A focus on acute cholecystitis and acute cholangitis

Biliary infections are very common intra-abdominal infections. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis and endoscopic retrograde management of acute cholangitis play important roles in the treatment of biliary infections. Also antimicrobial therapy is nevertheless important in the overall management of biliary infections. A multidisciplinary team of physicians, including surgeons trained in laparoscopic techniques, interventional gastroenterologists, and interventional radiologists may improve outcomes of patients with biliary infections. This review focuses the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and state of the art management of acute cholecystitis and acute cholangitis.     

Genetic characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children with conjunctivitis-otitis media syndrome

Acute conjunctivitis is the most common ocular disorders among children and frequently concomitant with acute otitis media (AOM) as conjunctivitis-otitis syndrome. In this study, we evaluated prevalence of causative pathogens and PCR-based genotypes of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae among children with conjunctivitis-otitis media syndrome. Nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHi) is identified most often at 61.8% in conjunctiva exudates followed by S. pneumoniae at 28.2% and Moraxella catarrhalis at 19.1%. Genetic β-lactamase nonproducing ampicillin resistant (gBLNAR) strains of NTHi and genetic penicillin resistant S. pneumoniae (gPRSP) were identified at 72.1% and at 74.2% among conjunctiva isolates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Pneumococcal strains having either ermB or mefE genes were identified at 93.5% among conjunctiva isolates. The restriction fragment of patterns of 89.7% pairs of H. influenzae isolates and 100% pairs of pneumococcal isolates from conjunctiva exudates, middle ear fluids (MEFs) and nasopharyngeal swabs were identical.In contrast to the previous reports, most prevalent strains from conjunctivitis-otitis media syndrome was BLNAR H. influenzae in this study. The causative pathogen responsible for acute conjunctivitis will be originated from the nasopharynx. In the absence of MEFs one can possibly rely on the nasopharyngeal culture to guide an appropriate treatment.     

老年急性肾损伤与急性肺损伤相互作用及治疗策略

急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)是系统性疾病,临床常合并急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI),死亡率高,尤其见于老年患者.AKI与ALI通过多种因素介导相互作用、相互损伤,从而使死亡率急剧增高.本文主要关注老年AKI和Au相互作用的相关机制,探讨治疗策略,期待可以积累经验深化认识,改善患者预后.     

体外循环后急性肺损伤诊断与防治的研究进展

急性肺损伤是体外循环后的重要并发症之一 ,一氧化氮呼出水平下降、前降钙素水平的增加可提示急性肺损伤。体外循环后肺损伤的防治方法较多 ,如白细胞滤过术、抑制细胞因子、补体的活性、减轻全身炎症反应、持续肺灌流 ,液体通气 ,一氧化氮吸入治疗。但其疗效有待进一步评价。     

急性脑梗塞患者血清白细胞介素6的变化及其临床意义

目的　研究急性脑梗塞患者血清白细胞介素６（ＩＬ－６） 的变化,进而探讨其临床意义。方法　采用放免法检测４０ 例急性脑梗塞患者血清ＩＬ－６ 水平,并与２０ 例健康人作对照。结果　脑梗塞患者急性期血清ＩＬ－ ６ 水平明显高于恢复期（Ｐ＜０－０１） 。恢复期血清ＩＬ－６ 稍高于正常水平,与正常对照组比较无显著性差异（ Ｐ＞０－０５） 。急性期血清ＩＬ－ ６ 升高的程度与梗塞灶大小密切相关。结论　脑梗塞急性期血清ＩＬ－６ 升高,恢复期已降至基本正常。脑缺血、缺氧及脑组织损伤引起的急性应激反应可能是脑梗塞急性期血清ＩＬ－６ 升高的重要机制。ＩＬ－６ 升高对缺血神经元可能具有保护作用。     

