合理用药具有积极意义.     

130例表皮葡萄球菌临床分离株的耐药性分析和mecA/icaA/icaD基因研究

目的 了解蚌埠医学院第一附属医院2013年检出130株表皮葡萄球菌的临床分布特征,研究其耐药性和mecA/icaA/icaD基因的携带等情况,为临床合理使用抗生素提供实验依据.方法 130株表皮葡萄球菌采用法国梅里埃VITEK2-compact全自动细菌鉴定药敏分析仪和配套的药物敏感复合板,血培养系统采用美国BD公司的全自动血培养仪进行菌种鉴定和药物敏感试验.研究数据采用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计分析;用PCR方法检测mecA/icaA/icaD基因.结果 本年度,共检出130株表皮葡萄球菌,主要来自于外科32株(24.61％),ICU科23株(17.69％),儿科18株(13.85％)和感染科16株(12.31％);以血液,脑脊液,骨髓来源为主(113株,86.92％).检出耐甲氧西林的表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE 110株,84.62％),明显高于甲氧西林敏感的表皮葡萄球菌(MSSE),其差异有统计学显著性(P＜0.05).对MRSE敏感率较高的抗生素主要为:利奈唑胺(100％),万古霉素(100％),呋喃妥因(98.18％),利福平(77.27％),莫西沙星(72.73％)和庆大霉素(70.00％)等.mecA/icaA/icaD基因在血培养来源(20株),分别与非血培养来源(10株)和环境皮肤来源(9株)表皮葡萄球菌的检出率,结果比较无显著性差异.结论 我院分离的表皮葡萄球菌,以MRSE为主,未发现耐万古霉素表皮葡萄球菌,表皮葡萄球菌mecA阳性率极高,icaA和icaD基因阳性率较低.     

耐甲氧西林金葡菌的分子分型、毒力因子及生物膜研究

目的 研究耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的标本分布、耐药情况、SCCmec、spa分型、相关毒力因子及生物膜形成情况。方法 采用多重PCR扩增SCCmec、spa基因及毒力因子(tst、lukE、pvl、fnbA、fnbB、cna、clfA、clfB);采用Sanger双脱氧链终止法对扩增产物测序;采用微孔结晶紫染色法研究菌株生物膜形成。结果 标本来源以分泌物最多,其次是痰;标本分布以儿童病区最多,其次为创伤病区及重症监护病区;SCCmec分型显示I型最多,占56%;spa分型以t437最多,占43%;多数菌株同时携带3种及以上毒力因子,以cna、fnbB和clfA黏附分子为主;60%的MRSA菌株具有较强生物膜形成能力。结论 MRSA在儿童病房的流行需要引起注意;ICU病区呼吸机引起的相关感染仍是一大难题。本医疗机构内MRSA(2018—2019年)菌株以t437-SCCmecI型为主要流行克隆株。MRSA携带黏附毒素比率高,容易形成生物被膜,成为治疗的一大难题。     

金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素的耐药性及耐药基因检测分析

目的 探讨金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）对万古霉素的耐药性及耐药基因分布情况。方法 收集平顶山市第一人民医院2020年4月至2022年3月临床送检样本分离的288株SA菌株,采用Vitek 2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定和药敏系统以及纸片扩散法进行菌落鉴定与药敏试验;采用聚合酶链反应检测pbp4、mgrA、agr、vraS、vraR、icaA、icaR基因表达。结果 288株SA菌株中筛选出25株万古霉素异质性耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（hVISA）菌株,hVISA阳性率为8.68%,未检测到万古霉素中介耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（VISA）菌株和万古霉素耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（VRSA）菌株;万古霉素敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（VSSA）菌株万古霉素最小抑菌浓度（MIC）主要分布在0.50 mg/L和0.75 mg/L,占比为41.83%和28.90%;hVISA菌株万古霉素MIC主要分布在1.50 mg/L和2.00 mg/L,占比为56.00%和28.00%;VSSA菌株pbp4、agr、icaR的相对表达量均低于hVISA菌株（P<0.05）,而mgrA、vraS、vraR、icaA的相对表达量均高于hV...     

