神经梅毒延迟诊断一例临床分析

目的探讨麻痹性痴呆的临床特征、诊断方法及延迟诊断原因。方法结合1例麻痹性痴呆患者的临床资料进行讨论,阐述新时期神经梅毒的隐蔽性和造成延误诊断的原因。结果麻痹性痴呆中年人发病较多;起病隐匿,进行性加重,主要表现为认知障碍、精神症状、癫疒间发作等;梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验(TPPA)阳性;头颅MRI无特征性改变;通过驱梅治疗麻痹性痴呆患者MOCA评分提高。结论神经梅毒临床表现复杂,早期误诊率高;建议梅毒血清抗体检测应作为青壮年卒中或痴呆患者的常规检查项目;麻痹性痴呆是一种可治的痴呆,应及早诊断及早治疗。     

以麻痹性痴呆为主要表现的神经梅毒临床分析

目的 分析16例以麻痹性痴呆为主要表现的神经梅毒患者的临床资料以期早期诊断.方法 回顾性分析了神经梅毒的临床表现、实验室和脑电图检查结果、影像学特征及预后.结果 16例神经梅毒以麻痹性痴呆为突出表现,伴精神障碍9例(56.3％),构音障碍4例(25％),行走不稳3例(18.8％),头晕、偏瘫、视物双影各2例(12.5％),共济失调、流涎伴面部表情呆板、阿-罗瞳孔各1例(6.3％).血清及脑脊液RPR及TPPA试验均阳性,脑脊液压力、白细胞数、蛋白含量正常或轻度增高.脑电图12例提示中高波幅慢波.影像学(CT或MRI)显示:脑萎缩9例(56.3％),以额颞叶萎缩明显.16例患者经驱梅治疗后,15例症状明显好转,1例疗效不佳.结论 麻痹性痴呆临床表现多样,误诊率高. 血清和脑脊液梅毒抗体检测可确诊,足量的青霉素治疗疗效较好.     

麻痹性痴呆的临床及影像特点

目的:分析麻痹性痴呆(GPI)的临床及影像特征及提供早期诊断依据。方法:回顾性分析经临床及实验室确诊的1例麻痹性痴呆患者的有关临床资料。结果:麻痹性痴呆早期以认知及精神症状为主要表现,影像上主要为脑室扩大,实验室检查有特征性改变。结论:麻痹性痴呆早期临床容易误诊,应重视梅毒血清和脑脊液抗体的检查,结合CT、 MRI可以诊断,大剂量足疗程青霉素治疗能取得显著疗效。     

神经梅毒的临床特点和诊断

目的分析神经梅毒的临床特点和诊断。方法回顾性分析10例神经梅毒患者的临床资料、实验室和神经影像学检查结果。结果男8例,女2例,平均(45±14.52)岁。无症状神经梅毒1例,脑血管梅毒4例,麻痹性痴呆4例,脊髓痨1例。血清和脑脊液甲苯胺红不加热血清反应素试验(TRUST)和梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验(TPPA)均阳性。4例脑脊液白细胞升高(20~80×106/L),分类以淋巴细胞为主,7例脑脊液蛋白升高(0.81~1.56g/L)。3例脑血管梅毒MRI示多发性梗死,3例麻痹性痴呆MRI有脑萎缩表现。结论神经梅毒的临床表现多样,诊断应综合考虑临床表现、梅毒血清学、脑脊液检查、神经影像学和流行病学资料。     

以痴呆为主要表现的麻痹性痴呆、HIV相关性痴呆和克雅病的临床特征分析

目的探讨并分析梅毒所致麻痹性痴呆(麻痹性痴呆)、HIV相关性痴呆和克雅病等中枢系统感染性疾病所致痴呆的临床特征。方法检索19例患者(麻痹性痴呆8例、HIV相关性痴呆6例、克雅病5例)临床资料,回顾分析其临床表现、实验室检查、脑电图、神经影像学及治疗转归特点。结果 3组患者临床表现均以认知损害为主,并广泛累及多系统(锥体系、锥体外系、小脑)及多组脑神经。辅助检查显示,麻痹性痴呆患者快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验和苍白密螺旋体抗体明胶颗粒凝集试验阳性(8例),脑脊液美国性病研究实验室试验阳性(4例),MRI呈现不同程度脑萎缩(6例);HIV相关性痴呆患者血清HIV抗体筛选试验及Western blotting检测阳性(6例),脑脊液平均蛋白定量明显升高(2例)、潘氏试验阳性(2例),MRI以脑内多发占位病变或大片异常密度影为特征;克雅病患者脑脊液Western blotting检测1433蛋白阳性(4例),脑电波呈弥漫性慢波(4例)伴典型三相波(1例),散发型患者MRI脑叶皮质区沟、回呈肿胀样改变(3例),变异型患者可伴丘脑"曲棍球样"改变(1例)。结论麻痹性痴呆、HIV相关性痴呆及克雅病等中枢系统感染性疾病所致痴呆临床表现复杂多样,诊断时应结合患者病史、实验室血清学和脑脊液指标,以及脑电图和神经影像学表现等综合考虑,明确诊断。     