急性白血病P-糖蛋白表达检测及临床意义

目的：检测P-糖蛋白(P-gp)在急性髓系白血病(AML)和急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)不同分组的表达率，分析阳性表达与诱导缓解率的相关性。方法：72例急性白血病患者骨髓标本：初治组18例，完全缓解(CR)组38例，复发组16例。用单克隆抗体和流式细胞仪检测72例患者骨髓单个核细胞P-gp表达率。分析P-gp表达在不同分组之间有无差异及阳性表达与诱导化疗CR率的关系。结果：1)P-gp总表达率34．72％，初治组、CR组和复发组分别是22．22％、23．68％和75％。复发组P-gp表达率明显高于初治组和CR组(P：0．0021，P=0．00041)；初治组与CR组之间无显著差异(P=0．90)。2)P-gp在ALL组和AML表达率分别是33．3Vo和35．70％，两组无显著差异(P=0．57)。3)P-gp表达阳性组与阴性组CR率分别是40．00％和80．85％，有显著差异(P=0．00046)。结论：1)P-gp表达率在复发组显著高于初治和CR组。2)P-gp表达率在ALL和ANLL无显著差异。3)P-gp表达阳性与CR率低相关，是AML和ALL化疗耐药的预测指标。     

小儿急性肾炎急性期的护理体会

急性肾炎(Acute glomerular nephritis,AGN)是儿科常见的肾脏疾病,多发于3～8岁儿童,大多因溶血性链球菌感染而引发,感染后可引起增生性、渗出性或弥漫性肾小球损害。临床表现以水肿、少尿、血尿、高血压及肾小球滤过率明显下降等为     

急性阑尾炎的超声诊断及鉴别诊断

目的 探讨超声对急性阑尾炎的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法 对168例临床疑诊为急性阑尾炎的患者进行超声检查。首先于右下腹阑尾疼痛最明显的部位进行加压多切面顺时针或逆时针旋转扫查，仔细寻找并观察阑尾的位置、形态、大小、壁厚、渗出液及周围组织改变。若无阳性发现，常规扫查右肾、输尿管及右附件区。结果 168例中，超声诊断急性阑尾炎143例，其中急性单纯性阑尾炎74例；急性化脓性阑尾炎48例；坏疽穿孔性阑尾炎21例（4例有粪石嵌顿），盲结肠肿瘤并不全梗阻4例，右侧输尿管中下段结石12例，右附件区宫外孕2例，右侧卵巢囊肿扭转2例，超声未能提供阳性诊断5例。结论 超声对临床疑诊的急性阑尾炎具有明确的诊断及鉴别诊断价值，可作为影像学首选的诊断方法，为外科手术提供了重要依据。     

Hepatopulmonary syndrome-attributed extreme hypoxemia and polycythemia revealing liver cirrhosis

We report an unusual case of severe hepatopulmonary syndrome with previously unrecognized cirrhosis, presenting with acute on chronic dyspnoea, extreme hypoxemia, secondary polycythemia as well as direct identification of arteriovenous communications on computed tomography angiography. Hepatopulmonary syndrome, defined as the combination of hepatopathy, arterial deoxygenation and pulmonary vascular dilatation, is increasingly recognized as a life-threatening complication in advanced liver disease and transplant candidacy. It is usually diagnosed in chronic liver disease patients following pre-transplant evaluation or mild dyspnea investigation. Diagnosis relies on the indirect evidence of pulmonary arteriovenous communications suggested by echocardiography with a bubble study. Clinicians need to be aware of this rare but potential acute presentation at the emergency room.     

德州市1989～2003年消灭脊髓灰质炎监测与控制分析

目的了解德州市脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)监测与控制系统的运转状况。方法收集1989-2003年脊灰监测数据,进行分析和评价。对AFP病例采集双份粪便标本,对部分AFP病例的接触者及健康人群采集粪便标本进行肠道病毒检测,并对2432份健康人群血清标本进行脊灰中和抗体检测。结果1991年建立急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)监测系统以来,全市共报告AFP病例477例,1994年来非脊灰AFP报告发病率达到了WHO提出的1/10万指标,1995年以来AFP病例及时报告率、及时调查率、双份标本合格采集率、标本及时送检率和随访率均在90%以上,达到了卫生部80%的指标。脊灰疫苗(TOPV)接种率维持在90%以上,0～4岁儿童强化免疫接种率达到95%以上,1990年10月以来未发生脊灰野病毒病例。抗体检测表明,三型脊灰抗体阳性率维持在95%以上,AFP病例标本和接触者标本及健康人群肠道病毒检测,未检出脊灰病毒。结论德州市AFP监测系统运转良好,由于形成了较为牢固的脊灰人群免疫屏障,便得脊灰流行的可能性降为最低。     

