急性冠脉综合征患者氯吡格雷抵抗的影响因素

目的评价急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者氯吡格雷抵抗的发生情况及其可能的影响因素。方法所有入选患者均给予阿司匹林100mg/d,氯吡格雷负荷剂量300mg及维持量75mg/d,于服氯吡格雷前、服药后24h分别测定二磷酸腺苷(ADP,浓度25#mol/L)诱导的血小板聚集率,计算血小板聚集抑制率〔△A〕。△A≤10%(包括负值)时考虑存在氯吡格雷抵抗。结果102例ACS患者,其中△A≤10%(包括负值)者43例(42.2%),急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死及置入支架患者氯吡格雷抵抗的发生率高。结论ACS和冠状动脉介入治疗后的抗血栓治疗中,部分患者存在氯吡格雷抵抗。其发生与患者的疾病状态及是否置入支架明显相关。     

国产氯吡格雷用于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的可行性及安全性研究

目的探讨国产氯吡格雷用于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的可行性及安全性。方法选择2013年1—6月在利辛县人民医院行PCI的患者78例,根据治疗方法分为对照组36例和治疗组42例。两组患者均采用氯吡格雷治疗,治疗组患者采用国产氯吡格雷,对照组患者采用进口氯吡格雷。观察两组患者近期效果(随访21 d时主要心血管事件、支架内血栓、氯吡格雷抵抗发生情况)、远期效果(随访12个月时主要心血管事件、支架内血栓、氯吡格雷抵抗发生情况)、治疗前后血小板聚集率、不良反应情况及服药依从性。结果两组患者随访21 d、12个月时主要心血管事件、支架内血栓、氯吡格雷抵抗发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者治疗前、随访21d、随访12个月时血小板聚集率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者均未出现粒细胞或血小板计数减少,两组患者出血反应、胃肠道反应、神经反应发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组患者服药依从率为97.6%,高于对照组的66.7%(P0.05)。结论国产氯吡格雷用于PCI是安全可行的,可取得与进口氯吡格雷相似的治疗效果,提高患者长期用药依从性。     

血栓弹力图检测老年冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后血小板反应性

目的探讨经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后,经血栓弹力图检测的氯吡格雷药物抵抗患者,不同药物剂量治疗下血小板反应性。方法筛选120例阿司匹林抑制良好而氯吡格雷抑制不敏感的患者,随机分为试验组(60例)和对照组(60例),对照组每天服用100 mg阿司匹林及75 mg氯吡格雷,试验组服用100 mg阿司匹林及150 mg氯吡格雷,检测6个月后氯吡格雷的作用效果,观察2组间6个月内心血管事件及出血事件的发生率。结果试验组心血管死亡、支架内血栓形成、不稳定性心绞痛、心肌梗死发生率分别为0,8.3%,21.7%,8.3%;对照组分别为3.3%,18.3%,35.0%,15.0%,试验组患者氯吡格雷药物抑制率较对照组明显升高(65.6±5.1)% vs (40.9±7.3)%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论对于血小板高反应性老年患者,每天75 mg氯吡格雷不能满足血小板抑制效果,长期加倍剂量服用能够在一定程度上有效减低药物抵抗发生率,改善血小板抑制效果,从而降低心血管缺血事件的发生率。     

症状性颈动脉和椎-基底动脉狭窄患者的阿司匹林和氯吡格雷抵抗现象

目的观察症状性颈动脉和椎-基底动脉狭窄患者服用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷抵抗现象的发生情况。方法在54例症状性的颈动脉(25例)、椎动脉(19例)、颈动脉合并椎动脉(8例)以及基底动脉(2例)狭窄的患者中,有39例行择期支架置入术。采用二磷酸腺苷、肾上腺素、胶原和花生四烯酸为诱导剂,分别测定已服用阿司匹林(100mg/d)≥10d,以及随后加服氯吡格雷(75mg/d)≥5d患者的血小板聚集率。阿司匹林抵抗标准为单用阿司匹林时,以500μg/ml花生四烯酸诱导的血小板聚集率≥20%和5μmol/L二磷酸腺苷诱导的血小板聚集率≥70%。氯吡格雷抵抗标准为在阿司匹林基础上加用氯吡格雷前、后,5μmol/L二磷酸腺苷诱导血小板聚集率的差值≤10%。结果54例患者中,有9例(16.7%)存在阿司匹林抵抗,12例(22.2%)存在氯吡格雷抵抗,1例(1.8%)存在阿司匹林和氯吡格雷双抵抗。9例阿司匹林抵抗者加用氯吡格雷后有5例花生四烯酸诱导的聚集率降至<20%,有8例二磷酸腺苷诱导的聚集率降至<70%。1例支架置入术后支架内急性血栓形成为阿司匹林抵抗的患者。结论症状性颈动脉和椎-基底动脉狭窄患者中存在一定比例的阿司匹林或氯吡格雷抵抗现象,氯吡格雷与阿司匹林合用克服了部分阿司匹林抵抗现象。阿司匹林抵抗可能与支架置入术后血栓性并发症的增加有关。     