麻痹性痴呆的临床特征与诊断(附2例报告)

目的探讨麻痹性痴呆的临床特征,以及实验室及影像学检查在诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析2例麻痹性痴呆患者的临床资料,并结合文献进行讨论。结果主要临床表现为隐匿起病,进行性加重性痴呆、精神障碍、癫痫发作等;2例患者均被误诊。血清及脑脊液快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验（RPR）阳性,梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验（TPPA）阳性,头颅MRI主要表现为弥漫性脑萎缩。结论麻痹性痴呆的临床表现复杂多变,早期误诊率高;诊断主要根据临床特点、血清学及脑脊液检查综合考虑。     

神经梅毒四例误诊分析并文献复习

目的 探讨神经梅毒诊断要点,提高临床医师对该病的认识,降低误诊和漏诊率.方法 报告4 例神经梅毒患者临床诊断与治疗经过,结合文献就其临床表现、分型及诊断要点进行回顾分析.结果 4 例最终诊断为脑膜血管梅毒合并麻痹性痴呆、麻痹性痴呆、脊髓痨和梅毒性树胶肿患者,分别被误诊为脑梗死、阿尔茨海默病、多系统萎缩和椎管内肿瘤.检索万方数据库2000 年至今收录的中华医学会系列学术期刊关于神经梅毒的文献共计29 篇,132 例患者,男106 例,女26 例,男女比例约4.08∶1;发病年龄1 ～ 75 岁,平均(44.09 ± 12.93)岁.其中28 例(21.21%)有梅毒感染史,55 例(41.67%)有冶游史,35 例(26.52%)曾被漏诊或误诊.临床分型包括无症状性神经梅毒1 例(0.76%),脑(脊)膜梅毒14 例(10.61%),脑(脊)膜血管梅毒43 例(32.58%),麻痹性痴呆44 例(33.33%),脊髓痨13 例(9.85%),梅毒性树胶肿15 例(11.36%),特殊表现梅毒2 例(1.51%).结论 神经梅毒临床表现复杂多样,误诊和漏诊率高,临床诊断应结合患者临床特征、梅毒血清学检测阳性、脑脊液细胞计数和蛋白定量升高、脑脊液美国性病研究实验室试验呈阳性反应、影像学检查及手术后病理检查等多项检查综合考虑.     

麻痹性痴呆二例的临床特征与诊断

目的分析麻痹性痴呆(GPI)的临床特征及提供早期诊断依据。方法回顾性分析经临床和实验室检查确诊的2例麻痹性痴呆患者的有关临床资料。结果GPI的临床特征(1) 2例患者慢性起病,进行性发展; (2)痴呆是核心症状, 2例患者入院时长谷川痴呆量表评分为4分和17分,均伴夸大妄想、病理性欣快等精神症状; (3) 1例患者的瞳孔左右不等大,光反射迟钝或消失但辐辏反射保持, 2例患者均有构音障碍、肌张力增高及反射异常等; (4) 2例患者血清、脑脊液梅毒抗体反应均为阳性,脑脊液蛋白含量增加、细胞数增多(以淋巴细胞为主); (5)头颅MRI示2例患者均有脑萎缩, 1例患者有脑实质异常信号影,为多发、散在病灶,广泛脑白质纤维变性。结论GPI误诊率高,临床表现、实验室及影像学检查是诊断的重要依据。     

神经梅毒7例临床分析

目的分析神经梅毒的临床特征,探讨其诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析7例神经梅毒患者的临床和实验室资料。结果7例神经梅毒患者中梅毒性脑膜炎2例、脑血管梅毒1例、麻痹性痴呆3例、脊髓痨1例;血清和脑脊液快速血浆反应素(rapid plasma regain,PRP)试验及梅毒螺旋体血凝试验(treponema palliadum hemagglutination assay,TPHA)均阳性。结论神经梅毒根据不同类型有多种发病形式,首诊易误诊,血清和脑脊液梅毒抗体阳性即可确诊,青霉素为首选治疗药物。     