对294株临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌药敏试验结果分析

目的：调查分析安徽省铜陵市人民医院临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌分布特征与药物敏感性试验结果,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法：对本院2005-2008年临床送检标本所分离的金黄色葡萄球菌病房分布与纸片法药敏试验结果进行分析。结果：294株金黄色葡萄球菌中,骨科（28.57%）、烧伤科（11.90%）、普外科（7.48%）等科室检出率较高,标本主要有创面分泌物（49.66%）、痰（29.59%）、脓液（8.50%）等,有明显的临床分布特征。其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）检出率为27.21%（80/294）,MRSA对大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、林可霉素类等药物呈多重耐药特征,而甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）相对敏感。所有金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、氨基糖苷类药物显示高耐药率;对磺胺甲唑-甲氧苄啶（复方新诺明）、呋喃妥因、利福平、磷霉素等抗菌药物的耐药率较低（〈20%）,未发现对替考拉宁、万古霉素耐药的菌株。结论：定期进行医院细菌流行病学调查和耐药性分析对临床合理用药具有指导作用。     

多重耐药MRSA耐消毒剂基因及抗生素耐药相关基因检测

目的明确浙江湖州解放军第98医院临床分离的多重耐药耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin—resistant Staphylococcus aureus，MRSA)耐消毒剂基因及抗生素耐药相关基因存在状况。方法采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测20株多重耐药MRSA中耐消毒剂基因(qacA)、β-内酰胺类耐药相关基因(mecA、blaTEM)、氨基糖苷类耐药相关基因(氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因)[aac(6’)／aph(2″)、aph(3’)-Ⅲ、ant(3″)-1、ant(4′，4″)、ant(6)-1]、四环素耐药相关基因(terM)、红霉素耐药相关基因(erm)和万古霉素耐药相关基因(vanA、vanB)。结果20株MRSA中，qacA、mecA、blaTEM、aac(6’)／aph(2″)、aph(3’)-Ⅲ、tetM和eyYn基因PCR扩增均阳性，1株ant(4’，4″)基因阳性，而ant(3″)-1、ant(6)-1、vanA和vanB4种基因均阴性。结论临床分离的多重耐药MRSA中qacA、mecA、blaTEM、aac(6′)／aph(2″)、aph(3’)-Ⅲ、tetM和PM基因携带率均很高；在MRSA中发现qacA基因为我国首次报道，应引起医院感染监控部门高度重视。     

新建医院金黄色葡萄球菌感染分布与耐药性分析

目的:探讨金黄色葡萄球菌感染分布及耐药特征,指导临床合理用药。方法:应用西门子公司MicroScan-40SI全自动细菌鉴定/药敏分析系统、K-B法药敏试验(美国BD)、β-内酰胺酶测试(OXOID),并以"WHONET5.3"软件对数据进行分析处理。结果:三年共检出病原菌2901株,金黄色葡萄球菌277株占(9.5%),其中产β-内酰胺酶86株,占31.0%,MRSA占SA感染标本总数的32.6%,MRSA耐药率介于2.4%-91.0%。本室三年来未检出耐万古霉素、替考拉宁、奎奴普丁/达福普汀、利奈唑胺菌株;耐药率低的抗生素有利福平、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、头孢唑啉;耐药率高的有青霉素、氨苄西林、苯唑西林、红霉素等。结论:本组对新建民营医院三年金黄色葡萄球菌感染菌株的分布与耐药性进行统计分析,产β-内酰胺酶菌株比例较其他报告53.3%为低,头孢唑啉药物敏感性较稳定,但对其它β一内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药性高,并对β一内酰胺酶抑制剂耐药性出现逐年上升趋势,应引起关注。     

