A Comparison of Social and Spatial Determinants of Health Between Formal and Informal Settlements in a Large Metropolitan Setting in Brazil

Urban informal settlements are often under-recognized in national and regional surveys. A lack of quality intra-urban data frequently contributes to a one-size-fits-all public health intervention and clinical strategies that rarely address the variegated socioeconomic disparities across and within different informal settlements in a city. The 2010 Brazilian census gathered detailed population and place-based data across the country's informal settlements. Here, we examined key socio-demographic and infrastructure characteristics that are associated with health outcomes in Rio de Janeiro with the census tract as the unit of analysis. Many of the city's residents (1.39 million people, 22 % of the population) live in informal settlements. Residents of census tracts in Rio de Janeiro's urban informal areas are younger, (median age of 26 versus 35 years in formal settlements), and have less access to adequate water (96 versus 99 % of informal households), sanitation (86 versus 96 %), and electricity (67 versus 92 %). Average per household income in informal settlement census tracts is less than one third that of non-informal tracts (US\$708 versus US\$2362). Even among informal settlements in different planning areas in the same city, there is marked variation in these characteristics. Public health interventions, clinical management, and urban planning policies aiming to improve the living conditions of the people residing in informal settlements, including government strategies currently underway, must consider the differences that exist between and within informal settlements that shape place-based physical and social determinants of health.     

Burden of Cervical Cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region During the Years 2000 and 2017: Retrospective Data Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study

BackgroundCervical cancer is a growing health concern, especially in resource-limited settings.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the burden of cervical cancer mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) and globally between the years 2000 and 2017 by using a pooled data analysis approach.MethodsWe used an ecological approach at the country level. This included extracting data from publicly available databases and linking them together in the following 3 steps: (1) extraction of data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study in the years 2000 and 2017, (2) categorization of EMR countries according to the World Bank gross domestic product per capita, and (3) linking age-specific population data from the Population Statistics Division of the United Nations (20-29 years, 30-49 years, and >50 years) and GBD’s data with gross national income per capita and globally extracted data, including cervical cancer mortality and DALY numbers and rates per country. The cervical cancer mortality rate was provided by the GBD study using the following formula: number of cervical cancer deaths × 100,000/female population in the respective age group.ResultsThe absolute number of deaths due to cervical cancer increased from the year 2000 (n=6326) to the year 2017 (n=8537) in the EMR; however, the mortality rate due to this disease decreased from the year 2000 (2.7 per 100,000) to the year 2017 (2.5 per 100,000). According to age-specific data, the age group ≥50 years showed the highest mortality rate in both EMR countries and globally, and the age group of 20-29 years showed the lowest mortality rate both globally and in the EMR countries. Further, the rates of cervical cancer DALYs in the EMR were lower compared to the global rates (2.7 vs 6.8 in 2000 and 2.5 vs 6.8 in 2017 for mortality rate per 100,000; 95.8 vs 222.2 in 2000 and 86.3 vs 211.8 in 2017 for DALY rate per 100,000; respectively). However, the relative difference in the number of DALYs due to cervical cancer between the year 2000 and year 2017 in the EMR was higher than that reported globally (34.9 vs 24.0 for the number of deaths and 23.5 vs 18.1 for the number of DALYs, respectively).ConclusionsWe found an increase in the burden of cervical cancer in the EMR as per the data on the absolute number of deaths and DALYs. Further, we found that the health care system has an increased number of cases to deal with, despite the decrease in the absolute number of deaths and DALYs. Cervical cancer is preventable if human papilloma vaccination is taken and early screening is performed. Therefore, we recommend identifying effective vaccination programs and interventions to reduce the burden of this disease.     

Burden of Disease Associated with Dietary Exposure to Aflatoxins in China in 2020

