Inhibitory effects of coronary vasodilator papaverine on heterologously-expressed HERG currents in Xenopus oocytes

AIM: To characterize the effects of papaverine on HERG channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes as well as cardiac action potential in rabbit ventricular myocytes. METHODS: Conventional microelectrodes were used to record action potential in rabbit ventricular myocytes. HERG currents were recorded by 2-electrode voltage clamp technique in Xenopus oocytes injected with HERG cRNA. RESULTS: Papaverine increased the cardiac action potential duration in rabbit ventricular myocytes. It blocked heterologously-expressed HERG currents in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 71.03+/-4.75 micromol/L, NH 0.80, n=6), whereas another phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline (500 micromol/L), did not. The blockade of papaverine on HERG currents was not voltage-dependent. The slope conductance measured as a slope of the fully activated HERG current-voltage curves decreased from 78.03+/-4.25 muS of the control to 56.84+/-5.33, 36.06+/-6.53, and 27.09+/-5.50 microS (n=4) by 30, 100, and 300 micromol/L of papaverine, respectively. Papaverine (100 micromol/L) caused a 9 mV hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage-dependence of steady-state inactivation, but there were no changes in the voltage-dependence of HERG current activation. Papaverine blocked HERG channels in the closed, open, and inactivated states. CONCLUSION: These results showed that papaverine blocked HERG channels in a voltage- and state-independent manner, which may most likely be the major mechanism of papaverine-induced cardiac arrhythmia reported in humans.     

Chlorthalidone inhibits the KvLQT1 potassium current in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes and oocytes from Xenopus laevis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chlorthalidone is used for the treatment of hypertension as it produces a lengthening of the cardiac action potential. However, there is no experimental evidence that chlorthalidone has electrophysiological effects on the potassium currents involved in cardiac repolarization. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Ventricular myocytes and oocytes, transfected with human ionic channels that produce IK current, were exposed to different concentrations of chlorthalidone. Action potentials and potassium currents were recorded using a patch clamp technique. To determine which component of the current was affected by chlorthalidone, human channel proteins (hERG, minK and KvLQT1) were used. KEY RESULTS: Chlorthalidone prolonged the ventricular action potential at 50 and 90% by 13 and 14%, respectively. The cardiac potassium currents I(to) and IK(1) were not affected by chlorthalidone at any concentration, whereas the delayed rectifier potassium current, IK, was blocked in a dose-response, voltage-independent fashion. In our preparation, 100 microM chlorthalidone blocked the two components of the delayed rectifier potassium current with the same potency (50.1+/-5% for IK(r) and 54.6+/-6% for IK(s)) (n=7, P<0.05). The chlorthalidone-sensitive current was slow and saturated at potentials greater than +30 mV. In our conditions only the KvLQT1 potassium current was affected by the drug, by 14%. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Chlorthalidone was demonstrated to have a direct effect on cardiac ventricular myocytes; it blocked the delayed rectifier potassium current (IK), specifically the KvLQT1 component of the potassium current. These results indicate that it has potential for use as an antiarrhythmic but further studies are needed.     

Inhibition of minK protein induced K+ channels in Xenopus oocytes by estrogens

Previously it was shown that minK protein expression in uterus is regulated by estrogen. In the present study, we were interested in putative direct effects of estrogen on minK protein induced K⁺ currents (I_minK) in Xenopus oocytes. Superfusion with 17--estradiol (1 M) resulted in an inhibition of minK-induced currents, but had no appreciable effects on the delayed rectifier and inward rectifier K⁺ channels Kv1.1 and Kir2.1, respectively. The inhibition of I_minK by 17--estradiol was concentration-dependent, with an IC₅₀ of approximately 0.5 M. In the presence of 17--estradiol, the conductance-voltage relationship was shifted to more depolarized potentials. I_minK inhibition occurred also in the presence of the estrogen-receptor antagonist tamoxifen, suggesting that a mechanism independent of estrogen receptors is involved. The synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) also inhibited I_minK but with a lower affinity (IC₅₀ of 4.5 M), while cortisol and progesterone had only weak effects on I_minK. In summary, the results indicate that estrogens directly inhibit I_minK.     