哺乳期乳腺脓肿分离的金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性与毒力基因研究

目的研究哺乳期乳腺脓肿分离的金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性和毒力基因,为临床治疗提供参考依据。方法收集2015年1月至2017年12月我院乳腺科哺乳期妇女发生乳腺脓肿后分离到的金黄色葡萄球菌,包括耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)60株和甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)64株,用聚合酶链反应(PCR)的方法分析mecA、hla、pvl、clfA、nuc、sea、psm-mec基因。结果 MRSA和MSSA菌株对青霉素(≥90.6%)和红霉素(≥59.4%)的耐药率较高,对利福平、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、莫西沙星、替加环素、万古霉素和利奈唑烷的敏感性较高(≥98.3%)。MRSA对克林霉素、四环素的耐药率明显高于MSSA (P<0.05)。60株MRSA经mecA基因检测均为阳性,64株MSSA均为阴性。Hla、clfA、nuc毒力因子在MSSA和MRSA中均具有较高的携带率(≥98.3%),MRSA携带毒力因子pvl明显低于MSSA (P<0.05)。结论 MRSA携带mecA基因,对克林霉素、四环素的耐药率高于MSSA;MRSA毒力因子pvl携带率低于MSSA,临床应针对哺乳期乳腺脓肿进行MRSA防控,同时需监测MSSA携带毒力基因的状况,评估患者的预后。     

新生儿重症监护室金黄色葡萄球菌定植菌株的耐药性及生物膜形成能力研究

摘要：目的 研究北京儿童医院新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)患儿鼻前庭金黄色葡萄球菌(简称金葡菌)的定植情况及定植菌 株的药物敏感性、生物膜形成能力。方法 前瞻性收集2015年5月至2016年3月于北京儿童医院NICU住院患儿鼻前庭分离出的 金葡菌,前期已进行分子分型,本次实验利用E-test 法检测金葡菌对临床常用抗菌药物的药物敏感性,结晶紫染色实验检测定 植菌株的生物膜形成能力。结果 536例鼻拭子分离出96株金葡菌,定植率为17.9%。其中,耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA) 28株, 甲氧西林敏感金葡菌(MSSA)有68株。MRSA菌株对青霉素、苯唑西林、头孢曲松、红霉素和夫西地酸耐药率分别为100%、 57.1%、78.6%、92.9%和3.6%。MSSA菌株对青霉素、头孢曲松、红霉素、庆大霉素的耐药率分别为82.4%、8.8%、47.1%和 16.2%。MRSA中有14.3%苯唑西林敏感甲氧西林耐药金葡菌(OS-MRSA)。定植菌株的生物膜阳性率91.7%,MRSA和MSSA在生 物膜形成能力方面没有显著差异,不同ST型菌株生物膜形成能力存在差异(P=0.0276),产膜菌株与非产膜菌株的药物敏感性无 明显差异。结论 定植的金葡菌常对青霉素、红霉素耐药,对其他临床常用抗菌药物敏感性较好,有一定比例OS-MRSA。定 植菌株生物膜阳性率高,不同分型菌株生物膜形成能力不同。     

Prevalence of mupirocin resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis: results of the Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Study of the Paul-Ehrlich-Society for Chemotherapy, 2001

A multicentre surveillance study comprising 26 laboratories located in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland was carried out in November 2001. A total of 787 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 456 isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis mainly recovered from hospitalised patients, were tested. MICs for mupirocin were determined using the broth microdilution procedure. Breakpoints were ≤4 mg/l (susceptible), 8–256 mg/l (low-level resistance) and ≥512 mg/l (high-level resistance). Rates of low- and high-level resistances were 2.9 and 0.9% in S. aureus, and 9.4 and 3.3% in S. epidermidis, respectively. Mupirocin resistance was almost exclusively observed in oxacillin-resistant isolates of S. aureus (MRSA) and S. epidermidis (MRSE). High-level mupirocin resistance was detected in 3.1 and 4.5% of MRSA and MRSE, respectively.     