神经梅毒的临床特征(附12例报道)

目的通过分析神经梅毒的临床特征,探讨其诊断的相关问题。方法回顾性分析经临床和实验室检查确诊的12例神经梅毒住院患者的相关临床资料。结果12例患者中男7例,女5例,平均年龄37.25岁。均承认自己或配偶有非婚姻性生活史。脑脊液检查示全部患者脑脊液梅毒螺旋体血球凝集试验(CSF-TPHA)阳性,脑脊液快速血浆反应素试验(CSF-RPR)阳性者8例,白细胞和蛋白均升高者6例,白细胞单独升高3例,蛋白单独升高1例。头颅MRI表现为脑梗死、脑萎缩、占位性病灶、炎症样病变。12例患者中无症状神经梅毒1例,梅毒性脑膜炎2例,脑膜血管梅毒6例,麻痹性痴呆1例,脊髓痨2例。结论神经梅毒的诊断应综合考虑病史、临床表现、梅毒血清学、脑脊液、影像学等资料。     

麻痹性痴呆12例误诊原因分析

目的：分析麻痹性痴呆（GPI）误诊原因。方法：回顾性分析12例麻痹性痴呆患者的临床资料，智能检测和各项实验室检查结果。结果：12例患者曾误诊为精神分裂症4例，躁狂发作3例，老年性痴呆3例，多发性硬化和病毒性脑炎各1例。所有患者梅毒螺旋体血液检查及脑脊液检查均为阳性，简易智力状态量表评分均≤20分。经大剂量青霉素治疗后，一般精神症状控制，智力部分恢复，神经体征残留。结论：麻痹性痴呆极易被误诊，忽略了患者的认知障碍和未做细致的神经系统检查是误诊的重要原因。早期诊断和治疗是预后的关键。     

麻痹性痴呆误诊的原因分析

目的探讨麻痹性痴呆易被误诊的可能原因,提高临床诊断率。方法回顾性分析14例曾被误诊的麻痹性痴呆患者的临床资料。结果以不典型的精神症状群首发而被误诊为功能性精神障碍10例,其中误诊例次率最高的是精神分裂症占47．3％,其次是躁狂症占31．6％;以进行性加重的痴呆为主要首发症状而被误诊为阿尔兹海默病的2例及血管性痴呆1例;以酒依赖伴有痴呆样症状为主被误诊为酒精所致精神障碍的1例。〈40岁的占总数的28．5％。否认或故意隐瞒治疗史9例,根本不知情5例。误诊时处于发病早期无神经系统的阳性体征8例;处中晚期有神经系统阳性体征且呈不同程度表现的共6例,其中仅1例伴有特异性阿-罗氏瞳孔特征。14例辅助检查均不够完善,均未及时进行相关梅毒血清学检查。结论麻痹性痴呆易被误诊的首要原因是首发精神症状不典型,其次是冶游史易被隐瞒、早期神经系统阳性体征不明显或中晚期缺乏阿-罗氏瞳孔特异性体征、辅助检查不够完善和及时。     

The clinical presentation and imaging manifestation of psychosis and dementia in general paresis: a retrospective study of 116 cases

In recent years, occurrence of "general paresis (GP)" has increased significantly because of the increasing incidence of syphilis in China. Early diagnosis plays a very important role for effective treatment. Incidence is becoming extensive enough to warrant an updated investigation of the clinical characteristics of GP. The authors retrospectively reviewed 116 cases of GP in Guangzhou, China, and analyzed its incidence and clinical appearance, as well as the characteristics of EEG, neuroradiology, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid examinations. Of the 116 GP patients, clinical symptoms presented frequently on admission were a variety of psychiatric-behavioral symptoms and varying degrees of dementia. Positive sucking reflex was the most common sign, as well as hyperreflexia and Argyll-Robertson pupil. EEG data mainly showed slightly abnormal EEG activity, with increased δ waves. Focal atrophy in one or multiple cerebral regions was evident on neuroimage. The prevalence of GP extends to various social strata or classes, with clinical presentation varying considerably among patients. For patients with progressive cognitive and behavioral deterioration, accompanied with psychotic and/or affective behavioral disorders or cerebral atrophy of unknown cause, general paresis should be considered.     