Effects of anesthetics on the function of orexin-1 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Neurons in the hypothalamus containing the neuropeptide orexin have been implicated in the control of sleep and wakefulness and in the pathology of narcolepsy. In this study, we investigated the effects of volatile anesthetics, ethanol and intravenous anesthetics on orexin-A-induced Ca2+-activated Cl- currents using Xenopus oocytes expressing orexin-1 receptors (OX1Rs). The volatile anesthetics isoflurane, enflurane and halothane inhibited Cl- currents elicited by 1-micromol/l orexin-A. Ethanol and the intravenous anesthetics pentobarbital and ketamine also inhibited the action of orexin-A. The inhibitory effects of all of the compounds tested were shown to be caused by the inhibition of OX1R function. These results may, at least in part, explain their hypnotic effects.     

双苯氟嗪对表达于爪蟾卵母细胞上的KCNQ1/KCNE1钾通道电流的影响

目的研究双苯氟嗪对KCNQ1/KCNE1钾通道电流的影响,以探讨其抗心律失常作用的可能机制。方法采用双电极电压钳技术,观察双苯氟嗪对表达于非洲爪蟾卵母细胞上的KCNQ1/KCNE1钾通道电流的影响。结果双苯氟嗪(0.3～30μmol.L-1)浓度依赖性地抑制KCNQ1/KCNE1电流,IC50为(8.9±1.8)μmol.L-1。在-10～90mV范围内双苯氟嗪对KCNQ1/KCNE1电流的抑制作用具有电压依赖性。双苯氟嗪10μmol.L-1使KCNQ1/KCNE1电流的半数激活电压右移3mV,增大激活时间常数,减慢KCNQ1/KCNE1电流的激活;降低慢去活时间常数和快去活时间常数,加速KCNQ1/KCNE1电流的去活。结论双苯氟嗪降低KCNQ1/KCNE1钾通道电流并改变其动力学特征,提示双苯氟嗪抗心律失常的作用可能与其有关。     

Human beta(3)-adrenoreceptors couple to KvLQT1/MinK potassium channels in Xenopus oocytes via protein kinase C phosphorylation of the KvLQT1 protein

Modulation of the slow component of the delayed rectifier potassium current (IKs) in heart critically affects cardiac arrhythmogenesis. Its current amplitude is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system. However, the signal transduction from the -adrenergic system to the KvLQT1/MinK (KCNQ1/KCNE1) potassium channel, which is the molecular correlate of the IKs current in human cardiomyocytes, is not sufficiently understood. In the human heart, three subtypes of -adrenergic receptors (_1–3-ARs) have been identified. Only ₁- and ₃-ARs have been shown so far to be involved in the regulation of IKs. Special interest has been paid to the regulation of IKs by the ₃-AR because of its potential importance in congestive heart failure. In heart failure ₁-ARs are known to be down regulated while the density of ₃-ARs is increased. Unfortunately, studies on the modulation of IKs by ₃-AR revealed conflicting results. We investigated the functional role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the signal transduction cascade between 3-adrenergic receptors and IKs by expressing heterologously its molecular components, the KvLQT1/MinK potassium channel, together with human ₃-AR in Xenopus oocytes. Membrane currents were measured with the double electrode voltage-clamp technique. Using activators and inhibitors of PKC we demonstrated that PKC is involved in this regulatory process. Experiments in which the putative C-terminal PKC-phosphorylation sites in the KvLQT1 protein were destroyed by site directed mutagenesis reduced the isoproterenol-induced current to 27±3,5% compared to control. These results indicate that the amplitude of KvLQT1/MinK current is mainly increased by PKC activation. Our results suggest that the regulation of the KvLQT1/MinK potassium channel via ₃-AR is substantially mediated by PKC phosphorylation of the KvLQT1 protein at its four C-terminal PKC phosphorylation sites.S. Kathöfer, K. Röckl and W. Zhang contributed equally to this paper     