危重监护病房铜绿假单胞菌耐药性及脉冲场凝胶电泳分析

目的　了解我院危重监护病房 (简称 ICU)铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性。建立一种快速、准确、可靠、重复性好的基因分型方法来研究 ICU铜绿假单胞菌的分子流行病学。方法　采用全自动鉴定仪 ( Walkaway-4 0 DADE Microscan Inc)鉴定铜绿假单胞菌 ,并根据半定量微量肉汤系统测定 7种常用抗生素对细菌的最低抑菌浓度 ,确定其耐药情况。用脉冲场凝胶电泳 (简称 PFGE)对限制性酶切片段分离。通过对每一株菌染色体DNA指纹图谱的比较分析其克隆构成 ,了解其流行状况。结果　 2 4株菌对 7种抗生素的耐药性由高到低依次为 :环丙沙星 ( 87.5 % ) ,庆大霉素 ( 75 % ) ,亚胺培南 ( 6 6 .7% ) ,头孢曲松 ( 6 6 .7% ) ,哌拉西林 ( 2 9.2 % ) ,头孢他啶 ( 2 0 .8% ) ,阿米卡星 ( 12 .5 % )。8株菌经 PFGE分析初步证实其中 4株菌具有明显相关性。结论　铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率高 ,多重耐药情况严重。 PFGE具有分辨力高、重复性好的特点 ,是研究 ICU铜绿假单胞菌分子流行病学较好的基因分型方法     

伤口与呼吸道医院感染金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药情况对比研究

目的比较两种主要医院感染临床标本的金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,SA)的耐药情况,为合理应用抗生素提供依据。方法收集住院患者呼吸道和伤口分泌物中的SA进行鉴定和药敏实验。结果 (1)SA分离率以伤口(46.26%)最高;呼吸道(35.97%)次之;两者之和为78.30%。(2)呼吸道和伤口的SA药物敏感性不一样。(3)呼吸道分泌物SA耐药率更高,其中MRSA(耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌)的分离率较伤口更高。结论呼吸道和伤口是SA感染的主要部位,应加强对呼吸道和伤口的管理;临床上经验用药时,应区别对待呼吸道和伤口的SA感染。     

Chromosomal location of blaCTX-M genes in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from Germany,The Netherlands and the UK

This study aimed to detect and characterise clinical Escherichia coli isolates suspected of carrying chromosomally encoded CTX-M enzymes. Escherichia coli (n = 356) obtained in Germany, The Netherlands and the UK (2005–2009) and resistant to third-generation cephalosporins were analysed for the presence of ESBL-/AmpC-encoding genes within the European SAFEFOODERA-ESBL project. β-Lactamases and their association with IS26 and ISEcp1 were investigated by PCR. Isolates were typed by phylogenetic grouping, MLST and PFGE. Plasmids were visualised by S1 nuclease PFGE, and the location of bla_CTX-M genes was determined by Southern hybridisation of XbaI-, S1- and I-CeuI-digested DNA. ESBL enzymes could not be located on plasmids in 17/356 isolates (4.8%). These 17 isolates, from different countries and years, were ascribed to phylogenetic groups D (9), B2 (6) and B1 (2), and to seven sequence types, with ST38 being the most frequent (7 phylogroup D isolates). Eleven isolates produced CTX-M-15. bla_CTX-M-15 genes were associated with ISEcp1. The remaining isolates expressed the CTX-M group 9 β-lactamases CTX-M-14 (4), CTX-M-9 (1) and CTX-M-51 (1). bla_CTX-M probes hybridised with I-CeuI- and/or XbaI-digested DNA, but not with S1-digested DNA, corroborating their chromosomal location. To summarise, only 4.8% of a large collection of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates harboured chromosomal bla_CTX-M genes. These isolates were of human origin and belonged predominantly to ST38 and ST131, which possibly indicates the role of these sequence types in this phenomenon. However, heterogeneity among isolates was found, suggesting that their spread is not only due to the dispersion of successful E. coli clones.     

