以精神症状起病的桥本脑病1例报告并文献复习

桥本脑病（又称自身免疫性甲状腺炎相关的糖皮质激素敏感性脑病）是与桥本甲状腺炎相关的以神经系统症状为主要表现的疾病,呈急性或亚急性起病,出现癫痫发作、震颤、肌阵挛、共济失调、精神病等表现,有复发及缓解交替过程。以精神症状起病的桥本脑病的诊断和治疗存在分歧,现报道一例桥本脑病患者,建议在临床工作中如果遇到无法解释的脑病时,如果抗甲状腺抗体滴度高,即使甲状腺功能正常也要考虑桥本脑病的可能性。     

桥本脑病4例临床特点分析

目的探讨桥本脑病的发病机制、临床表现、实验室检查特点及预后。方法分析本院收治的4例桥本脑病患者的临床资料,观察其临床表现、实验室及影像学检查特点及治疗,并随访1～2年。结果4例患者均为女性,临床表现主要为认知功能障碍、行为异常、抽搐等。实验室检查患者血清抗甲状腺抗体水平明显增高。3例经大剂量糖皮质激素冲击治疗,患者症状较前缓解,随访无复发。结论桥本脑病是一种伴有抗甲状腺抗体水平增高、对激素反应良好的脑病综合征,一般预后良好。     

以癫痫持续状态起病的桥本脑病1例分析

目的 探讨以癫痫持续状态为首发表现的桥本脑病的临床特征。方法 回顾性分析1例以癫痫持续状态为首发表现的桥本脑病患者的临床资料。结果 临床呈癫痫持续状态,入院时神志不清,间断抽搐伴瞳孔散大,间歇期仍昏迷,余无明显局灶定位体征; 血气pH值6.807,乳酸24 mmol/L,头颅CT、MRI检查均未见异常,2次腰穿脑脊液常规、生化均正常,自身免疫性脑炎抗体8项均阴性,甲状腺功能检测提示轻度甲减,抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体和抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体升高,诊断桥本脑病,给予丙种球蛋白及甲强龙冲击治疗后病情迅速并明显好转,用药次日患者神志转清楚,癫痫持续状态得到有效控制。结论 桥本脑病临床以癫痫持续状态为首发者少见,故遇到不明原因的脑病患者,需注意甲状腺功能及相关抗体检查,以尽快明确诊断,尽早治疗,最大程度地改善其预后。     

桥本脑病22例临床分析

目的 探讨桥本脑病临床特点,提高诊断与治疗水平.方法与结果 对22例桥本脑病患者的临床表现、实验室和影像学特点、治疗及预后进行回顾分析,临床主要表现为急性或亚急性发病的认知功能障碍（9例）、精神症状（6例）、癫（痫）发作（5例）、共济失调（5例）、卒中样发作（6例）、锥体外系症状（3例）和意识障碍（3例）,且血清抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（19例）和抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体（20例）水平明显升高.其中21例经糖皮质激素冲击治疗,17例病情不同程度改善.结论 桥本脑病是一种伴抗甲状腺抗体水平升高的脑病,大多数患者对糖皮质激素冲击治疗反应良好,早期诊断、及时治疗对改善患者预后尤为重要.对于不明原因的脑病患者,应考虑桥本脑病的可能,推荐血清抗甲状腺抗体作为常规实验室检查项目.     

桥本脑病2例及文献复习

目的探讨桥本脑病的临床特点,以提高对本病的认识。方法回顾性分析2例确诊桥本脑病患者的临床资料并复习相关文献。结果 2例均为急性起病,1例表现为精神症状及意识障碍,另1例表现为运动及感觉障碍。2例抗甲状腺抗体均增高,抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体增高明显,2例脑电图均广泛异常,1例脑脊液蛋白明显升高。2例糖皮质激素治疗均有效。结论桥本脑病临床表现错综复杂,容易漏诊和误诊,当临床上遇到无法解释的中枢神经系统疾病,应常规检查抗甲状腺抗体,确诊后应尽早用糖皮质激素治疗。     