Fenamate-induced enhancement of heterologously expressed HERG currents in Xenopus oocytes

In the present study, the effects of intra-nucleus accumbens injection of L-arginine, a nitric oxide (NO) precursor, and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, on morphine-induced conditioned place preference in male Wistar rats were investigated. Our data showed that subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of morphine sulphate (0.5-10 mg/kg) significantly increased the time spent in the drug-paired compartment in a dose-dependent manner. Intra-accumbens administration of L-arginine (0.03 and 0.05 microg/rat) with an ineffective dose of morphine (0.5 mg/kg) elicited significant conditioned place preference, while intra-accumbens administration of L-NAME (0.3, 0.1 and 1 microg/rat) decreased the acquisition of conditioned place preference induced by morphine (7.5 mg/kg). The response to different doses of L-arginine was decreased by L-NAME (0.03 microg/rat). L-Arginine and L-NAME by themselves did not elicit any effect on place conditioning. Intra-accumbens administration of L-arginine but not L-NAME significantly decreased the expression of morphine (7.5 mg/kg)-induced place preference. The attenuation of already established morphine-induced place preference on the test day by L-arginine was inhibited by L-NAME. The results indicate that NO may be involved in the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced place preference.     

Acute effects of dronedarone on both components of the cardiac delayed rectifier K+ current, HERG and KvLQT1/minK potassium channels

Dronedarone is a noniodinated benzofuran derivative that has been synthesized to overcome the limiting iodine-associated adverse effects of the potent antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone. In this study, the acute electrophysiological effects of dronedarone on repolarizing potassium channels were investigated to determine the class III antiarrhythmic action of this compound. HERG and KvLQT1/minK potassium channels conduct the delayed rectifier potassium current IK in human heart, being a primary target for class III antiarrhythmic therapy. HERG and KvLQT1/minK were expressed heterologously in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and the respective potassium currents were recorded using the two-microelectrode voltage-clamp technique. Dronedarone blocked HERG channels with an IC50 value of 9.2 microM and a maximum tail current reduction of 85.2%. HERG channels were blocked in the closed, open, and inactivated states. The half-maximal activation voltage was shifted by -6.1 mV, and HERG current block by dronedarone was voltage-dependent, but not use-dependent. Dronedarone exhibited a weaker block of KvLQT1/minK currents (33.2% at 100 microM drug concentration), without causing significant changes in the corresponding current-voltage relationships. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that dronedarone is an antagonist of cloned HERG potassium channels, with additional inhibitory effects on KvLQT1/minK currents at higher drug concentrations, providing a molecular mechanism for the class III antiarrhythmic action of the drug.     

Effects of volatile solvents on recombinant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes

1. We have previously shown that toluene dose-dependently inhibits recombinant N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors at micromolar concentrations. This inhibition was rapid, almost complete and reversible. The NR1/2B combination was the most sensitive receptor subtype tested with an IC(50) value for toluene of 0.17 mM. 2. We now report on the effects of other commonly abused solvents (benzene, m-xylene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, 1,1,1-trichlorethane (TCE) and those of a convulsive solvent, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether (flurothyl), on NMDA-induced currents measured in XENOPUS oocytes expressing NR1/2A or NR1/2B receptor subtypes. 3. All of the alkylbenzenes and TCE produced a reversible inhibition of NMDA-induced currents that was dose- and subunit-dependent. The NR1/2B receptor subtype was several times more sensitive to these compounds than the NR1/2A subtype. 4. The convulsant solvent flurothyl had no effect on NMDA responses in oocytes but potently inhibited ion flux through recombinant GABA receptors expressed in oocytes. 5. Overall, these results suggest that abused solvents display pharmacological selectivity and that NR1/2B NMDA receptors may be an important target for the actions of these compounds on the brain.     