阿托伐他汀治疗对急性心力衰竭患者炎症标志物和急性肾损伤的影响

目的探讨阿托伐他汀治疗对急性心力衰竭(AHF)患者炎症标志物和急性肾损伤(AKI)的影响。方法选择2012年10月至2014年7月在惠州市仲恺高新区人民医院收治并诊断为AHF的患者92例,将其随机分为阿托伐他汀治疗组(46例)和对照组(46例)。治疗组入院后给予阿托伐他汀80 mg/d持续3 d,随后10 mg/d直至出院。对照组未给予他汀类药物治疗。主要终点事件为AKI发生和炎症标志物的改变。次要终点事件为院内和3个月随访期内全因病死率。结果治疗组患者AKI的发生率(13%)低于对照组AKI的发生率(15%),差异未见统计学意义(P=0.213)。两组患者的N端脑钠肽、超敏C-反应蛋白、胱抑素C水平比较差异未见统计学意义。同时,治疗组和对照组两组间的院内病死率(4.3%和3.8%,P0.999)和90 d随访全因病死率比较差异未见统计学意义。结论 AHF患者住院期间服用大剂量阿托伐他汀治疗可能是安全的,但对于降低炎症标志物和AKI是无效的。     

床旁超声监测移植肾早期急性排异和急性肾小管坏死的临床研究

本文用超声对７１例肾移植术后患者进行床旁动态监测，连续观察了功能正常移植肾及急性排异（ＡＲ）、急性肾小管坏死（ＡＴＮ）的形态学和血流动力学变化。结果：１．功能正常组移植肾术后１１天，移植肾厚径、截面积、锥体高、宽同基础值相比分别增长９．７％、１８．８％、２５．２％；２．ＡＲ组移植肾排异后１５天，移植肾厚径、截面积、锥体高、宽分别增长２１．８％、３３．３％、３８．２％、４５．７％，高于正常组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。肾窦面积减少１９．１％。低于正常组，（Ｐ＜０．０１）；３．ＡＴＮ组移植肾锥体肿大峰值时间早于ＡＲ，肿大程度略重于ＡＲ；４．正常组移植肾术后７天，弓形动脉ＲＩ值与基础测值相比有明显升高（ｐ＜０．０１）并达峰值０．５６；５．ＡＲ、ＡＴＮ血流动力学变化早于临床及形态学改变     

肝硬化合并急性胆囊炎和胆管炎的外科治疗

目的：探讨肝硬化合并发急性胆囊炎和胆管炎的外科治疗。方法：回顾分析38例肝硬化合并急性胆囊炎和胆管炎的病例资料。结果：36例痊愈，治愈率94．7％，好转1例（2．65％），死亡1例（2．65％）。结论：做好围手术期处理，术中精细操作，肝硬化合并急性胆囊炎和胆管炎患者仍可取得盘好的效果。     

超声显像对急性胰腺炎及其并发症的诊断价值

急性胰腺炎是临床常见的急腹症之一.由于急性胰腺炎发病急,病情进展迅速,若延误诊治将会危及患者的生命.现将我院近五年来经超声显像诊断后,由有关实验室检查、手术及病理证实的46例急性胰腺炎报告如下.     

Prevalence, etiologies and outcome of the acute respiratory distress syndrome among hypoxemic ventilated patients