通心络胶囊对急性冠脉综合征患者氯吡格雷抵抗的影响

目的评价通心络胶囊对急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者氯吡格雷抵抗(CR)的影响。方法氯吡格雷抵抗患者84例,随机分为两组。A组44例,口服氯吡格雷75 mg,同时加用通心络胶囊4粒/次,每日3次。B组40例,每日口服氯吡格雷75 mg。C组为无氯吡格雷抵抗的患者35例,每日口服氯吡格雷75 mg。于服氯吡格雷前、服药后1周分别测定血小板聚集率抑制率。结果 3组患者在服用氯吡格雷前血小板聚集率无统计学意义(P0.05),服药1周后,血小板聚集率A组为(21.5±3.9)%,B组为(28.1±5.7)%,C为组(17.9±4.7)%;血小板抑制率A组为(10.2±2.5)%,B组为(8.8±1.8)%,C组为(14.6±2.3),与治疗前比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。其中,血小板聚集率C组A组C组,血小板抑制率C组A组C组(P0.05)。结论通心络胶囊可以降低ACS患者氯吡格雷抵抗的发生。     

血栓弹力图对支架辅助颅内栓塞动脉瘤不同剂量抗血小板聚集药物疗效的初步评价

目的采用血栓弹力图检查(TEG)评估支架辅助栓塞动脉瘤患者术前不同剂量阿司匹林及氯吡格雷联合治疗方案对血小板抑制率的影响。方法回顾性连续纳入南京军区南京总医院接受支架辅助栓塞动脉瘤的57例未破裂动脉瘤患者,并按阿司匹林口服剂量的不同分为低剂量组(阿司匹林100 mg+氯吡格雷75 mg)26例和高剂量组(阿司匹林300 mg+氯吡格雷75 mg)31例。两组患者均于术前开始服用阿司匹林及氯吡格雷,于服药第3天,采用TEG检测患者花生四烯酸(AA)途径血小板抑制率和二磷酸腺苷(ADP)途径血小板抑制率。比较两组患者血小板抑制情况以及药物抵抗的发生情况。结果 (1)服药3 d血小板抑制率:低剂量组AA抑制率及ADP抑制率分别为(76±21)%、(72±26)%;高剂量组AA抑制率及ADP抑制率分别为(80±21)%、(73±29)%,两组抑制率差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。(2)药物抵抗:低剂量组发生阿司匹林抵抗2例(7.7%),氯吡格雷抵抗1例(3.8%);高剂量组中发生阿司匹林抵抗3例(9.7%),氯吡格雷抵抗4例(12.9%);两组患者阿司匹林抵抗及氯吡格雷抵抗的发生率差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。(3)围手术期缺血并发症:低剂量组中1例(3.8%)发生围手术期缺血事件,高剂量组中2例(6.5%)发生围手术期缺血事件,两组围手术期缺血并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对支架辅助栓塞动脉瘤患者,TEG评价的低剂量与高剂量抗血小板聚集治疗对血小板抑制效果无明显差异。     

老年急性冠状动脉综合征患者氯吡格雷抵抗的影响因素分析

目的 观察不同年龄急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者,服用氯吡格雷后血小板聚集率的变化和氯吡格雷抵抗(CR)的发生情况及其影响因素;观察CR患者在药物剂量增加后血小板聚集率的变化.方法 选择156例ACS患者,分为老年组(116例)和非老年组(40例),所有患者给予口服氯吡格雷75 mg/d,治疗7天后采用光比浊法测定血小板聚集率的变化.选取血小板聚集率变化≤10%的CR患者,1次给予氯吡格雷300 mg口服,观察24 h后血小板聚集率的变化.结果 氯吡格雷治疗后血小板聚集率明显下降,38例患者发生CR,糖尿病患者发生CR比例较高,占43.3%,将药物剂量增加至300 mg后,有21例CR患者的血小板聚集率下降＞10%.结论 服用氯吡格雷治疗后血小板聚集率明显下降,老年人CR发生率为23.3%,CR与糖尿病和药物剂量有关,与年龄无关.     