Modulating effect of ginseng saponins on heterologously expressed HERG currents in Xenopus oocytes

AIM: To examine the effects of ginseng saponins on the heterologously expressed human ether-a-go-go related gene (HERG) that encodes the rapid component of the delayed rectifier K+ channel. METHODS: A two-electrode voltage clamp technique was used. HERG currents were recorded in Xenopus oocytes injected with HERG cRNA. RESULTS: Crude saponins of Korean red ginseng (GS) induced a minimal increase of the maximal HERG conductance without changes in the voltage-dependent HERG current activation and inactivation curves. GS, however, decelerated HERG current deactivation in a concentration-dependent manner, which was more noticeable with panaxitriol (PT) than panaxidiol (PD). Consistently, ginseng saponins increased the HERG deactivation time constants with the order of potency of Rg1 (a major component of PT)>Rf1>Rb1 (a major component of PD). Re had little effect on HERG deactivation. During a cardiac action potential, GS increased the outward HERG current. CONCLUSION: Ginseng saponins enhance HERG currents, which could be in part a possible mechanism of the shortening cardiac action potential of ginseng saponins.     

Inhibitory effects of tramadol on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in adrenal chromaffin cells and in Xenopus oocytes expressing alpha 7 receptors

1. Tramadol has been used clinically as an analgesic; however, the mechanism of its analgesic effects is still unknown. 2. We used bovine adrenal chromaffin cells to investigate effects of tramadol on catecholamine secretion, nicotine-induced cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) increases and membrane current changes. We also investigated effects of tramadol on alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) expressed in Xenopus oocytes. 3. Tramadol concentration-dependently suppressed carbachol-induced catecholamine secretion to 60% and 27% of the control at the concentration of 10 and 100 microM, respectively, whereas it had little effect on veratridine- or high K(+)-induced catecholamine secretion. 4. Tramadol also suppressed nicotine-induced ([Ca(2+)](i)) increases in a concentration-dependent manner. Tramadol inhibited nicotine-induced inward currents, and the inhibition was unaffected by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. 5. Tramadol inhibited nicotinic currents carried by alpha7 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. 6. Tramadol inhibited both alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive and -insensitive nicotinic currents in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. 7. In conclusion, tramadol inhibits catecholamine secretion partly by inhibiting nicotinic AChR functions in a naloxone-insensitive manner and alpha7 receptors are one of those inhibited by tramadol.     

蝙蝠葛碱对豚鼠心室肌细胞钾电流的阻断作用(英文)

目的:研究蝙蝠葛碱对豚鼠心室肌细胞快激活(I_(Kr))和慢激活(I_(Ks))延迟整流钾电流及内向整流钾电流(I_(K1))的作用。方法:酶解法制备单个心室肌细胞。电压箝制方式下全细胞记录豚鼠单个心室肌细胞钾通道电流。结果:蝙蝠葛碱1-100μmol·L~(-1)浓度依赖性阻断I_(Ks),I_(Ks-tail)[IC_(50)=33(95 ％可信限:24-46)μmol·L~(-1)]及I_(Kr),I_(Kr-tail)[IC_(50))=16 (95％可信限:13-22)μmol·L~(-1)]。对I_(Ks-tail),I_(Kr-tail)的去激活过程无明显影响,给药前的时间常数分别为(92±18)ms和(140±38)ms,给药后分别为(84±16)ms和(130±26)ms(P>0.05)。蝙蝠葛碱对I_(Ks)的抑制作用具有电压依赖性。 蝙蝠葛碱20μmol·L~(-1)对I_(K1)的内向部分具有阻断作用。结论:蝙蝠葛碱对I_(Kr)和I_(Ks)具有阻断作用,但不影响此两种成分的去激活过程. 蝙蝠葛碱同时具有阻断I_(K1)的作用。     