Aflatoxins (AFTs), as a group 1 carcinogen, could lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Dietary intake is the primary way of AFT exposure in humans. However, the contribution of foodborne AFT intake to the HCC burden remains unknown in recent years in China. Hence, the present study was conducted to estimate the burden of HCC attributed to foodborne AFT exposure by using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The risk assessment was used to estimate the incidence of HCC related to AFT exposure. Concentrations of AFTs in peanuts, peanut oil, corn, and corn products were retrieved from literature published between 2010 and 2020 in China. Corresponding daily food consumption data were obtained from two nationwide Chinese surveys. A direct approach was used to calculate DALY and DALY rates to quantify the HCC burden attributed to dietary AFT exposure. The total amount of AFT intake through peanut, peanut oil, corn, and corn products was 4.018 ng/kg bw/day resulting in 0.125 extra HCC cases per year/100,000 persons, corresponding to a DALY number and DALY rate of 21,625.08 and 1.53 per 100,000 population, respectively. Regionally, DALYs were high in Guangxi and Guangdong provinces, corresponding to 5948 and 5595 DALYs. A total of 1.5 DALYs/100,000 were lost due to the AFT exposure. DALYs per 100,000 population were higher in several coastal areas. Though the disease burden of HCC caused by dietary AFTs was low in the Chinese population, a high health risk was found in the residents of some areas with high AFT exposure. AFTs are still a health challenge for the Chinese people.     

Decline of Tuberculosis Burden in Vietnam Measured by Consecutive National Surveys, 2007–2017

Vietnam, a high tuberculosis (TB) burden country, conducted national TB prevalence surveys in 2007 and 2017. In both surveys participants were screened by using a questionnaire and chest radiograph; sputum samples were then collected to test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis by smear microscopy and Löwenstein-Jensen culture. Culture-positive, smear-positive, and smear-negative TB cases were defined by laboratory results, and the prevalence of tuberculosis was compared between the 2 surveys. The results showed prevalence of culture-positive TB decreased by 37% (95% CI 11.5%–55.4%), from 199 (95% CI 160–248) cases/100,000 adults in 2007 to 125 (95% CI 98–159) cases/100,000 adults in 2017. Prevalence of smear-positive TB dropped by 53% (95% CI 27.0%–69.7%), from 99 (95% CI 78–125) cases/100,000 adults to 46 (95% CI 32–68) cases/100,000 adults; smear-negative TB showed no substantial decrease. Replacing microscopy with molecular methods for primary diagnostics might enhance diagnosis of pulmonary TB cases and further lower TB burden.     

The Relationship Between Disability-Adjusted Life Years of Cataracts and Ambient Erythemal Ultraviolet Radiation in China

Background

Cataracts are one of the major public health problems worldwide. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is one of the risk factors for cataract development. We analyzed the relationship between disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates of cataracts and UVR exposure in China.

Methods

DALY rates of cataracts and UVR exposure in 31 regions of China were calculated based on data from the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability and the United States’ National Aeronautics and Space Administration database. The relationship between the DALY rates of cataracts and UVR was estimated by Spearman rank correlation analysis and linear regression analysis.

Results

The elderly (≥65 years) had higher DALY rates of cataracts than the whole population. The DALY rate of cataracts in the agricultural population was higher than that observed in the non-agricultural population. The DALY rates of cataracts were positively associated with UVR The DALY rates of cataracts in regions with higher UVR were higher than those in regions with lower UVR. An increase in the daily ambient erythemal UVR of 1000 J/m² was associated with an increase in the DALY rates of cataracts by 92 DALYs/100 000 (R² = 0.676) among the whole population, 34 DALYs/100 000 among the population <65 years old (R² = 0.423), 607 DALYs/100 000 among the population aged 65–74 years (R² = 0.617), and by 1342 DALYs/100 000 among the population ≥75 years old (R² = 0.758).

Conclusions

DALY rates of cataracts increased with increases in UVR exposure in 31 regions of China. Greater exposure to UVR increases the disease burden of cataracts in the whole population, especially in the elderly and among the agricultural population.Key words: cataract, UVR exposure, disease burden, DALYs     

初治涂阳肺结核病人及其传染性所致疾病负担的评价方法研究

以失能调整寿命年 (DALY)为指标探讨初治的肺结核菌涂片阳性病人及其传染性所致疾病负担的评价方法。以北京市 1994年 794例初治涂阳肺结核病人的性别、年龄发病资料为基础 ,构成了 2 0 0 0人的研究队列。依据大量流行病学数据建立了在不干预 (自然史 )状况下以及在医生直接观察下对结核病短程督导化疗 (DOTS)干预的转归及传染模型。结果表明 ,若不考虑结核传染性所致的潜在疾病负担 ,将有 2 9 6%的DALY损失被忽略。DOTS可减少 92 9%的DALY损失 ,同时降低 99 9%由于传染所致的DALY损失     