Activity of tigecycline against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Granada, Spain

We evaluated the in vitro activity of tigecycline using the Etest and disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) as well as for CTX-M-9 extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and SHV ESBL-producing E. coli. All isolates were susceptible to tigecycline according to US Food and Drug Administration cut-off points. There were no differences in the activity of tigecycline between MSSA and MRSA isolates or between the presence of either type of ESBL. For each type of microorganism studied, we established the equation relating the minimum inhibitory concentration to the diameter of the zone of inhibition.     

High-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from bone marrow transplant patients: accumulation of antibiotic resistance genes, large plasmids and clonal strain dissemination

Twenty-six high-level gentamicin-resistant (HLGR) Enterococcus faecium strains colonising neutropenic bone marrow transplant patients were studied. Polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that high-level gentamicin resistance was mediated by the aac(6′)-Ia-aph(2″)-Ie gene; the aph(2″)-Id gene responsible for gentamicin resistance was also detected in 16 strains. Multiple antibiotic resistance was related to the presence of aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), erm (A) and tet(M) genes. Strains clustered into 18 groups according to their plasmid content as well as 16 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. Although the majority of PFGE patterns were single isolates, three microclones were identified. Hybridisation showed that in the majority of the strains the aac(6′)-aph(2″) gene resided on a large plasmid of ca. 96 kb detected only on PFGE gels. Based on these findings, colonisation by HLGR E. faecium strains was a result of either possibly related plasmid spread or strain dissemination.     

2016—2018年河南某医院临床分离菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解河南省胸科医院2016—2018年临床常见标本细菌分布及对常用抗菌药物的敏感性和耐药性,为合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法 收集该院2016年1月—2018年12月临床分离细菌,采用全自动细菌鉴定药敏仪或纸片扩散法进行抗菌药物的敏感性试验,按照2018年CLSI M100标准判断结果,数据统计分析采用WHONET 5.6软件。结果 3年间共检出临床分离菌4421株,其中革兰阳性细菌702株(15.9%),革兰阴性菌3719株(84.1%)。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林株(MRSA和MRCNS)平均检出率分别为59.1%和85.9%,葡萄球菌属中尚未检出对万古霉素、替考拉宁耐药的菌株。粪肠球菌对多数抗菌药物的耐药性低于屎肠球菌,未发现对万古霉素的耐药的粪肠球菌,但是发现1株耐万古霉素的屎肠球菌。3年间检出耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌平均检出率为16.5%(281/1703);碳青霉烯耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌平均检出率分别为24.9%(221/889)和2.2%(4/181);耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌平均检出率为15.7%(110/700);耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌平均检出率为57.1%(237/415)。ICU分离出的肠杆菌科细菌和非发酵细菌的耐药率普遍高于非ICU分离细菌。结论 该院耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌检出率较高,细菌耐药性形势已十分严峻,应加强抗菌药物的合理使用和感控措施,同时应做好细菌耐药监测工作。     

2016—2018年河南某医院临床分离菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解河南省胸科医院2016—2018年临床常见标本细菌分布及对常用抗菌药物的敏感性和耐药性,为合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法 收集该院2016年1月—2018年12月临床分离细菌,采用全自动细菌鉴定药敏仪或纸片扩散法进行抗菌药物的敏感性试验,按照2018年CLSI M100标准判断结果,数据统计分析采用WHONET 5.6软件。结果 3年间共检出临床分离菌4421株,其中革兰阳性细菌702株(15.9%),革兰阴性菌3719株(84.1%)。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林株(MRSA和MRCNS)平均检出率分别为59.1%和85.9%,葡萄球菌属中尚未检出对万古霉素、替考拉宁耐药的菌株。粪肠球菌对多数抗菌药物的耐药性低于屎肠球菌,未发现对万古霉素的耐药的粪肠球菌,但是发现1株耐万古霉素的屎肠球菌。3年间检出耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌平均检出率为16.5%(281/1703);碳青霉烯耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌平均检出率分别为24.9%(221/889)和2.2%(4/181);耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌平均检出率为15.7%(110/700);耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌平均检出率为57.1%(237/415)。ICU分离出的肠杆菌科细菌和非发酵细菌的耐药率普遍高于非ICU分离细菌。结论     

