注射用黄芪冻干粉一般药理研究

目的:观察注射用黄芪冻干粉对动物心血管系统、中枢神经系统、呼吸系统的影响。方法:以不同剂量黄芪冻干粉给予小鼠和麻醉犬静脉注射,观察药物对动物各系统的影响。结果:注射用黄芪冻干粉各剂量(生药70.0g/kg、35.0g/kg、7.0g/kg)组对麻醉犬血压、心率有显著降低和减慢作用;对心电图PR间期、QT间期、ST间期有显著延长影响(P<0.01);但对QRS、T波、P波、心动节律无明显影响;对犬呼吸系统无明显影响(P>0.05);对小鼠自主活动无明显影响,并不影响小鼠戊巴妥钠阈下催眠剂量(P>0.05)。结论:注射用黄芪冻干粉明显降低犬血压、减慢心率,显著延长心电图PR间期、QT间期、ST间期,但对QRS、T波、P波、心率节律和呼吸系统(呼吸频率、深度、节律)无明显影响;对小鼠中枢神经系统无抑制作用。     

注射用黄芪冻干粉一般药理研究

目的:观察注射用黄芪冻干粉对动物心血管系统、中枢神经系统、呼吸系统的影响。方法:以不同剂量黄芪冻干粉给予小鼠和麻醉犬静脉注射,观察药物对动物各系统的影响。结果:注射用黄芪冻干粉各剂量(生药70.0g.kg-1、35.0g.kg-1、7.0g.kg-1)组对麻醉犬血压、心率有显著降低和减慢作用;对心电图PR间期、QT间期、ST间期有显著延长影响(P<0.01);但对QRS、T波、P波、心动节律无明显影响;对犬呼吸系统无明显影响(P>0.05);对小鼠自主活动无明显影响,并不影响小鼠戊巴妥钠阈下催眠剂量(P>0.05)。结论:注射用黄芪冻干粉明显降低犬血压、减慢心率、…     

复方哌拉西林钠一般药理研究

目的：观察静脉注射用哌拉西林钠／舒巴坦钠（4：1）对动物的神经系统、心血管系统、呼吸系统的影响。方法：以不同剂量对小鼠和麻醉犬静脉注射哌拉西林钠／舒巴坦钠（4：1），同时设阴性对照，并观察记录多项指标。结果：静脉注射哌拉西林钠／舒巴坦钠（4：1）1250mg/kg,625mg/kg，312.5mg/kg，对小鼠自主活动无明显影响（P＞0．05）；在625、312．5、156．3mg/kg时对小鼠戊巴比妥钠阈下催眠剂量无明显影响（P＞0．05）；而在626、312．5、156．3mg/kg对麻醉犬的血压、心率及心电图无明显影响，对呼吸的频率和深度也无明显影响（P＞0．05）。结论：该复方对中枢神经系统、心血管系统及呼吸系统在所试剂量无明显影响。     

地红霉素一般药理研究

小鼠口服地红霉素200mg/kg在给药后30分钟和60分钟测定对小鼠一般行为活动、小鼠自主活动和小鼠对戊巴比妥钠阈下催眠剂量均无明显影响;小鼠口服地红霉素650mg/kg在给药后30分钟测定对小鼠一般行为活动、自主活动有明显抑制作用,与戊巴比妥钠可产生协同作用,给药后60分钟测定对小鼠一般行为活动、自主活动、戊巴比妥钠阈下催眠剂量则无明显影响,表明给子地红霉素200mg/kg(相当于拟临床人用量的3倍)对中柩神经系统无明显兴奋和抑     

新型氟喹诺酮抗菌药洛美沙星的一般药理和毒理学研究

洛美沙星是一种新合成的氟喹诺酮类抗菌药。本文报道了洛美沙星的一般药理和毒理学研究结果。小鼠口服洛美沙星100和300mg/kg时对小鼠自主活动无明显影响;与戊巴比妥钠阈下催眠剂量(25mg/kg)也无协同作用。狗口服本品30和100mg/kg对血压、心率、心电图和呼吸等均无明显影响;但静脉注射较大剂量时(10mg/kg)可使狗血压剧烈     