2008-2013年广西居民恶性肿瘤疾病负担的研究

目的 了解广西恶性肿瘤所造成的疾病负担,探讨其现状及发展趋势,为有针对性的制定肿瘤防治策略提供参考依据。方法 收集广西7个疾病监测点死因监测系统中居民因恶性肿瘤死亡的数据,用伤残调整寿命年（disability adjusted life year,DALY）计算恶性肿瘤的疾病负担。结果 2008-2013年广西居民恶性肿瘤疾病负担为373 684.40人年,其中男性占68.36%,女性31.64%;每千人DALY损失为17.91,男性为23.26 DALYs/千人,女性为11.96 DALYs/千人。2008-2011年恶性肿瘤DALY和DALY强度逐年增高,2011-2013年逐年减少。恶性肿瘤DALY强度最大的年龄段是70岁以上。疾病负担最重的前5位肿瘤为肝癌,气管、支气管与肺癌、其他恶性肿瘤、胃癌和结直肠癌。结论 广西恶性肿瘤疾病负担处于全国平均水平,但仍需进一步加强肿瘤防治工作。     

1990年与2010年中国艾滋病疾病负担研究

目的 分析1990年和2010年中国艾滋病死亡和疾病负担变化情况。 方法 利用2010年全球疾病经济负担研究（GBD 2010）数据,以2010年中国人口普查数据作为标准人口,计算死亡率、DALY率、YLL率和YLD率及其标化率。 结果 2010年中国艾滋病死亡人数为36 155例,标化死亡率为2.71/10万,其所造成的DALY、YLL、YLD分别为175.17万人年、164.32万人年和10.85万人年,标化后的DALY率、YLL率、YLD率分别为13.14/10万、123.29/10万和8.14/10万;1990年中国艾滋病死亡人数为228例,标化死亡率为0.03/10万,其所造成的DALY、YLL、YLD分别为1.30万人年、1.08万人年和0.22万人年,标化DALY率、YLL率、YLD率分别为1.15/10万、0.95/10万和0.20/10万。与1990年相比,2010年艾滋病死亡人数、DALY、YLL、YLL以及各指标的标化率均出现了大幅度增加。年龄方面,1990-2010年间艾滋病DALY负担的年龄分布变化不大,青壮年人群艾滋病的疾病负担仍十分沉重。 结论 1990-2010年间,中国艾滋病疾病负担增加迅速,防控形势变得更加严峻。     

Relationship between education and training activities and tuberculosis case detection in Fiji, 2008–2011

Due to concerns about under-reporting of the tuberculosis (TB) case burden in Fiji, efforts have been put into national training, education and awareness activities in the formal health sector and among village health workers, health volunteers and the community since 2010. There has been an absolute increase in TB registrations, and TB case notification rates during the period of training activities in 2010 (21.3 per 100 000 population) and 2011 (23.6/100 000) were significantly increased compared with TB case notification rates in 2008 (12.4/100 000) and 2009 (14.6/100 000), when no training activities took place (P < 0.01). These findings support the use of ongoing training efforts.     

Pulmonary impairment after tuberculosis and its contribution to TB burden

Background  

The health impacts of pulmonary impairment after tuberculosis (TB) treatment have not been included in assessments of TB burden. Therefore, previous global and national TB burden estimates do not reflect the full consequences of surviving TB. We assessed the burden of TB including pulmonary impairment after tuberculosis in Tarrant County, Texas using Disability-adjusted Life Years (DALYs).     

2001年哈尔滨市肺结核疾病负担研究

应用伤残调整生命年(DALY)对哈尔滨市2001年肺结核的疾病负担进行了测算，得出每千人口肺结核的疾病负担远低于我国所处的西太平洋地区的平均水平，与该地区低死亡率国家接近。还对防治该病可能给哈尔滨市所带来的经济效益进行了分析，指出如果到2015年该病全部DALY降为零，这将给哈尔滨市每年带来4522万元的经济效益，而其成本仅为20．7万元。建议我国实行疾病负担的测算，为政府制订卫生优先干预领域计划提供决策信息。     

The Disease and Economic Burdens of Esophageal Cancer in China from 2013 to 2030: Dynamic Cohort Modeling Study

BackgroundEsophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth leading cause of tumor-related deaths worldwide. Estimates of the EC burden are necessary and could offer evidence-based suggestions for local cancer control.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to predict the disease burden of EC in China through the estimation of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and direct medical expenditure by sex from 2013 to 2030.MethodsA dynamic cohort Markov model was developed to simulate EC prevalence, DALYs, and direct medical expenditure by sex. Input data were collected from the China Statistical Yearbooks, Statistical Report of China Children’s Development, World Population Prospects 2019, and published papers. The JoinPoint Regression Program was used to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) of DALY rates, whereas the average annual growth rate (AAGR) was applied to analyze the changing direct medical expenditure trend over time.ResultsFrom 2013 to 2030, the predicted EC prevalence is projected to increase from 61.0 to 64.5 per 100,000 people, with annual EC cases increasing by 11.5% (from 835,600 to 931,800). The DALYs will increase by 21.3% (from 30,034,000 to 36,444,000), and the years of life lost (YLL) will account for over 90% of the DALYs. The DALY rates per 100,000 people will increase from 219.2 to 252.3; however, there was a difference between sexes, with an increase from 302.9 to 384.3 in males and a decline from 131.2 to 115.9 in females. The AAPC was 0.8% (95% CI 0.8% to 0.9%), 1.4% (95% CI 1.3% to 1.5%), and –0.7% (95% CI –0.8% to –0.7%) for both sexes, males, and females, respectively. The direct medical expenditure will increase by 128.7% (from US $33.4 to US $76.4 billion), with an AAGR of 5.0%. The direct medical expenditure is 2-3 times higher in males than in females.ConclusionsEC still causes severe disease and economic burdens. YLL are responsible for the majority of DALYs, which highlights an urgent need to establish a beneficial policy to reduce the EC burden.     

Global Burden of Vitamin A Deficiency in 204 Countries and Territories from 1990–2019

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is one of the important public health issues worldwide. However, a detailed understanding of the incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to VAD in recent years is lacking. We aimed to estimate the incidence and DALYs of VAD at global, regional, and national levels in terms of sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI). Using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was measured to assess trends in the age-standardized incidence and DALY rates from 1990 to 2019. The global age-standardized incidence and DALY rates of VAD decreased with an EAPC of −3.11% (95% confidence interval (CI): −3.24% to −2.94%) and −2.18% (95% CI: −2.38% to −1.93%), respectively. The age-standardized incidence and DALY rates decreased least in low-SDI regions, which had the highest age-standardized incidence and DALY rates of all SDI regions. Sub-Saharan Africa, especially central sub-Saharan Africa, had the highest age-standardized incidence and DALY rates in 2019. At the national level, Somalia and Niger had the highest age-standardized incidence and DALY rates. The age-standardized incidence and DALY rates were higher in males than in females. Younger children, especially those aged < 5 years in low-SDI regions, had a higher VAD burden than other age groups. Although the global burden of VAD has decreased, future work should aim to improve the prevention and treatment strategies for VAD, particularly in children aged < 5 years in countries and territories with low SDI values, such as sub-Saharan Africa.     

我国女性乳腺癌所致DALY疾病负担：2000-2050年分析与预测

目的 基于全球疾病负担项目2019年最新开放数据,分析我国女性人群因乳腺癌所致伤残调整寿命年（DALY）负担的现况、既往与未来并行国际比较。方法 摘录描述DALY总数、世界标化率值及不同亚组构成,分析我国女性乳腺癌2000-2019年趋势、2019年现况与国际现况比较;利用Joinpoint行2050年预测,主要指标为平均年度变化百分比（AAPC）。结果 2000-2019年,我国女性乳腺癌所致的DALY数在所有女性癌种中的顺位由第四位升至第二位,DALY总数增长了48.4%,其中伤残损失寿命年的占比从4.8%增至8.8%;标化DALY率仅有略微下降（AAPC=-0.3%,其中2016-2019年转为上升,AAPC=1.6%）。2019年,我国女性乳腺癌所致标化DALY率为278.0/10万,DALY数为287.7万人年（占全球乳腺癌的14.2%,占我国女性全部癌种负担的12.1%）,其中26.5%有明确归因（以超重与肥胖最多,为33.6万人年;月经、生育等常见乳腺癌影响因素相关数据在平台未见）;预测提示,2050年,我国女性乳腺癌所致DALY总数将达380.0万人年~516.2万人年,较2019年增加32.1%~79.4%。年龄分布方面,2000-2019年,年龄别DALY数和DALY率峰值均后移,年龄≥ 65岁者的DALY数较<65岁者增长更快（AAPC分别为4.8%和1.3%）;2019年的45~74岁（中国女性乳腺癌筛查与早诊早治指南推荐筛查起始年龄）女性贡献了全部DALY负担的74.3%。结论 近20年我国女性乳腺癌所致DALY率基本未变,近年甚至有增加;若无持续扩大的有效干预,伴随人口老龄化的放大作用,乳腺癌所致DALY在我国女性人群的负担将会加重。乳腺癌主要危险因素相关DALY负担归因数据报道仍有限。     