桥本脑病2例及文献复习

目的探讨桥本脑病的临床特点,以提高对本病的认识。方法回顾性分析2例确诊桥本脑病患者的临床资料并复习相关文献。结果 2例均为急性起病,1例表现为精神症状及意识障碍,另1例表现为运动及感觉障碍。2例抗甲状腺抗体均增高,抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体增高明显,2例脑电图均广泛异常,1例脑脊液蛋白明显升高。2例糖皮质激素治疗均有效。结论桥本脑病临床表现错综复杂,容易漏诊和误诊,当临床上遇到无法解释的中枢神经系统疾病,应常规检查抗甲状腺抗体,确诊后应尽早用糖皮质激素治疗。     

桥本脑病的临床、影像学及病理学特点(附1例报告)

目的 研究桥本脑病的临床、影像学和病理学特点.方法 回顾性分析1例桥本脑病患者的临床资料.结果 本例患者的主要临床表现为快速进展的认知功能障碍及癫(癎)发作.血清抗甲状腺抗体显著增高,甲状腺功能基本正常.颅脑MRI显示双侧额、顶、颞、枕叶皮质及皮质下多发性长T1、长T2病灶,以皮质更加明显.增强扫描全部病灶均无强化.病理学检查显示反应性胶质细胞、小血管增生及少量淋巴细胞浸润.电镜检查显示神经细胞部分空泡样变性和线粒体肿胀,白质内可见小囊腔形成.经用糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂治疗,患者的症状和影像学改变均得到了明显的缓解.结论 桥本脑病的临床特点为亚急性大脑皮质功能障碍,血抗甲状腺抗体增高而甲状腺功能正常,糖皮质激素治疗有效.影像学表现为广泛脑皮质及皮质下异常病灶;病理学改变无特异性.     

桥本脑病22例临床分析

目的探讨桥本脑病临床特点,提高诊断与治疗水平。方法与结果对22例桥本脑病患者的临床表现、实验室和影像学特点、治疗及预后进行回顾分析,临床主要表现为急性或亚急性发病的认知功能障碍(9例)、精神症状(6例)、癫发作(5例)、共济失调(5例)、卒中样发作(6例)、锥体外系症状(3例)和意识障碍(3例),且血清抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(19例)和抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体(20例)水平明显升高。其中21例经糖皮质激素冲击治疗,17例病情不同程度改善。结论桥本脑病是一种伴抗甲状腺抗体水平升高的脑病,大多数患者对糖皮质激素冲击治疗反应良好,早期诊断、及时治疗对改善患者预后尤为重要。对于不明原因的脑病患者,应考虑桥本脑病的可能,推荐血清抗甲状腺抗体作为常规实验室检查项目。     

桥本脑病临床及实验室分析

目的探讨桥本脑病的临床、实验室、影像学特点。方法回顾性分析2例桥本脑病的临床资料和治疗效果,结合相关文献进行分析。结果 2例患者均有以记忆力下降为主的认知障碍,颅内均有多发病灶。1例有幻视、癫痫发作和明确的血管狭窄,1例有反复头晕、肢体力弱,无血管狭窄。2例均存在抗甲状腺抗体阳性和甲状腺功能亢进,且糖皮质激素治疗有效。结论认知障碍合并抗甲状腺抗体的增高是本病的特点之一,可以合并颅内血管狭窄,确诊后可早期糖皮质激素治疗。     

桥本氏脑病的临床特点(附3例报告)

目的 探讨桥本氏脑病的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析3例桥本氏脑病患者的临床资料.结果 3例均表现为不同程度的快速进展性认知功能损害和意识障碍;精神症状、头晕、肌阵挛各1例.甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPO Ab)升高3例,甲状腺球蛋白抗体升高2例;3例均有甲状腺功能减退.CSF蛋白升高2例.头颅MRI检查无异常.3例经糖皮质激素治疗后均有显著好转.结论 桥本氏脑病主要表现为不同程度的快速进展性认知功能损害和意识障碍;TPOAb显著升高.糖皮质激素疗效显著.     