丹参有效部位的一般药理学和长期毒性研究

目的研究丹参抗HIV有效部位(DS-MEF)对小鼠精神神经系统的影响、对麻醉犬心血管系统和呼吸系统的影响以及长期给药对大鼠产生的毒性反应,为DS-MEF的进一步研究和应用提供依据。方法 DS-MEF 2000、4000、8000 mg/kg对小鼠灌胃给药一次后,观察其对小鼠自主活动、协调平衡运动以及戊巴比妥钠阈下催眠作用的影响;DS-MEF 500、1000、2000 mg/kg对犬灌胃给药一次后,考察240 min内其对犬血压、心率、心电图和呼吸系统的影响;DS-MEF 2000、4000、8000 mg/kg对大鼠连续灌胃给药12周,末次给药24 h和停药3周后,每组取半数动物(雌雄各半)进行体重、血液学、血液生化、尿液、脏器系数及病理组织学变化等检查。结果 DS-MEF对小鼠精神神经系统未见明显影响;对犬血压、心率和心电图各指标以及呼吸频率和呼吸深度未见明显影响;长期给药后,大鼠外观体征、一般活动等未见异常,体重变化和饲料消耗量与对照组比较无显著差异,动物心、肝、脾、肺、肾等主要脏器组织病理学检查未见药物引起的异常改变。结论本实验条件下,未观察到丹参有效部位对小鼠精神神经系统、对犬的心血管系统和呼吸系统的显著影响,且在长期毒性研究中,未见其对大鼠产生显著的毒性反应。     

司帕沙星对试验动物的一般药理研究

小鼠单次经口灌服司帕沙星4、20和100mg/kg后,动物的活动正常,未出现兴奋的抑制作用;小鼠单次经口灌服司帕沙星4、20和100mg/kg,与戊巴比妥钠镇静催眠无明显协同作用;给猫静脉注射司帕沙星4、16和64mg/kg,对动物呼吸和心血管系统无明显影响。     

人尿激肽释放酶对动物神经系统心血管和呼吸系统的影响

目的:观察静脉注射人尿激肽释放酶后对动物精神神经系统、心血管和呼吸系统的影响。方法:采用测定小鼠一般行为活动实验,小鼠自主活动实验及大鼠体温测定,小鼠戊巴比妥钠阈下睡眠时间测定,对麻醉猫的血压、心电图、心率、心律以及呼吸频率的测定。结果:人尿激肽释放酶对小鼠一般行为活动,小鼠自主活动和大鼠体温及小鼠戊巴比妥钠阈下睡眠时间均无明显影响。静注剂量为0.01活性单位kg~(-1),对麻醉猫     

寐安宁口服液镇静催眠作用的实验研究

观察鼠寐安宁口服液对小鼠的镇静催眠作用。结果表明 ,寐安宁口服液 5 0、2 .5 g/kg可明显减少小鼠自主活动次数 ,提高阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠致小鼠的入睡率 ,在本试验所用剂量范围内 ,寐安宁口服液对小鼠具有明显的镇静催眠作用。     

硝硫氰胺对神经系统的作用

硝硫氰胺(NDIT)ig0.48/(kg.d)×3或ig2.5g/(kg.d)×3能促进阈下催眠剂量的戊巴比妥钠ip25mg/kg引起小鼠睡眠,能提高中枢兴奋药的半数惊厥剂量(TD_(50)),表明NDIT与戊比妥巴钠有协同作用,与中枢兴奋药有拮抗作用。小鼠、猫NDITig后的EEG表现与镇静催眠药相似,引起急性中毒的主要症状为中枢抑制,共济     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.