辽宁省城乡居民糖尿病及其并发症疾病负担研究

目的了解辽宁省城乡居民糖尿病及其并发症的疾病负担水平和特征。方法依据辽宁省糖尿病患病和死亡资料,采用全球疾病负担研究方法,计算辽宁省城乡居民糖尿病的伤残调整生命年(DisabilityAdjusted Life Years,DALY)。结果辽宁省糖尿病疾病负担(DALY)每10万人损失健康寿命299.4人.a,女性高于男性(351.1/10万:252.3/10万),城市高于农村(474.1/10万:215.8/10万),农村YLD/YLL比值(0.47)明显低于城市(0.96)。结论辽宁省糖尿病DALY是GBD2000对中国糖尿病及其并发症疾病负担估计值的2.0倍,城市居民糖尿病DALY已接近发达国家水平。     

A Multilevel Analysis of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Effect on Preterm Births in Georgia,USA

This study estimates the neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) effect on the risk of preterm birth (PTB) using multilevel regression (MLR) models. Birth data retrieved from year 2000 and 2010 Georgia Vital Records were linked to their respective census tracts. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed on nine selected census variables and the first two principal components (Fac1 and Fac2) were used to represent the neighborhood-level SES in the MLR models. Two-level random intercept MLR models were specified using 122,744 and 112,578 live and singleton births at the individual level and 1613 and 1952 census tracts at the neighborhood level, for 2000 and 2010, respectively. After adjustment for individual level factors, Fac1, which represents disadvantaged SES, respectively generated an Odds Ratio of 1.056 (95% CI: 1.031–1.081) and 1.080 (95% CI: 1.056–1.105) for these two years, showing a modest but statistically significant effect on PTB. After adjusting for individual level factors and the census tract level factors, Intra-class correlation (ICC) was 1.2% and 1.4%, for year 2000 and 2010, respectively. The two IOR-80% intervals, 0.73–1.52 (year 2000) and 0.73–1.59 (year 2010) suggest large unexplained between census tract variation. The Median Odds Ratio (MOR) value of 1.21(year 2000) and 1.23 (year 2010) revealed that the un-modeled neighborhood effect was smaller than two individual-level predictor variables, race, and tobacco use but larger than the fixed effect of census tract-level predicting variable, Fac1 and all the other individual level factors. Overall, better census tract level SES was found to have a modest protective effect for PTB risk and the effects of the two examined years were similar. Large unexplained between census tract heterogeneity warrants more sophisticated MLR models to further investigate the PTB risk factors and their interactions at both individual and neighborhood levels.     

Burden of Disease from Toxic Waste Sites in India,Indonesia, and the Philippines in 2010

Background: Prior calculations of the burden of disease from toxic exposures have not included estimates of the burden from toxic waste sites due to the absence of exposure data.Objective: We developed a disability-adjusted life year (DALY)-based estimate of the disease burden attributable to toxic waste sites. We focused on three low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): India, Indonesia, and the Philippines.Methods: Sites were identified through the Blacksmith Institute’s Toxic Sites Identification Program, a global effort to identify waste sites in LMICs. At least one of eight toxic chemicals was sampled in environmental media at each site, and the population at risk estimated. By combining estimates of disease incidence from these exposures with population data, we calculated the DALYs attributable to exposures at each site.Results: We estimated that in 2010, 8,629,750 persons were at risk of exposure to industrial pollutants at 373 toxic waste sites in the three countries, and that these exposures resulted in 828,722 DALYs, with a range of 814,934–1,557,121 DALYs, depending on the weighting factor used. This disease burden is comparable to estimated burdens for outdoor air pollution (1,448,612 DALYs) and malaria (725,000 DALYs) in these countries. Lead and hexavalent chromium collectively accounted for 99.2% of the total DALYs for the chemicals evaluated.Conclusions: Toxic waste sites are responsible for a significant burden of disease in LMICs. Although some factors, such as unidentified and unscreened sites, may cause our estimate to be an underestimate of the actual burden of disease, other factors, such as extrapolation of environmental sampling to the entire exposed population, may result in an overestimate of the burden of disease attributable to these sites. Toxic waste sites are a major, and heretofore underrecognized, global health problem.     