Neurosyphilis in newly admitted psychiatric patients: three case reports

BACKGROUND: Neurosyphilis, also known as "general paresis of the insane," at one time accounted for a large portion of admissions to state psychiatric facilities. With the introduction of antibiotics, neurosyphilis is now considered very rare. METHOD: Chart review was performed on patients diagnosed with neurosyphilis who were admitted to a state psychiatric hospital in Raleigh, N.C., during 2002. RESULTS: We identified 3 cases of confirmed neurosyphilis, representing 0.1% of adult admissions, diagnosed in newly admitted psychiatric patients. None of the patients were immunocompromised. Response to antibiotic treatment was poor. CONCLUSIONS: Given the increase in primary and secondary syphilis reported in the 1980s and early 1990s, routine screening of psychiatric patients for the presence of syphilis should be considered.     

Neurosyphilis presenting as mania

Barbosa IG, Vale TC, de Macedo DL, Gomez RS, Teixeira AL. Neurosyphilis presenting as mania. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 309–312. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objective: General paresis of the insane is a late and severe form of neurosyphilis characterized by nonspecific neuropsychiatric symptoms. There are a limited number of case reports of mood disorders presenting in neurosyphilis, with depressive illness being the most common. Methods: We performed a literature review of case reports of secondary bipolar disorder induced by syphilitic infection. Results: Herein reported is a case of a 53‐year‐old woman who initially presented with symptoms of mania and depression, mimicking bipolar disorder, but was subsequently diagnosed with general paresis of the insane. Conclusion: The present case report emphasizes that if a substantial delay occurs in syphilis diagnosis and management, the patient may have a very poor prognosis.     

以痴呆为突出表现的神经梅毒系统分析

目的 探讨以痴呆为突出表现的神经梅毒的临床特征及其治疗方法和预后,以期提高对该病的诊治水平.方法 计算机检索中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)和Medline,对1989年至今国内外文献中公开发表的以痴呆为突出表现的梅毒患者的病历资料(病例报告形式)进行回顾性分析.结果 纳入44篇文献共62例患者(6)例麻痹性痴呆及1例梅毒性精神神经病患者),其临床特征包括:(1)男性多见;(2)多数隐匿起病;(3)首发症状以记忆力减退和性格改变多见;(4)MRI、CT以脑萎缩为主;(5)血清、CSF梅毒抗体检查阳性,也可有特殊情况;(6)确诊较困难;(7)驱梅治疗近期症状可不同程度改善;(8)远期预后证据缺乏.结论 (1)麻痹性痴呆和梅毒性精神神经病均可有痴呆表现;(2)原因不明的痴呆患者应常规行梅毒血清学及脑脊液检查;(3)驱梅结合对症治疗大多近期疗效好;(4)需长期随访观察远期疗效.

Abstract：

Objective To study the clinical features, therapy and prognosis of neurosyphilis typically manifested as dementia to improve its diagnosis and treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients with neurosyphilis typically manifested as dementia, searched in Medline and Chinese Biomedical Literature Datebase (CBM) from 1989 to 2010, was performed. Results Forty-four studies involving 62 patients (61 cases of general paresis and 1 case of syphilitic psychoneurosis) were evaluated;the clinical features of them included the follows: male are more common;most of them had insidious onset;memory impairment and personality changes were the first common symptoms;diffuse cerebral atrophy was found in MRI and CT;serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) syphilis antibody reaction was positive with some exceptional case;definite diagnosis was difficult;after anti-syphilitic therapy, symptoms could be improved more or less in a short time;and evidence of long-term prognosis was insufficient. Conclusion Both general paresis and syphilitic psychoneurosis could cause dementia. Dementia patients should be given serum and CSF syphilis antibody examination routinely if the causes of dementia are unknown. Anti-syphilitic and symptomatic treatments mostly enjoy good curative effects in a short term. Close follow-up is necessary in observing the forward effects.     

麻痹性痴呆(附2例报告)

目的 探讨麻痹性痴呆（GPI）的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学改变和治疗。方法 回顾性分析2例GPI患者的临床资料结果2例患者均为男性,以记忆力下降和精神障碍为主要临床表现,1例出现内脏危象,血清及脑脊液快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验（RPR）、梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验（TPPA）均（＋）,MRI检查均有脑室扩大经驱梅治疗后,2例患者病情均明显好转。结论 GPI多见于中年男性,误诊率高,对不明原因的年轻痴呆患者,应想到GPI的可能,及时诊断、积极治疗对其预后有重要意义。