胰岛素泵在骨科患者围手术期的临床应用

目的：探讨糖尿病患者如何在骨科围手术期平稳有效控制血糖。方法：选2型糖尿病患者88例分为2组,即胰岛素泵组（CSⅡ组）及多次胰岛素皮下注射组（M SⅡ组）,分别观察两组患者手术前、后血糖变化。结果：两组患者均能有效控制高血糖,而胰岛素泵组较胰岛素皮下注射组胰岛素用量明显减少。结论：胰岛素泵强化治疗可以明显减少胰岛素用量,降低手术风险,有利于患者康复。     

胰岛素泵治疗糖尿病的优越性

目的：观察MiniMed胰岛素泵与常规胰岛素治疗对糖尿病患者疗效差异。方法：分别用胰岛素泵治疗(continue subcutaneo us insulin iniection，CSII)和常规胰岛素治疗方法(multi subcutaneous insulin iniection，MSII)对23例和25例同期住院的糖尿病人进行了治疗。以餐前血糖在3．6～7．0mmol／L范围作为糖尿病理想控制的指标。结果：CSII治疗组和MSII治疗组糖尿病患者治疗后血糖均明显下降，糖化血红蛋白也明显降低；但CSII组糖尿病患者较MSII组在较短的时间内血糖就达到理想控制，而发生低血糖的机会明显减少。结论：胰岛素泵治疗更符合人体的生理需要，可以更有效地24h控制血糖的波动。所以，该治疗方法适用于所有1型糖尿病患者和部分需要胰岛素治疗的2型糖尿病患者。     

胰岛素泵及多次胰岛素注射在糖尿病患者围手术期应用的临床观察

目的：探讨胰岛素泵及多次胰岛素注射对糖尿病围手术期血糖及手术预后的影响。方法：76例需要手术的合并糖尿病的外科患者，随机分组分别采用胰岛素泵持续皮下注射（CSⅡ组）及每日多次胰岛素注射（MSⅡ组），观察血糖达标时间、平均拆线时间、平均住院时间、感染发生率、低血糖发生率、手术前1d、手术当日及术后1—3d最高血糖与最低血糖差值、住院费用等指标。结果：CSⅡ组血糖达标时间、平均拆线时间、平均住院时间明显少于MSⅡ组，感染发生率、低血糖发生率明显低于MSⅡ组；CSⅡ组术前及术后血糖波动小于MSⅡ组（P均〈0．05）；住院费用差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：胰岛素泵能更快更有效地将血糖控制在接近正常水平，减少低血糖的发生，有利于手术的成功进行。     

糖尿病患者使用胰岛素泵降血糖的效果观察

目的观察胰岛素泵降血糖的效果。方法将100例糖尿病患者随机分为两组。观察组和对照组各50例，观察组在基础治疗的基础上使用胰岛素泵代替降糖药，对照组使用基础治疗加降糖药。结果观察组与对照组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05），观察组三餐前血糖及三餐后2h血糖明显优于对照组。结论对糖尿病患者在基础治疗的同时使用胰岛素泵，可明显增强治疗效果。     

胰岛素泵和胰岛素多次皮下注射治疗糖尿病的疗效对比观察

目的：比较胰岛素不同注射方法在血糖控制和依从性的差异。方法：选择80例糖尿病患者,分为2组,每组各40例。其中一组用胰岛素泵持续皮下注射速效胰岛素,另一组用长效胰岛素联合速效胰岛素多次皮下注射。结果：患者6个点血糖（空腹血糖,三餐后2 h血糖,22：00、3：00血糖）和糖化血红蛋白A1c均达到目标值。结论：两种注射方法均能使血糖获得良好控制;使用胰岛素泵的患者依从性更好。     

糖尿病患者实施胰岛素泵强化治疗健康教育路径的效果观察

目的提高糖尿病患者行胰岛素泵强化治疗中的健康教育效果。方法选择60例糖尿病胰岛素泵使用患者，随机分为观察组和对照组各30例。观察组实施规范化管理，应用健康教育路径，对照组实施普通健康教育方法。比较两组胰岛素泵知识和技能的掌握情况、胰岛素泵相关故障发生率及胰岛素泵强化治疗血糖达标时间。结果两组血糖控制较强化治疗前明显改善，均可以控制达标（P〈0．01），观察组比对照组更快达标（P〈0．05）；观察组的胰岛素泵相关故障发生率比对照组低（P〈0．05）；两组胰岛素泵强化治疗理论知识及技能较治疗前明显改善，观察组掌握更好（P〈0．05）。结论健康教育路径可以提高患者对胰岛素泵治疗的认可程度和依从性，提高强化治疗的有效性。     