细胞色素P450基因变异与氯吡格雷抵抗及血管事件相关性

目的探讨细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450,CYP)相关基因多态性与氯吡格雷抵抗及随访期血管事件的相关性。方法连续纳入2014年6月~2015年1月接受氯吡格雷治疗的375例脑梗死患者。治疗前及治疗后7~10d检测血小板聚集率,采用质谱法检测8个CYP基因位点的多态性,多因子降维法分析基因-基因之间的交互作用,所有患者随访6个月。根据入组患者是否存在氯吡格雷抵抗分为:氯吡格雷抵抗组153例和氯吡格雷敏感组222例。结果氯吡格雷抵抗组CYP3A5(rs776746)GG+AG及CYP2C19*2(rs4244285)AG+AA基因型频率分布明显高于氯吡格雷敏感组,CYP3A5GG和CYP2C19*2AA基因型组合使氯吡格雷抵抗风险增加了2.23倍(OR=2.23,95%CI:1.08~5.87,P=0.025),且为原发终点发生的危险因素,CYP3A5GG和CYP2C19*2AA交互基因型者血小板聚集抑制率明显低于未携带者[(32.58±10.23)%vs(53.84±17.25)%,P=0.000]。结论CYP450相关基因变异及其交互作用与氯吡格雷抵抗和随访期血管事件发生相关。     

2型糖尿病对阿司匹林和氯吡格雷双联抗血小板药物治疗效应的分析

目的:本研究通过前瞻性连续入选在我院因稳定性冠心病行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的患者,分析探讨糖尿病对阿司匹林和氯吡格雷双联抗血小板药物效应的影响。方法:2008年8月至2011年11月前瞻性连续入选稳定性冠心病患者。入院后服用氯吡格雷前测定花生四烯酸(AA)诱导的血小板聚集率和基线二磷酸腺苷(ADP)诱导的血小板聚集率,之后给予氯吡格雷300 mg负荷量口服,继续服用氯吡格雷75 mg/d至1 d后,再次测定服用氯吡格雷后ADP诱导的血小板聚集率。结果:入选了355例稳定性冠心病患者,其中合并2型糖尿病103例,非糖尿病252例。阿司匹林抵抗的发生率18.6%,糖尿病组与非糖尿病组阿司匹林抵抗的发生率未见明显差异(20.4%vs.17.9%,P=0.578),将患者基线特征纳入Logistic回归模型进行校正后结果显示,糖尿病并未增高阿司匹林抵抗的风险(OR=1.3,95%CI=0.7～2.7,P=0.439)。氯吡格雷抵抗的发生率为20.8%;糖尿病组氯吡格雷抵抗的发生率明显高于非糖尿病组(33.0%vs.15.9%,P<0.001);Logistic回归校正后结果显示,糖尿病是氯吡格雷抵抗的独立危险因素(OR=5.7,95%CI=2.9～11.1,P<0.001)。结论:双联抗血小板药物基础上,糖尿病未增高阿司匹林抵抗的风险;但是糖尿病明显增高了氯吡格雷抵抗的风险。     

氯吡格雷抵抗和冠心病患者PCI术后心血管事件的关系

目的：前瞻性研究氯吡格雷抵抗对冠心病患者发生近、中期心血管事件的影响。方法：102例冠心病患者在服用氯吡格雷前及服药后4天取血，利用比浊法测定血小板聚集率（PAR），计算PAR基线值与服药后最大血小板聚集率（MPAR）差值，其差值≤10％为发生氯吡格雷抵抗，氯吡格雷抵抗组24例，非氯吡格雷抵抗组78例。患者住院期间及出院后随访2～12，平均（7．57士2．91）个月，COX回归分析氯吡格雷抵抗对103例冠心病介入治疗后患者近、中期心血管事件的影响。结果：氯吡格雷抵抗组心血管事件的发生率为58．3％，显著高于非抵抗组（16．7％），P〈0．001。COX回归分析发现，氯吡格雷抵抗（RR=70．262，95％CI=0．123～0．558，P=0．001）和冠脉病变程度（RR=1．052，95％CI=1．030～1．075，P〈0．001）是冠心病患者PCI术后近、中期发生心血管事件的独立危险因素。结论：氯吡格雷抵抗、冠脉病变程度重的患者容易于PCI术后近、中期发生心血管事件。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.