Prevalence and interpretation of Xpert® Ultra trace results among presumptive TB patients

BACKGROUND:The “trace call” results on Xpert® Ultra indicates extremely low TB levels and may be difficult to interpret. The prevalence of trace results among presumptive TB patients in high TB-HIV infection settings is unknown, as is the significance of divergent “trace call” result interpretations.METHODS:Presumptive TB patients attending a public health facility in Lusaka, Zambia, were prospectively enrolled. Participants underwent several TB investigations, including sputum smear microscopy, Ultra testing, and culture. The diagnostic accuracy of Ultra (culture-based reference) and the number of patients recommended for TB treatment was assessed according to several different interpretation criteria for “trace call” results.RESULTS:Among the 740 participants, 78 (10.5%) were Ultra-positive and an additional 37 (5.0%) had a “trace call” result. The prevalence of trace results did not differ according to HIV status (5.3% vs. 4.8%) or prior TB status (5.6% vs. 4.9%). Differing interpretations of trace results had modest effects on Ultra’s sensitivity (range 79.3–82.6%) and specificity (range 94.3–99.2%), but increased the number of patients recommended for treatment by up to 44.9%.CONCLUSIONS:Ultra trace results were common in this setting. The interpretation of trace results may substantially impact TB case yield.     

1990年与2016年中国女性子宫纤维瘤的疾病负担研究

目的 分析1990年与2016年中国女性子宫纤维瘤的疾病负担。方法 利用2016年全球疾病负担分析结果,分析1990年和2016年中国不同年龄、不同地区女性子宫纤维瘤的疾病负担,主要指标包括患病数、患病率、伤残调整寿命年（DALY）、DALY率等。标化率的计算使用2010-2035年WHO的世界标准人口进行。结果 1990年和2016年中国≥ 15岁女性子宫纤维瘤的患病人数分别为13 695 567和27 169 312人,患病率分别为2.48%和4.10%,DALY值分别为146 045.05人年和281 976.67人年,DALY率分别为26.40/10万和42.50/10万。1990年和2016年中国女性子宫纤维瘤的患病率和DALY率均随年龄增加而增加,45~49岁达顶峰,之后随年龄增加而降低。中国女性子宫纤维瘤40~54岁年龄段的患病数占总量的55.60%（1990年）和66.74%（2016年）;该年龄段DALY值占总量的48.37%（1990年）和60.65%（2016年）。1990年和2016年DALY值较高的3个省份均为山东（1990年：12 574.67人年;2016年：22 728.12人年）、河南（1990年：10 849.29人年;2016年：18 454.32人年）和江苏（1990年：10 501.55人年;2016年：18 274.10人年）,标化DALY率较高的3个省份在1990年和2016年均为黑龙江（1990年：48.20/10万;2016年：47.00/10万）、山西（1990年：44.50/10万;2016年：47.70/10万）和天津（1990年：43.80/10万;2016年：46.40/10万）。与1990年相比,2016年中国女性子宫纤维瘤的患病人数增加13 473 745人（变化率：98.38%）,标化患病相对上升1.88%、DALY值增加135 931.62人年（变化率：93.08%）、标化DALY率相对上升5.92%。结论 2016年中国女性子宫纤维瘤疾病负担较1990年明显增加,尤其困扰绝经期女性。     

Alcohol Use and the Risk of Communicable Diseases

The body of knowledge on alcohol use and communicable diseases has been growing in recent years. Using a narrative review approach, this paper discusses alcohol’s role in the acquisition of and treatment outcomes from four different communicable diseases: these include three conditions included in comparative risk assessments to date—Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and lower respiratory infections/pneumonia—as well as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) because of its recent and rapid ascension as a global health concern. Alcohol-attributable TB, HIV, and pneumonia combined were responsible for approximately 360,000 deaths and 13 million disability-adjusted life years lost (DALYs) in 2016, with alcohol-attributable TB deaths and DALYs predominating. There is strong evidence that alcohol is associated with increased incidence of and poorer treatment outcomes from HIV, TB, and pneumonia, via both behavioral and biological mechanisms. Preliminary studies suggest that heavy drinkers and those with alcohol use disorders are at increased risk of COVID-19 infection and severe illness. Aside from HIV research, limited research exists that can guide interventions for addressing alcohol-attributable TB and pneumonia or COVID-19. Implementation of effective individual-level interventions and alcohol control policies as a means of reducing the burden of communicable diseases is recommended.