胰岛素泵联合动态血糖监测系统治疗糖尿病的疗效分析

目的在胰岛素泵（CSII）皮下持续注射胰岛素的基础上,运用动态血糖监测系统（CGMS）监测血糖,研究联合方案对糖尿患者的治疗效果。方法将48例糖尿病患者随机分为2组：对照组24例和治疗组24例。对照组单纯用胰岛素泵治疗,同时用血糖仪监测指血糖。治疗组用胰岛素泵联合动态血糖监测系统治疗（双c治疗）,比较两组的相应血糖控制指标。结果治疗组的低血糖发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）,治疗组血糖控制的一般情况要优于对照组,如血糖控制时间（4．3±1．7dv．S．6．4±2．3d,P〈0．05）,症状缓解时间（4．5±1．8dv．s．6．6±2．5d,P〈0．05）,平均住院时间（7．1±2．5dv．s10．3±3．3d,P〈0．01）;两组血糖控制的一般情况表明实验组的血糖控制比对照组平稳。结论胰岛素泵联合动态血糖监测系统治疗糖尿病效果要优于单纯使用胰岛素泵,能更好的控制血糖,可以在临床匕推广。     

胰岛素泵治疗2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的 比较胰岛素泵与胰岛素常规皮下注射两种给药方式治疗糖尿病的疗效。方法2型糖尿病患者172例，随机分为胰岛素泵组和胰岛素皮下注射组各86例，其中酮症各14例；胰岛素泵组用诺和灵R，以每日胰岛素总需量的1／2或2／3为基础率（由泵持续24h输入皮下，可据具体情况将基础率分段）值。剩余的1／2或1／3一般按早餐前20％，午餐前15％，晚餐前15％由泵直接泵入皮下。胰岛素皮下注射组用诺和灵R三餐前15min皮下注射。15d后对两组疗效进行比较。结果胰岛素泵组低血糖发生率、血糖至理想水平的控制天数、血酮体转阴时间和每日维持胰岛素量都较常规组少，两组相比差异有显著性。结论胰岛素泵给药方式的疗效明显优于胰岛素常规皮下注射。     

12例妊娠糖尿病患者使用胰岛素泵的疗效观察

目的：探讨使用胰岛素泵治疗妊娠糖尿病对孕妇及婴儿的影响。方法：将我院收治的12例需胰岛素泵治疗的妊娠糖尿病患者设置为观察组。20例经饮食或皮下注射胰岛素控制血糖的妊娠糖尿病患者设置为对照组，对比分析两组的妊娠并发症及胎儿病率。结果：胰岛素泵治疗组中妊娠合并症、胎儿病率、剖宫产率明显低于对照组，经过统计学处理P〈0．05具有统计学意义。结论：胰岛素泵能模拟胰腺的分泌功能，持续释放胰岛素将血糖控制在正常或接近正常水平，能显著降低孕妇及婴儿的并发症。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者对拉米夫定的应答及耐药率与胸腺肽α1的相关性探讨

目的：探讨慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）患者对拉米夫定（LAM）的应答及耐药率与胸腺肽α1的相关性。方法：A（41例）、B（40例）组LAM治疗2a，A组联合胸腺肽α1，0．5a。结果：两组HBVDNA转阴率、HBeAg转阴及血清转换率分别在治疗3、12～24、24个月时问段ALT复常及2a耐药率比较P〈0．05；其他时间段P〉0．05。结论：胸腺肽α1能够提高CHB患者对LAM的生化学、血清学和早期病毒学应答率，降低耐药率。     

两种不同胰岛素强化治疗方法对新诊断2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

【目的】比较持续皮下胰岛素输注（CSⅡ）和多次胰岛素皮下注射（MSⅡ）在2型糖尿病强化降糖中的效果。【方法】60例新诊断2型糖尿病病人,分成胰岛素泵治疗组24例（CSⅡ组）和皮下注射胰岛素组36例（MSⅡ组）,治疗2周,观察两组治疗前后空腹及餐后血糖、胰岛素、C肽变化,比较两组血糖达标天数、最大胰岛素用量、平均胰岛素用量及低血糖现象发生情况。【结果】治疗后两组血糖均有明显下降（P〈0．05）,胰岛素及C肽水平较治疗前明显升高（P〈0．05）,两组治疗后上述改变无明显统计学差异（P〉0．05）。但CSⅡ组血糖达标时间较MSⅡ组短,平均胰岛素用量及最大胰岛素用量均较MSⅡ组少,且低血糖发生次数也较MSⅡ组少,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。【结论】CSⅡ和MSⅡ两种治疗方法均可有效降低2型糖尿病患者血糖,改善胰岛β细胞分泌功能,对初发的2型糖尿病有良好治疗效果,其中胰岛素泵可以缩短血糖达标天数,减少胰岛素用量,降低低血糖发生率,有一定优势。     