Opsoclonus as a manifestation of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy

We present a 59-year-old male with early manifestation of opsoclonus associated with gait ataxia as a rare clinical presentation of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy. Empiric use of intravenous immunoglobulin followed by intravenous high dose methylprednisolone was initiated with subsequent remittance of opsoclonus, encephalopathy, ataxia, and tremor. Extensive workup for infectious, autoimmune, and paraneoplastic etiologies were undertaken and all studies were negative. Thyroglobulin antibodies (312 U/mL) and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (457 U/mL) were elevated (normal <60 U/mL) with a euthyroid state (thyroid stimulating hormone 3.13 μIU/mL). Three months after intravenous steroid therapy, the concentrations of thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase antibodies were retested and found to have decreased considerably. Thus, with steroid therapy, the patient’s opsoclonus and encephalopathy improved. We have presented a patient with a rare case of opsoclonus as the principal presenting feature of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy that was incompletely responsive to intravenous immunoglobulin and resolved with corticosteroids. This report underscores the importance for clinical practitioners to maintain a high index of suspicion for Hashimoto’s encephalopathy in cases of opsoclonus, especially when accompanied by an atypical presentation.     

Hashimoto encephalopathy

Hashimoto encephalopathy is a chronic relapsing steroid responsive encephalopathy characterized by antibodies against thyroid components. Etiology is still unknown. Confusion, seizures and coma are frequent reported symptoms. We present a 65-year old patient with acute onset of partial seizures and cognitive impairment. Hashimoto encephalopathy was assumed with diagnosis of Hashimoto thyroiditis and clinical syndrome. Symptoms resolved with thyroid treatment alone. Hashimoto encephalopathy should be considered in patients with unexplained encephalopathy, even when thyroid function seems to be normal.     

Autoimmune encephalitis associated with Graves’ disease: a case report

Almost all patients who developed autoimmune thyroid disease associated with encephalopathy were diagnosed to have Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, but a few patients with Graves’ disease who developed encephalopathy have been reported. A 36-year-old female with a 10-year history of Graves’ disease had experienced three episodes of tonic–clonic seizure. At admission, the patient’s status was confused, and she also developed tactile and visual hallucinations. The cranial MRI confirmed white-matter lesion and showed subcortical high signal lesions on T2-weighted images. In EEG record, diffuse slow activity was noticed in both sides. T3 and TSH were decreased, T4 remained normal and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO) was evaluated to be more than 2,000 (T4 = 8.4, T3 = 12/9, TSH = 0/14, TPO >2,000). The diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid disease is probable in all patients with signs of encephalopathy with unknown origin, while they have a previous history of thyroid disease.     

Seizures, psychosis and coma: severe course of hashimoto encephalopathy in a six-year-old girl

Hashimoto encephalopathy (HE) is a rare steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with elevated antithyroid antibodies and is a well recognised complication of autoimmune thyroid disease. The clinical picture is pleomorphic, presenting with variable symptoms like coma, seizures, neuropsychiatric changes (impairment of cognitive functions, behavioural and mood disturbances, hallucinations) or focal neurological deficits. HE is mainly diagnosed in adults, but also a rare differential diagnosis of encephalopathy or epilepsy in children. The diagnosis is often overlooked at presentation but is crucial as it is a treatable disease. We report on the youngest patient described up to now presenting with progressive epilepsy resistant to anticonvulsive treatment and unclear encephalopathy related to Hashimoto thyroiditis.     

Lithium-induced Hashimoto’s encephalopathy: a case report

Objective: To report on a patient with Hashimoto’s encephalopathy induced by lithium. Patient and interventions: A 61-year-old woman with a type II bipolar disorder and a history of lithium-induced thyrotoxicosis associated with silent thyroiditis was hospitalized to treat a severe major depressive episode. Given long-term treatment with levothyroxine for hypothyroidism that had resulted from silent thyroiditis, endogenous hormone in thyroid follicles was assumed to be minimized by the negative feedback, decreasing risk of recurrent thyrotoxicosis if lithium were restarted. Results: Lithium clearly relieved the patient’s depressive symptoms, but after 40 days encephalopathy developed. Thyrotoxicosis was ruled out, and serum antithyroid antibody titers were elevated. In the cerebrospinal fluid, protein content was substantially elevated and antithyroid antibodies were detected. Encephalopathy resolved dramatically after course of intravenous pulse therapy with methylprednisolone. Conclusions: We believe that autoantibodies against antigens shared by the thyroid gland and the brain were induced by exposure to lithium, causing the patient to develop Hashimoto’s encephalopathy.     