Corymine potentiates NMDA-induced currents in Xenopus oocytes expressing NR1a/NR2B glutamate receptors

Previous studies demonstrated that corymine, an indole alkaloid isolated from the leaves of Hunter zeylanica, dose-dependently inhibited strychnine-sensitive glycine-induced currents. However, it is unclear whether this alkaloid can modulate the function of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor on which glycine acts as a co-agonist via strychnine-insensitive glycine binding sites. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of corymine on NR1a/NR2B NMDA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes using the two-electrode voltage clamp technique. Corymine significantly potentitated the NMDA-induced currents recorded from oocytes on days 3 and 4 after cRNA injection but it showed no effect when the current was recorded on days 5 and 6. The potentiating effect of corymine on NMDA-induced currents was induced in the presence of a low concentration of glycine (< or =0.1 microM). Spermine significantly enhanced the potentiating effect of corymine observed in the oocytes on days 3 and 4, while the NMDA-receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanone (AP5) and the NMDA-channel blocker 5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801) reversed the effect of corymine. On the other hand, the nonspecific chloride channel blocker 4,4-di-isothiocyano stilbene-2,2-disulfonoc acid (DIDS) had no effect on the corymine potentiation of NMDA currents. There was no good correlation between corymine- and spermine-induced potentiation of the NMDA-current response in Xenopus oocytes. These results suggest that corymine potentiates the NMDA-induced currents by interacting with a site different from the spermine binding site.     

Volatile anesthetics and endogenous cannabinoid anandamide have additive and independent inhibitory effects on alpha(7)-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated responses in Xenopus oocytes

In earlier studies, the volatile anesthetics and the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide have been shown to inhibit the function of alpha(7)-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. In the present study, interactions between the effects of volatile anesthetics and anandamide on the function of alpha(7)-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes were investigated using the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. Anandamide and volatile anesthetics isoflurane and halothane inhibited currents evoked with acetylcholine (100 microM) in a reversible and concentration-dependent manner. Coapplication of anandamide and volatile anesthetics caused a significantly greater inhibition of alpha(7)-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function than anandamide or volatile anesthetics alone. Analyses of oocytes by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy indicated that volatile anesthetics did not alter the lipid profile of oocytes. Results of studies with chimeric alpha(7)-nicotinic acetylcholine-5-HT(3) receptors comprised of the N-terminal domain of the alpha(7)-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the transmembrane and carboxyl-terminal domains of 5-HT(3) receptors suggest that while isoflurane inhibition of the alpha(7)-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is likely to involve the N-terminal region of the receptor, the site of action for anandamide involves transmembrane and carboxyl-terminal domains of the receptors. These data indicate that endocannabinoids and isoflurane have additive inhibitory effects on alpha(7)-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function through allosteric binding sites located on the distinct regions of the receptor.     

Ionic effects on amiloride block of the mechanosensitive channel in Xenopus oocytes.

1. Patch clamp techniques were used to measure the ionic dependence of amiloride block of single mechanosensitive (MS) channels in frog (Xenopus laevis) oocytes. 2. The primary aim was to determine whether the difference in potency of amiloride block of MS channels in frog oocytes (IC50 = 0.5 mM) and chick auditory hair cells (IC50 = 50 microM) was due to the different ionic recording solutions. 3. Amiloride block of the oocyte MS channel does not vary significantly with complete substitution of external Na+ (i.e. 100 mM) with K+ in Ca(2+)-free recording solution (in both Na+ and K+ the IC50 = 0.5 mM). 4. A physiological concentration (1.8 mM) of external Ca2+ blocks the oocyte MS channel and reduces the potency of amiloride block (IC50 = 1.1 mM) without altering the voltage-dependence or the HIll coefficient (n = 1.8) of amiloride block. The reduction in potency can be explained by surface charge screening by Ca2+ which reduces the effective amiloride surface concentration. 5. The present results indicate that factors other than ionic recording conditions must underlie the difference in potency of amiloride block of MS channels in oocytes and auditory hair cells.     