短期胰岛素泵治疗初诊2型糖尿病的疗效

[目的]评价持续皮下胰岛素输注（CSII）强化治疗新诊断的2型糖尿病患者的有效性和安全性.[方法]新诊断的2型糖尿病住院患者120例,随机分成两组：CSII组60例,采用胰岛素泵持续皮下输注胰岛素 多次皮下胰岛素注射 （MSII）组60例,采用胰岛素笔注射胰岛素.观察两组空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（P2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量、低血糖次数等,比较两组间疗效差异.[结果]治疗前两组FPG及P2 hPG、HbAlc组间比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,两组治疗后FPG和P2 hPG、HbAlc均较治疗前显著下降（P〈0.05）.CSⅡ组血糖达标时间（4.85±0.61）d较MSⅡ组血糖达标时间（6.02±0.68）d明显缩短（P〈0.05）,胰岛素用量（40.77±3.26） U/d与MSII组（46.35±4.04） U/d相比有显著差异（P〈0.05）,低血糖次数较MSII组显著减少（P〈0.05）.[结论]对于新诊断的2型糖尿病患者,短期应用胰岛素泵强化治疗较多次皮下胰岛素注射法更有效安全.     

胰岛素泵治疗糖尿病合并感染患者的临床疗效

[目的]探讨胰岛素泵治疗在糖尿病合并感染治疗中的效果及安全性.[方法]糖尿病合并感染患者68例,分为两组：胰岛素泵持续皮下输注治疗36例（CSII组）,多次胰岛素皮下注射治疗32例（MSII组）.比较两组患者治疗后血糖变化及血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量、低血糖发生率、住院总天数等的差异.[结果]治疗后两组患者血糖均明显下降（P〈0.01）,CSII组对空腹血糖的控制优于MSII组（P〈0.05）,血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量、低血糖发生率均低于MSII组（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）.[结论]在糖尿病合并感染患者应用胰岛素泵治疗可迅速控制血糖,缩短血糖达标时间,减少低血糖的发生.     

Influence of Continuous Physiologic Hyperinsulinemia on Glucose Kinetics and Counterregulatory Hormones in Normal and Diabetic Humans

The effects of continuous infusions of insulin in physiologic doses on glucose kinetics and circulating counterregulatory hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone) were determined in normal subjects and diabetics. The normals received insulin at two dose levels (0.4 and 0.25 mU/kg per min) and the diabetics received the higher dose (0.4 mU/kg per min) only.In all three groups of studies, continuous infusion of insulin resulted in an initial decline in plasma glucose followed by stabilization after 60-180 min. In the normal subjects, with the higher insulin dose there was a fivefold rise in plasma insulin. Plasma glucose fell at a rate of 0.73+/-0.12 mg/min for 45 min and then stabilized at 55+/-3 mg/dl after 60 min. The initial decline in plasma glucose was a result of a rapid, 27% fall in glucose output and a 33% rise in glucose uptake. Subsequent stabilization was a result of a return of glucose output and uptake to basal levels. The rebound increment in glucose output was significant (P < 0.05) by 30 min after initiation of the insulin infusion and preceded, by 30-45 min, a significant rise in circulating counterregulatory hormones.With the lower insulin infusion dose, plasma insulin rose two- to threefold, plasma glucose initially fell at a rate of 0.37+/-0.04 mg/min for 75 min and stabilized at 67+/-3 mg/dl after 75 min. The changes in plasma glucose were entirely a result of a fall in glucose output and subsequent return to base line, whereas glucose uptake remained unchanged. Plasma levels of counterregulatory hormones showed no change from basal throughout the insulin infusion.In the diabetic group (plasma glucose levels 227+/-7 mg/dl in the basal state), the initial rate of decline in plasma glucose (1.01+/-0.15 mg/dl) and the plateau concentration of plasma glucose (59+/-5 mg/dl) were comparable to controls receiving the same insulin dose. However, the initial fall in plasma glucose was almost entirely a result of suppression of glucose output, which showed a twofold greater decline (60+/-6%) than in controls (27+/-5%, P <0.01) and remained suppressed throughout the insulin infusion. In contrast, the late stabilization in plasma glucose was a result of a fall in glucose uptake to values 50% below basal (P < 0.001) and 39% below that observed in controls at termination of the insulin infusion (P < 0.01). Plasma norepinephrine and glucagon failed to rise during the insulin infusion, whereas plasma epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone rose to values comparable to controls receiving the same insulin dose.It is concluded that (a) in normal and diabetic subjects, physiologic hyperinsulinemia results in an initial decline followed by stabilization of plasma glucose despite ongoing infusion of insulin; (b) in the normal subjects, a rebound increase in glucose output is the initial or principal mechanism counteracting the fall in plasma glucose and occurs (with an insulin dose of 0.25 mU/kg per min) in the absence of a rise in circulating counterregulatory hormones; (c) in diabetics, although the changes in plasma glucose are comparable to controls, the initial decline is a result of an exaggerated suppression of glucose output, whereas the stabilization of plasma glucose occurs primarily as a consequence of an exaggerated fall in glucose uptake; and (d) failure of plasma norepinephrine as well as glucagon to rise in the diabetics may contribute to the exaggerated suppression of glucose output.     