Hashimoto encephalopathy - is it underdiagnosed in pediatric patients?

Hashimoto encephalopathy (HE) is associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis. Clinically it presents with variable symptoms like seizures, neuropsychiatric changes or focal neurological deficits. Autoimmune phenomena are hypothesized for the pathogenesis. HE has mainly been described in the adult population. We present two 14-year-old patients who presented with recurrent seizures and mental decline. SPECT and PET scans showed distinctly pathological changes. Both patients were diagnosed with HE and improved dramatically on steroids. We feel that HE is a rare but important differential diagnosis of encephalopathy also in the pediatric population. As this disease responds well to steroids, we recommend to obtain basic thyroid function tests as well as thyroid antibodies in all cases of unexplained encephalopathy or unexplained status epilepticus.     

Hashimoto encephalopathy: syndrome or myth?

BACKGROUND: Hashimoto encephalopathy has been described as a syndrome of encephalopathy and high serum antithyroid antibody concentrations that is responsive to glucocorticoid therapy, but these could be chance associations. OBJECTIVE: To study a patient with Hashimoto encephalopathy and to review the literature to determine whether Hashimoto encephalopathy is an identifiable syndrome. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION: We searched the MEDLINE database to June 2002 for "Hashimoto" or "autoimmune thyroiditis" and "encephalopathy" and examined all identified articles and articles referenced therein, including all languages. We included all patients with noninfectious encephalopathy (clouding of consciousness and impaired cognitive function) and high serum antithyroid antibody concentrations. We excluded patients if they did not meet these inclusion criteria or if their symptoms could be explained by another neurologic disorder. We recorded clinical features and the results of imaging, electroencephalographic, thyroid function, and cerebrospinal fluid studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: We identified 85 patients (69 women and 16 men; mean age, 44 years) with encephalopathy and high serum antithyroid antibody concentrations. Among these patients, 23 (27%) had strokelike signs, 56 (66%) had seizures, 32 (38%) had psychosis, 66 (78%) had a high cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration, and 80 (98%) of 82 had abnormal electroencephalographic findings. Thyroid function varied from overt hypothyroidism to overt hyperthyroidism; the most common abnormality was subclinical hypothyroidism (30 patients [35%]). Among patients treated with glucocorticoids, 66 (96%) improved. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of encephalopathy, high serum antithyroid antibody concentrations, and responsiveness to glucocorticoid therapy seems unlikely to be due to chance. However, there is no evidence of a pathogenic role for the antibodies, which are probably markers of some other autoimmune disorder affecting the brain.     

Hashimoto encephalopathy in pediatric patients: Homogeneity in clinical presentation and heterogeneity in antibody titers

Objective

Hashimoto encephalopathy is an autoimmune encephalopathy characterized by elevated antithyroid antibodies and a favorable response to corticosteroid. This study delineated the clinical characteristics of pediatric Hashimoto encephalopathy and the significance of low antithyroid antibody titers in diagnosis and treatment.

Encephalopathy associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis: pediatric perspective

In recent years, neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis have been increasingly recognized in both adult and pediatric patients. This neurologic complication has been termed "Hashimoto encephalopathy," and it can begin abruptly, in the form of seizures or agitation, with or without other neurologic complaints, or it can develop gradually, in a relapsing-remiting manner, including, among others, cognitive deterioration and psychiatric illness. The occurrence of Hashimoto encephalopathy is unrelated to the patient's thyroid function status. Although the pathogenesis of this encephalopathy is not fully understood, evidence for both autoimmune and vasculitic mechanisms exists. Owing to a low index of suspicion, this encephalopathy is very likely underdiagnosed in children. The diagnosis of Hashimoto encephalopathy is based on detecting antithyroid antibodies in these patients, although there is no correlation between antibody levels and the severity of the illness. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis, electroencephalography, and neuroimaging studies do not show consistent findings to support the diagnosis. Physicians' awareness of this complication is of great importance because most patients respond dramatically to corticosteroid therapy. Moreover, early recognition might also avoid an expensive diagnostic work-up in patients with unexplained encephalopathy (J Child Neurol 2006;21:1-5).