Inhibitory effects of dauricine on potassium currents in guinea pig ventricular myocytes

AIM: To study the effects of dauricine(Dau) on the rapidly activating component (IKr), the slowly activating component (IKs) of the delayed rectifier potassium current, and the inward rectifier potassium current (IKl) in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. METHODS: Single myocytes were dissociated by enzymatic dissociation method. The currents were recorded with the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. RESULTS: (1) Dau 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 mumol.L-1 blocked IKr and tail current (IKr-tail) in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 for block of IKr-tail was 16 (95% confidence limits: 13-22) mumol.L-1. The time constant of IKr-tail deactivation was (140 +/- 38) ms in the control and (130 +/- 26) ms in the presence of Dau 30 mumol.L-1 (n = 6 cells from 3 animals, P > 0.05). (2) Dau 1-100 mumol.L-1 produced concentration-dependent blocks of IKs and tail current (IKs-tail). The IC50 value for block of IKs-tail was 33 (95% confidence limits: 24-46) mumol.L-1. The time constant of IKs-tail deactivation was (92 +/- 18) ms in the control and (84 +/- 16) ms in the presence of Dau 30 mumol.L-1 (n = 8 cells from 4 animals, P > 0.05). (3) Addition of Dau 30 mumol.L-1 induced block of IKs and IKs-tail (n = 7 cells from 3 animals). The degree of block of IKs and IKs-tail depended on test potentials, increasing with more positive depolarizations. (4) Dau 20 mumol.L-1 blocked mainly inward component of IKl and reduced the reversal potential from -72 mV (control) to -78 mV (n = 6 cells from 3 animals). CONCLUSION: (1) Dau inhibited IKs, but not the process of IKs deactivation. (2) Dau blocked IKr, but not the process of deactivation. (3) Dau had a blocking effect on IKl.     

Effects of diltiazem and propafenone on the inactivation and recovery kinetics of fKv1.4 channel currents expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Aim:

To investigate the effects of diltiazem, an L-type calcium channel blocker, and propafenone, a sodium channel blocker, on the inactivation and recovery kinetics of fKv1.4, a potassium channel that generates the cardiac transient outward potassium current.

Methods:

The cRNA for fKv1.4ΔN, an N-terminal deleted mutant of the ferret Kv1.4 potassium channel, was injected into Xenopus oocytes to express the fKv1.4ΔN channel in these cells. Currents were recorded using a two electrode voltage clamp technique.

Results:

Diltiazem (10 to 1000 μmol/L) inhibited the fKv1.4ΔN channel in a frequency-dependent, voltage-dependent, and concentration-dependent manner, suggesting an open channel block. The IC₅₀ was 241.04±23.06 μmol/L for the fKv1.4ΔN channel (at +50 mV), and propafenone (10 to 500 μmol/L) showed a similar effect (IC₅₀=103.68±10.13 μmol/L). After application of diltiazem and propafenone, fKv1.4ΔN inactivation was bi-exponential, with a faster drug-induced inactivation and a slower C-type inactivation. Diltiazem increased the C-type inactivation rate and slowed recovery in fKv1.4ΔN channels. However, propafenone had no effect on either the slow inactivation time constant or the recovery.

Conclusion:

Diltiazem and propafenone accelerate the inactivation of the Kv1.4ΔN channel by binding to the open state of the channel. Unlike propafenone, diltiazem slows the recovery of the Kv1.4ΔN channel.     