动态血糖监测系统和胰岛素泵在脆性糖尿病患者围术期中的应用

目的：探讨动态血糖监测系统和胰岛素泵在围术期中控制脆性糖尿病患者血糖的效果。方法：将60例围术期脆性糖尿病患者随机分为3组：组1术前采用动态血糖监测系统与胰岛素泵治疗模式（CGMS＋CSII组）,组2术前采用单纯胰岛素泵治疗（CSII组）,组3术前采用胰岛素多次注射治疗（MDI组）,后两组采用指端血糖监测;比较3组治疗3d后的血糖控制情况、血糖达标率、平均血糖（MBG）、平均血糖波动幅度（MAGE）及低血糖次数。结果：治疗3d后CGMS＋CSII和CSII两组患者的空腹血糖、3餐后血糖、晚23：00血糖及凌晨3：00血糖均明显低于治疗前（P〈0.05）,血糖达标率分别为75.0%和60.0%,MDI组患者的空腹血糖及全日血糖稍低于治疗前,无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,血糖达标率仅为10.0%;胰岛素泵治疗3d后患者的MBG和MAGE较治疗前均明显下降（P〈0.05）,其中CGMS＋CSII组患者的MBG、MAGE均显著低于CSII组（P〈0.05）,MDI组MBG、MAGE较治疗前无明显下降（P〉0.05）;胰岛素治疗前CGMS＋CSII组患者1d发现低血糖次数多于CSII组和MDI组（P〈0.05）;治疗3d后CGMS组患者的低血糖次数低于治疗前（P〈0.05）,而CSII组和MDI组患者的低血糖次数高于治疗前（P〈0.05）。结论：胰岛素泵强化治疗可以快速稳定控制血糖,动态血糖检测系统能全面提供血糖水平的信息,及时发现和减少血糖波动及低血糖反应,与胰岛素泵在临床上联合应用更有利于脆性糖尿病患者围术期中的血糖控制达标。     

Intravenous insulin infusion to simulate subcutaneous absorption. Bioavailability and metabolic sequelae.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the bioavailability and bioactivity of subcutaneously injected insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A randomized block design with six male mongrel dogs as subjects. In protocol 1, purified pork insulin was infused intravenously to simulate the pattern of appearance in the blood that would have been expected from subcutaneous injection. Three intravenous doses (0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 U/kg) were infused on separate days in a pattern (0-300 min) designed to approximately simulate the absorption rate of subcutaneously injected insulin. In protocol 2, interscapular subcutaneous injections of pork insulin at 0.10 U/kg were made. RESULTS: Integrated insulin, decrement in plasma glucose, and maximal glucose clearance for subcutaneous injection experiments were similar to intravenous infusion of equal dose (P greater than 0.10) but significantly different from low-dose infusions (P less than 0.025). Similar results were observed for hepatic glucose output and glucose uptake. Hypoglycemia elicited counterregulatory responses that appeared to be under a threshold differentiated at a plasma glucose of approximately 3 mM. Integrated insulin was plotted against insulin dose to create dose-response curves for intravenous data. The curve was then used to predict the actual appearance rate of insulin in plasma for subcutaneous injection. The estimated bioavailability of subcutaneous insulin was 103.0 +/- 10.5% of the injected dose. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that, in dogs, insulin delivered subcutaneously in the interscapular area is not significantly degraded before absorption, resulting in metabolic effects equal to intravenous insulin infusion of equivalent dose.     