Surveillance of tigecycline activity tested against clinical isolates from a global (North America,Europe, Latin America and Asia-Pacific) collection (2016)

Tigecycline and comparators were tested by the reference broth microdilution method against 33 348 non-duplicate bacterial isolates collected prospectively in 2016 from medical centres in the Asia-Pacific (3443 isolates), Europe (13 530 isolates), Latin America (3327 isolates) and the USA (13 048 isolates). Among 7098 Staphylococcus aureus isolates tested, >99.9% were inhibited by ≤0.5?mg/L tigecycline (MIC_50/90, 0.06/0.12?mg/L), including >99.9% of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and 100.0% of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. Tigecycline was slightly more active against Enterococcus faecium (MIC_50/90, 0.03/0.06?mg/L) compared with Enterococcus faecalis (MIC_50/90, 0.06/0.12?mg/L) and its activity was not adversely affected by vancomycin resistance when tested against these organisms. Tigecycline potency was comparable for Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC_50/90, 0.03/0.06?mg/L), viridans group streptococci (MIC_50/90, 0.03/0.06?mg/L) and β-haemolytic streptococci (MIC_50/90, 0.06/0.06?mg/L) regardless of species and penicillin susceptibility. Tigecycline was active against Enterobacteriaceae (MIC_50/90, 0.25/1?mg/L; 97.8% inhibited at ≤2?mg/L) but was slightly less active against Enterobacteriaceae isolates expressing resistant phenotypes: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (MIC_50/90, 0.5/2?mg/L; 98.0% susceptible); multidrug-resistant (MIC_50/90, 0.5/2?mg/L; 93.1% susceptible); and extensively drug-resistant (MIC_50/90, 0.5/4?mg/L; 87.8% susceptible). Tigecycline inhibited 74.4% of 888 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates at ≤2?mg/L (MIC_50/90, 2/4?mg/L) and demonstrated good in vitro activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MIC_50/90, 1/2?mg/L; 90.6% inhibited at ≤2?mg/L) Tigecycline was active against Haemophilus influenzae (MIC_50/90, 0.12/0.25?mg/L) regardless of β-lactamase status. Tigecycline represents an important treatment option for resistant Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial infections.     

Prevalence,Enterotoxigenic Potential and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Algerian Ready to Eat Foods

Staphylococcus aureus causes a foodborne intoxication due to the production of enterotoxins and shows antimicrobial resistance, as in the case of methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA). Herein, we analyzed 207 ready-to-eat foods collected in Algeria, reporting a S. aureus prevalence of 23.2% (48/207) and respective loads of coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) ranging from 1.00 ± 0.5 to 5.11 ± 0.24 Log CFU/g. The 48 S. aureus isolates were widely characterized by staphylococcal enterotoxin gene (SEg)-typing and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR)-PCR, as well as by detecting tst and mecA genes, genetic determinants of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and methicillin resistance, respectively. We found that the S. aureus isolates belonged to seven different SEg-types harboring the following combinations of genes: (1) selW, selX; (2) egc (seG, seI, seM, seN, seO), selW, selX; (3) seA, seH, seK, seQ, selW, selX; (4) seB, selW, selX; (5) seD, selJ, seR, selW, selX; (6) seH, selW, selX, selY; and (7) seA, egc, selW, selX, while among these, 2.1% and 4.2% were tst- and mecA- (staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec-type IV) positive, respectively. Selected strains belonging to the 12 detected ISR-types were resistant towards antimicrobials including benzylpenicillin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracyclin, kanamycin, oxacillin, and cefoxitin; 8.3% (1/12) were confirmed as MRSA and 16.7% (2/12) were multidrug resistant. The present study shows the heterogeneity of the S. aureus population in Algerian ready-to-eat foods as for their toxigenic potential and antimicrobial resistance, shedding the light on the quality and safety related to the consume of ready-to-eat foods in Algeria.