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and outcome of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) among patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Design: A prospective, multi-institutional, initial cohort study including 28-day follow-up. Settings: Thirty-six French intensive care units (ICUs) from a working group of the French Intensive Care Society (SRLF). Patients: All the patients entering the ICUs during a 14-day period were screened prospectively. Hypoxemic patients, defined as having a PaO₂/FIO₂ ratio (P/F) of 300 mmHg or less and receiving mechanical ventilation, were classified into three groups, according to the Consensus Conference on ARDS: group 1 refers to ARDS (P/F: 200 mmHg or less and bilateral infiltrates on the chest X-ray); group 2 to acute lung injury (ALI) without having criteria for ARDS (200 < P/F ≤ 300 mmHg and bilateral infiltrates) and group 3 to patients with P/F of 300 mmHg or less but having exclusion criteria from the previous groups. Results: Nine hundred seventy-six patients entered the ICUs during the study period, 43 % of them being mechanically ventilated and 213 (22 %) meeting the criteria for one of the three groups. Among all the ICU admissions, ARDS, ALI and group 3 patients amounted, respectively, to 6.9 % (67), 1.8 % (17) and 13.3 % (129) of the patients, and represented 31.5 %, 8.1 % and 60.2 % of the hypoxemic, ventilated patients. The overall mortality rate was 41 % and was significantly higher in ARDS patients than in the others (60 % vs 31 % p < 0.01). In group 3, 42 patients had P/F less than 200 mmHg associated with unilateral lung injury; mortality was significantly lower (40.5 %) than in the ARDS group. In the whole group of hypoxemic, ventilated patients, septic shock and severity indices but not oxygenation indices were significantly associated with mortality, while the association with immunosuppression revealed only a trend (p = 0.06). Conclusions: In this survey we found that very few patients fulfilled the ALI non-ARDS criteria and that the mortality of the group with ARDS was high. Received: 21 September 1998 Final revision received: 3 February 1999 Accepted: 3 May 1999     

High-frequency percussive ventilation improves oxygenation and ventilation in pediatric patients with acute respiratory failure

Purpose

High-frequency percussive ventilation (HFPV) in pediatrics has been described predominantly in burned patients. We aimed to describe its effectiveness and safety in noninhalational pediatric acute respiratory failure (ARF).

Methods

We conducted an observational study in a tertiary care pediatric intensive care unit on 31 patients with ARF failing conventional ventilation transitioned to HFPV. Demographics, ventilator settings, oxygenation index, oxygen saturation index, oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry/fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio₂), and Pao₂/Fio₂ were recorded before and during HFPV.

Results

Initiation of HFPV was associated with improvements in oxygenation index, oxygen saturation index, Pao₂/Fio₂, and oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry/Fio₂ as early as 12 hours (P < .05), which continued through 48 hours after transition. Improved oxygenation occurred without an increase in mean airway pressures. Reductions in Paco₂ occurred 6 hours after initiation of HFPV and continued through 48 hours (P < .01). Improved gas exchange was accompanied by reduced peak-inflating pressures at all time intervals after initiation of HPFV (P < .01). Vasopressor scores were similar before and after initiation of HFPV in patients requiring vasoactive support. Twenty-six (83.9%) of 31 patients survived to hospital discharge.

Conclusions

In a heterogeneous population of pediatric ARF failing conventional ventilation, HFPV efficiently improves gas exchange in a lung-protective manner.     

超敏-C反应蛋白与急性脑血管病的相关性研究

目的研究超敏-C反应蛋白（Hs—CRP）在急性脑血管病人中的变化,并探讨其与疾病的关系。方法收集275例住院的急性脑血管病患者,脑卒中患急性者245例,其中急性脑出血96例,急性脑梗死149例;短暂性脑缺血发作患者30例,同时选择年龄、性别比较相似的85名正常健康体检者,空腹抽血均以免疫速率散射测浊法测定其Hs—CRP的水平。结果急性脑血管病患者阳性率为75．64％：其中急性脑梗塞阳性率为75．17％,急性脑出血阳性率81．25％,短暂性脑缺血发作阳性率60．00％。脑卒中患者Hs—CRP的水平为（8．91±7．31）μg／L,与正常对照组[（1．09±0．12）mg／L]比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。脑梗死组和脑出血组血清Hs—CRP分别为（8．53±7．41）mg/L、（10．63±7．91）mg／L,脑出血组显著高于脑梗死组（P〈0．01）。大梗死患者的Hs—CRP比小梗死升高明显（P〈0．01）,分别为（11．39±2．51）mg／L、（7．38±2．70）mg／L。部分病例10天后复捡Hs—CRP结果明显降低,有显著性差异（P〈0．01）,与病情的康复相一致。结论Hs—CRP可能与急性脑血管病发病有关,急性脑血管病患者测定Hs—CRP浓度可以为临床评价病情的变化提供有意义的参考指标,Hs—CRP水平增高是急性脑血管病的独立危险因素。Hs—CRP与脑卒中的发生、发展密切相关,可以作为脑卒中转归的评价指标,临床在治疗时应充分考虑炎症反应这一危险因素。