脱氧核酶抑制细菌blaTEM-1酶基因表达的实验研究

目的观察10-23脱氧核酶对细菌TEM-1酶基因表达的抑制作用。方法PCR扩增TEM-1酶全编码基因,将其连接入pBK-CMV载体中,并在大肠埃希菌JM109中表达。设计并合成针对blaTEM-1的10-23脱氧核酶、反义寡核苷酸,采用氯化钙法将其分别导入表达blaTEM-1的大肠埃希菌中,观察细菌导入脱氧核酶后,在含氨苄西林(100μg/ml)培养基中的生长活力及β-内酰胺酶活性的变化。结果10-23脱氧核酶导入表达blaTEM-1的大肠埃希菌后,在含氨苄西林(100μg/ml)的培养基中大肠埃希菌的生长活力明显低于反义寡核苷酸和空白对照组,导入脱氧核酶的大肠埃希菌β-内酰胺酶活性也明显低于反义寡核苷酸和空白对照组。结论10-23脱氧核酶能特异性地抑制细菌blaTEM-1酶基因表达。     

Determination of KA values by controlled receptor expression in Xenopus oocytes.

1. In the present study we estimated the KA value of endothelin-1 (ET-1) for ETA-receptors by a new method in which the level of expression of ETA-receptors in Xenopus oocytes was altered in a controlled way. 2. Kvl.2 (a delayed rectifier type K channel) c RNA at the fixed concentration of 0.2 micro g micro l(-1) was mixed with ETA-receptor cRNA at various concentration ratios (10(-3)-3). Oocytes were examined 2-4 days after the injection of the cRNA mixtures. 3. In these oocytes, ET-1 suppressed the amplitude of Kvl.2 current in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 0.1-100 nM; the maximum inhibition produced by ET-1 was larger and the EC50 value for the inhibition by ET-1 was smaller as the mixture ratio was increased. Double-reciprocal plots of equiactive concentrations of ET-1 in 1/1- and 1/30-injected oocytes yielded a KA for ET-1 of 7.4 nM. The number of ETA-receptors in 1/30-injected oocytes was 13% of that in 1/1-injected oocytes, whereas the inhibition of the current in 1/30-injected oocytes was about 60% of that in 1/1-injected oocytes. This suggests the presence of spare receptors of ETA in the latter. 4. A saturation binding experiment estimated a KD value of 0.1 nM for ET-1 at ETA-receptors and the number of ETA-receptors in 1/30-injected oocytes was 23% of that in 1/1-injected ones. This value was not significantly different from that estimated by the above new method. However, there was a discrepancy between KA and KD, which could be due to factors unique to the expression system employed in the present study.     

Antiarrhythmic drugs,clofilium and cibenzoline are potent inhibitors of glibenclamide-sensitive K+ currents in Xenopus oocytes.

1. The novel K+ channel opener, Y-26763 induced outward K+ currents in voltage-clamped follicle-enclosed Xenopus oocytes in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 value of 58 microM. 2. The Y-26763-induced K+ current was completely and reversibly blocked by glibenclamide (an ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker) in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 140 nM). Effects of several antiarrhythmic drugs on Y-26763-induced glibenclamide-sensitive K+ currents were investigated. 3. (+/-)-Cibenzoline, RS-2135, pirmenol, lorcainide and KW-3407 (class I antiarrhythmic drugs, Na+ channel blockers) suppressed Y-26763 responses in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values (in microM) of 6.6, 54, 68, 71 and 370, respectively. 4. Clofilium, E-4031, MS-551 and bretylium (class III antiarrhythmic drugs which increase the action potential duration) also suppressed Y-26763 responses concentration-dependently, IC50 values (in microM) were 3.3, 660, 980 and > or = 2000, respectively. N-acetylprocainamide (class III antiarrhythmic drug) scarcely suppressed Y-26763 responses. 5. The glibenclamide-sensitive K+ currents elicited by KRN2391 were also suppressed by all these antiarrhythmic drugs. 6. The antiarrhythmic drugs, clofilium and (+/-)-cibenzoline block glibenclamide-sensitive K+ channels in Xenopus oocytes at concentrations comparable to their therapeutic plasma levels.