Metabolic response to fasting exercise in adolescent insulin-dependent diabetic subjects treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and intensive conventional therapy

The metabolic effects of moderate exercise in the fasting state were examined in 12 insulin-dependent diabetic adolescents treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) or intensive conventional therapy (ICT). Six patients received their usual afternoon dose the evening before the study and six received their usual infusion rate during exercise. Insulin was injected subcutaneously in the abdominal wall. Exercise was performed on a bicycle ergometer for 45 min at 50% maximum oxygen consumption. Resting plasma glucose values during both CSII (114 +/- 18 mg/dl, P less than 0.02) and ICT (136 +/- 30 mg/dl, P less than 0.01) were higher than normal (77 +/- 11 mg/dl). Diabetic patients receiving CSII showed a sharp decrease in glycemia after 45 min of exercise (77 +/- 18 mg/dl, P less than 0.02). In contrast, in patients receiving ICT and in control subjects plasma glucose did not change during exercise or recovery. Insulin levels decreased significantly during exercise in the control subjects while there was no change in plasma free insulin levels during exercise in the diabetic subjects. Profiles of intermediary metabolites in response to exercise were similar in all groups with no significant differences in resting values between diabetic subjects and controls. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion provides near-normoglycemia in the insulin-dependent diabetic adolescent. However, with the basal insulin infusion rate necessary to achieve near-normal fasting blood glucose levels, moderate exercise in the postabsorptive state may result in hypoglycemia with CSII.     

Overnight interruption of wearing insulin pump: substitution dose and injection site of insulin

Discontinuing wear of the insulin pump for short periods enhances the feasibility of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy. Because insulin requirements differ during pump and injection therapy, we studied the optimal substitution dose and injection site in seven type I diabetic patients to compensate for the overnight (2100-0730 h) interruption of CSII. The missed basal continuous infusion dose was replaced by injecting intermediate-acting insulin subcutaneously in three different ways: 1.5 times the dose in the abdomen, twice the dose in the abdomen, and twice the dose in the buttock. During CSII, glycemia remained unchanged throughout the night. Both 1.5 times and twice the replacement doses injected in the abdomen resulted in an initial decline in blood glucose with hypoglycemia in two patients followed by a rebound rise. When the replacement dose of 1.5 times was used, blood glucose rose by 4.9 +/- 1.2 mM overnight (P less than .02). These changes after abdominal injection were associated with a rapid early absorption of injected insulin with hypoinsulinemia in the morning. With twice the replacement dose injected in the buttock, insulin absorption was slower, fluctuations in nocturnal glycemia were minor, and the blood glucose level at 0730 h was similar to that of the previous night. There was a significant inverse correlation between blood glucose and serum free-insulin levels in the early morning (r = - .60, P less than .01). In conclusion, a substitution dose of 1.5 times to twice the missed basal infusion rate injected in the buttock compensates for the overnight interruption of CSII without risk of major fluctuations in blood glucose levels or nocturnal hypoglycemia.     

Rarity of a marked "dawn phenomenon" in diabetic subjects treated by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

We assessed the quality of overnight glycemic control and the frequency of the "dawn phenomenon" (nadir-0800 h glycemic increase) in 41 insulin-dependent diabetic patients treated by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Mean plasma glucose levels were near-normal during the 24 h and, in particular, constant throughout the night. In a subset of six patients overnight plasma free insulin concentrations were also constant during CSII. The majority of profiles (88%) showed a glucose nadir from 2.0 to 5.9 mmol/L (most frequently at 0600 h) and had an 0800 h value from 2.0 to 6.9 mmol/L (92%). A large proportion (46%) of profiles showed a zero or negative nadir-0800 h glycemic increase. In 22 patients with three or more profiles recorded at the same basal insulin infusion rate, only one of 103 profiles had a fasting glycemic increase greater than an arbitrary value of 5.0 mmol/L (5.3), although many patients exhibited small dawn glycemic increases (e.g., 14 of 22 had a mean increase of from 0 to 2 mmol/L). In 12 subjects a 15% reduction in basal insulin infusion rate increased the mean +/- SEM dawn glycemic increase from 0.58 +/- 0.25 mmol/L to 2.7 +/- 0.76 mmol/L (P less than 0.025) as well as significantly increasing the nocturnal nadir and 0800 h plasma glucose concentrations. Thus, a marked dawn phenomenon is rare when a single but adequate basal infusion rate is used for CSII, and this questions the need in the majority of patients for preprogrammable pumps with nocturnal infusion rate changes.